Establishment of an Individual-Specific Nomogram for Predicting the Risk of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Chinese Postmenopausal Hypertensive Women
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Trial Design and Participants
2.2. Clinical Data Collection
2.3. Echocardiography
2.4. Laboratory Testing
2.5. Vascular Function
2.6. Questionnaire Survey
2.7. Follow-Up
3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Baseline Characteristics and Risk Factors of LVH Women with Postmenopausal Hypertension
4.2. Establishment and Internal Validation of LVH-Predictive Nomogram
4.3. External Validation of LVH-Predictive Nomogram
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Training Set (n = 550) | Validation Set (n = 260) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LVH (n = 105) | non-LVH (n = 445) | p Value | LVH (n = 45) | Non-LVH (n = 215) | p Value | |
menopausal age | 47.69 ± 4.03 | 48.62 ± 3.26 | 0.012 * | 57.1 ± 4.28 | 59.00 ± 3.38 | 0.001 * |
BMI ≥ 24 (kg/m2) | 64 (61) | 129 (29) | <0.001 | 20 (44) | 60 (28) | 0.029 * |
WHR | 0.83 ± 0.07 | 0.84 ± 0.06 | 0.141 | 1 ± 0.001 | 1 ± 0.007 | 0.648 |
SBP (mmHg) | 151.85 ± 15.03 | 141.58 ± 20.91 | <0.001 * | 154.56 ± 13.42 | 143.31 ± 18.74 | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 91.73 ± 13.24 | 82.86 ± 13.48 | <0.001 * | 94.96 ± 10.58 | 85.59 ± 13.58 | <0.001 |
HR (beats/min) | 81.95 ± 12.04 | 78.90 ± 11.48 | 0.016 * | 82.40 ± 12.59 | 80.84 ± 11.89 | 0.430 |
Educational level (college degree or above), n (%) | 38 (36) | 176 (40) | 0.348 | 18 (40) | 95 (44) | 0.606 |
Family history of hypertension, n (%) | 67 (64) | 258 (58) | 0.250 | 30 (67) | 135 (63) | 0.623 |
ACEI, n (%) | 36 (34) | 114 (26) | 0.122 | 6 (13) | 67 (31) | 0.016 * |
ARB, n (%) | 45 (43) | 328 (74) | <0.001 * | 19 (42) | 140 (65) | 0.004 * |
BB, n (%) | 24 (23) | 91 (20) | 0.585 | 10 (22) | 55 (26) | 0.636 |
CCB, n (%) | 75 (71) | 305 (69) | 0.564 | 33 (73) | 152 (71) | 0.723 |
DIU, n (%) | 25 (24) | 128 (29) | 0.308 | 9 (20) | 57 (27) | 0.316 |
FSFI score | 17.45 ± 6.95 | 18.23 ± 7.78 | 0.347 | 16.84 ± 8.13 | 17.78 ± 7.11 | 0.434 |
MMSE score | 26.26 ± 2.10 | 26.92 ± 2.22 | 0.006 * | 25.84 ± 2.40 | 26.88 ± 1.95 | 0.002 * |
Laboratory | ||||||
BUN (mmol/L) | 4.85 ± 1.58 | 4.66 ± 1.30 | 0.195 | 4.78 ± 1.24 | 4.67 ± 1.24 | 0.596 |
CR (μmol/L) | 60.27 ± 9.17 | 61.15 ± 9.78 | 0.400 | 59.44 ± 7.82 | 60.75 ± 9.58 | 0.391 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.69 ± 0.73 | 4.71 ± 0.88 | 0.825 | 4.62 ± 0.78 | 4.70 ± 0.83 | 0.590 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.74 ± 1.32 | 1.69 ± 0.95 | 0.698 | 3.00 ± 1.78 | 1.68 ± 1.03 | 0.530 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.75 ± 0.75 | 2.56 ± 0.69 | 0.010 * | 2.81 ± 0.82 | 2.54 ± 0.68 | 0.019 * |
proteinuria, n (%) | 5 (5) | 13 (3) | 0.340 | 5 (11) | 13 (6) | 0.224 |
Echocardiography | ||||||
LVEDD (mm) | 43.74 ± 3.88 | 40.44 ± 2.93 | <0.001 | 43.07 ± 2.98 | 41.15 ± 1.96 | <0.001 |
IVST (mm) | 11.58 ± 1.03 | 9.83 ± 0.78 | <0.001 | 11.93 ± 1.00 | 10.44 ± 0.73 | <0.001 |
LVPWT (mm) | 11.63 ± 1.05 | 9.85 ± 0.77 | <0.001 | 11.89 ± 0.82 | 10.50 ± 0.87 | <0.001 |
LVMI (g/m2) | 104.94 ± 9.71 | 73.13 ± 7.08 | <0.001 | 108.78 ± 10.39 | 81.81 ± 5.57 | <0.001 |
Vascular function | ||||||
CAVI (Right) | 8.28 ± 0.98 | 7.99 ± 1.35 | 0.040 * | 8.60 ± 0.81 | 8.14 ± 1.38 | 0.031 * |
CAVI (Left) | 8.23 ± 0.99 | 7.89 ± 1.22 | 0.008 * | 8.44 ± 0.78 | 8.01 ± 1.12 | 0.015 * |
LVH (n = 69) | Non-LVH (n = 678) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
LVEF (%) | 63.10 ± 5.49 | 64.10 ± 2.58 | 0.008 * |
LVDd (mm) | 43.70 ± 4.25 | 39.82 ± 2.74 | 0.000 * |
IVSTd (mm) | 11.65 ± 1.15 | 9.54 ± 1.01 | 0.000 * |
LVPWTd (mm) | 11.64 ± 1.18 | 9.55 ± 0.99 | 0.000 * |
RVWT (mm) | 0.54 ± 0.09 | 0.48 ± 0.06 | 0.000 * |
LAD (mm) | 35.09 ± 5.55 | 29.75 ± 2.80 | 0.000 * |
LAVi (mL/m2) | 21.46 ± 6.93 | 19.96 ± 3.28 | 0.002 * |
LVMI (kg/m2) | 106.19 ± 10.05 | 68.63 ± 11.91 | 0.000 * |
E/e′ | 9.22 ± 3.42 | 7.91 ± 1.64 | 0.000 * |
PASP (mmHg) | 20.80 ± 8.96 | 19.94 ± 5.13 | 0.224 |
Risk Factors | Partial Regression Coefficient | SE | OR | 95% CI | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
menopausal age | −0.073 | 0.036 | 0.929 | 0.866–0.998 | 0.044 * |
BMI | 0.065 | 0.023 | 1.067 | 1.019–1.116 | 0.005 * |
ARB | −1.521 | 0.262 | 0.219 | 0.131–0.365 | 0.000 * |
morning SBP | 0.049 | 0.009 | 1.050 | 1.032–1.069 | 0.000 * |
morning DBP | 0.054 | 0.013 | 1.055 | 1.028–1.083 | 0.003 * |
LDL-C | 0.378 | 0.149 | 1.460 | 1.090–1.945 | 0.011 * |
CAVI | 0.347 | 0.111 | 1.415 | 1.139–1.757 | 0.028 * |
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Yuan, R.; Chen, J.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, X.; Yu, J. Establishment of an Individual-Specific Nomogram for Predicting the Risk of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Chinese Postmenopausal Hypertensive Women. Medicina 2023, 59, 598. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59030598
Yuan R, Chen J, Zhang S, Zhang X, Yu J. Establishment of an Individual-Specific Nomogram for Predicting the Risk of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Chinese Postmenopausal Hypertensive Women. Medicina. 2023; 59(3):598. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59030598
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuan, Ruowen, Jianshu Chen, Shangyun Zhang, Xiaowei Zhang, and Jing Yu. 2023. "Establishment of an Individual-Specific Nomogram for Predicting the Risk of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Chinese Postmenopausal Hypertensive Women" Medicina 59, no. 3: 598. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59030598
APA StyleYuan, R., Chen, J., Zhang, S., Zhang, X., & Yu, J. (2023). Establishment of an Individual-Specific Nomogram for Predicting the Risk of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Chinese Postmenopausal Hypertensive Women. Medicina, 59(3), 598. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59030598