Acute Toxicity by Oral Co-Exposure to Palytoxin and Okadaic Acid in Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Mortality
2.2. Signs of Toxicity
2.3. Body Weight
2.4. Food Consumption
2.5. Gross Pathology and Relative Organs Weight
2.6. Blood Chemistry
2.7. Light Microscopy
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Toxins and Chemicals
4.2. Animals and Experimental Conditions
4.3. Dose Selection and Experimental Design
4.4. Blood Chemistry Analyses
4.5. Histological Analysis
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PLTX Dose (μg/kg) | OA Dose (μg/kg) | Lethality at 24 h 1 (Survival Time, h:min) | Lethality during 14-Day Recovery 1 (D: Day of Death) |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 0 | 0/16 (--) | 0/6 (--) |
0 | 370 | 0/16 (--) | 0/6 (--) |
30 | 0 | 0/8 (--) | 0/3 (--) |
90 | 0 | 2/8 (04:52–06:50) | 1/3 (D8) |
270 | 0 | 2/8 (01:48–04:47) | 0/3 (--) |
30 | 370 | 0/8 (--) | 0/3 (--) |
90 | 370 | 2/8 (00:39–02:30) | 0/3 (--) |
270 | 370 | 2/8 (03:46–06:49) | 1/3 (D5) |
Sign | Controls | OA 370 1 | PLTX 30 1 | PLTX 90 1 | PLTX 270 1 | PLTX+OA 30+370 1 | PLTX+OA 90+370 1 | PLTX+OA 270+370 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diarrhea | 0/16 (--) | 4/16 (01:12–05:25) | 0/8 (--) | 0/8 (--) | 0/8 (--) | 2/8 (01:06–05:30) | 3/8 (01:00–06:10) | 3/8 (00:55–06:20) |
Scratching | 0/16 (--) | 0/16 (--) | 0/8 (--) | 1/8 (00:30–02:06) | 1/8 (00:24–02:18) | 3/8 (00:30–02:18) | 1/8 (0:24–02:.25) | 1/8 (00:20–02:35) |
Piloerection | 0/16 (--) | 0/16 (--) | 0/8 (--) | 2/8 (01:30–05.48) | 2/8 (00.35–03:12) | 1/8 (01:48–24:00) | 2/8 (00:20–01:35) | 3/8 (00:18–11:30) |
Righting reflex loss | 0/16 (--) | 0/16 (--) | 0/8 (--) | 0/8 (--) | 0/8 (--) | 0/8 (--) | 2/8 (00:25–01:35) | 2/8 (00:30–05:15) |
Sedation | 0/16 (--) | 0/16 (--) | 0/8 (--) | 2/8 (03:00–05:48) | 2/8 (01:00–03:18) | 0/8 (--) | 2/8 (00:15–01:36) | 2/8 (00:30–05:15) |
Tremors | 0/16 (--) | 0/16 (--) | 0/8 (--) | 0/8 (--) | 2/8 (01:30–03:12) | 0/8 (--) | 0/8 (--) | 2/8 (01:18–05:15) |
Jumping | 0/16 (--) | 0/16 (--) | 0/8 (--) | 0/8 (--) | 2/8 (01:35–03:00) | 0/8 (--) | 0/8 (--) | 0/8 (--) |
Paralysis | 0/16 (--) | 0/16 (--) | 0/8 (--) | 0/8 (--) | 3/8 (01:42–10:12) | 0/8 (--) | 2/8 (00:42–01:35) | 4/8 (00:48–11:30) |
Dyspnea | 0/16 (--) | 0/16 (--) | 0/8 (--) | 0/8 (--) | 2/8 (01:42–03:12) | 0/8 (--) | 2/8 (01:12–01:36) | 2/8 (01:18–05:15) |
Muscular spasms | 0/16 (--) | 0/16 (--) | 0/8 (--) | 2/8 (04:48–05:48) | 2/8 (01:30–03:12) | 0/8 (--) | 2/8 (00:24–01:35) | 2/8 (00:24–05.12) |
Abdomen dilation | 0/16 (--) | 0/16 (--) | 0/8 (--) | 1/8 (03:00–06:48) | 1/8 (01:30–04:42) | 0/8 (--) | 1/8 (02:30–24:00) | 2/8 (01:24–15:25) |
Alteration | Controls | OA 370 1 | PLTX 30 1 | PLTX 90 1 | PLTX 270 1 | PLTX+OA 30+370 1 | PLTX+OA 90+370 1 | PLTX+OA 270+370 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intestinal redness | 0/10 | 0/10 | 0/5 | 1/5 | 1/5 | 3/5 * | 5/5 *,§ | 5/5 *,§ |
Intestinal fluid | 0/10 | 6/10 * | 0/5 | 0/5 | 0/5 | 4/5 *,§ | 5/5 *,§ | 5/5 *,§ |
Gastric redness | 0/10 | 0/10 | 0/5 | 0/5 | 0/5 | 0/5 | 5/5 *,§ | 5/5 *,§ |
Group | PLTX Dose (μg/kg) | OA Dose (μg/kg) | N° of Treated Animals | N° of Sacrificed Animals (24 h) | N° of Sacrificed Animals (14 Days) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Experiment 1 | |||||
1 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 5 | 3 |
2 | 0 | 370 | 8 | 5 | 3 |
3 | 30 | 0 | 8 | 5 | 3 |
4 | 30 | 370 | 8 | 5 | 3 |
Experiment 2 | |||||
1 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 5 | 3 |
2 | 0 | 370 | 8 | 5 | 3 |
3 | 90 | 0 | 8 | 5 | 3 |
4 | 270 | 0 | 8 | 5 | 3 |
5 | 90 | 370 | 8 | 5 | 3 |
6 | 270 | 370 | 8 | 5 | 3 |
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Sosa, S.; Pelin, M.; Ponti, C.; Carlin, M.; Tubaro, A. Acute Toxicity by Oral Co-Exposure to Palytoxin and Okadaic Acid in Mice. Mar. Drugs 2022, 20, 735. https://doi.org/10.3390/md20120735
Sosa S, Pelin M, Ponti C, Carlin M, Tubaro A. Acute Toxicity by Oral Co-Exposure to Palytoxin and Okadaic Acid in Mice. Marine Drugs. 2022; 20(12):735. https://doi.org/10.3390/md20120735
Chicago/Turabian StyleSosa, Silvio, Marco Pelin, Cristina Ponti, Michela Carlin, and Aurelia Tubaro. 2022. "Acute Toxicity by Oral Co-Exposure to Palytoxin and Okadaic Acid in Mice" Marine Drugs 20, no. 12: 735. https://doi.org/10.3390/md20120735