The Interference of Age and Gender on Smile Characterization Analyzed on Six Parameters: A Clinical-Photographic Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Selection Criteria
2.2. Criteria of Eligibility
2.3. Digital Equipment and Standardizations
2.4. Variables Analyzed
3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Sample Characterization
4.2. Variables Analyzed
5. Discussion
Limitations of the Study
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Description | Pictures (Examples) |
---|---|---|
Deviation of the upper dental midline from the facial midline | To analyze whether there is a coincidence between the upper dental midline and the facial midline in all frontal smile photographs, by tracing the facial midline through the union of anatomical points: glabella, sub nasal, and cutaneous pogonion. To analyze the coincidence of this with the upper dental midline | A—absence of upper dental midline deviation; B—presence of upper dental midline deviation. |
Upper lip curvature | To analyze, in all smiles, if the curvature of the upper lip is facing up, if it is straight, or if it is facing down, by marking three points: one in the right commissure, one in the left commissure, and another in the central area of the lower edge of the upper lip. | A—lip facing up; B—straight lip; C—lip facing down. |
Smile line | To classify the smile line as high, medium, or low by evaluating the exposure of the anterior teeth during the smile. The high smile line is characterized by the exposure of the entire clinical crown of the maxillary anterior teeth together with a gingival band with approximately 3 mm of gingival tissue. The medium smile line occurs when there is exposure of 75% to 100% of the clinical crown of the anterior maxillary teeth as well as the interproximal gingival papillae. The low smile line presents less than 75% of the clinical crown of the maxillary anterior teeth without gingival exposure. | A—high smile line; B—medium smile line; C—low smile line. |
Smile arch | To evaluate in all frontal photographs the existence of parallelism between the smile line and the upper edge of the lower lip by tracing of two curves, one formed from the union of the incisal edges of the anterior-maxillary teeth, and the other formed by the upper edge of the lower lip. After the tracing has been carried out, the classification of the relationship between the curves as parallel, straight, or reverse can be made. | A—consonant smile arch; B—straight smile arch; C—reverse smile arch. |
Smile width–upper and lower teeth exposure | The smile width corresponds to the number of teeth that are exposed in a smile, and is achieved by counting the number of teeth that each participant has exposed through the frontal photographs in smile. | A—exposure of upper teeth; B—exposure of upper and lower teeth. |
Shape of the maxillary central incisors | To classify the maxillary central incisors by observing the intraoral photographs according to their shape. Thus, these can be square (straight and parallel external limits forming a larger cervical area than the other shapes, with the incisal edge also being large), ovoid (more curved and rounded limits either incisal or cervical, accompanied by a decrease gradual from the incisal edge and the cervical zone), or triangular (lateral limits of the labial surface diverge towards the incisal, with the cervical area being narrower). | A—ovoid; B—square; C—triangular. |
Gender | Age | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | M (n = 46) | F (n = 68) | p-Value | 18–30 y (n = 40) | 31–50 y (n = 46) | >50 y (n = 28) | p-Value |
Deviation of the upper dental midline (with deviation) | 15.2% | 14.7% | 0.049 | 7.5% | 21.7% | 14.3% | 0.032 |
The curvature of the upper lip (most common) | 47.8% downward curve | 44.1% straight lip | 0.113 | 55% straight-line | 47.8% downward curve | 46.4% for straight lip and downward curve | 0.001 |
Smile line | 52.2% medium | 47.1% medium | 0.001 | 55.0% medium | 56.5% medium | 64.3% low | 0.007 |
Smile arch | 39.1% parallel | 66.2% parallel | 0.620 | 67.5% parallel | 63.0% parallel | 50.0% straight | 0.257 |
Smile width—upper teeth exposure | 58.7% 9–11 teeth | 63.2% 9–11 teeth | 0.153 | 70.0% 9–11 teeth | 60.9% 9–11 teeth | 60.0% 9–11 teeth | 0.002 |
Lower teeth exposure | 36.9% did not expose | 58.8% did not expose | 0.004 | 77.5% did not expose | 37.0% did not expose | 32.1% did not expose | 0.012 |
The shape of the upper central incisors | 41.3% oval shaped 39.1% square shaped | 70.6% oval shaped | 0.049 | 72.5% oval shape | 60.9% oval shape | 35.7% oval shape 35.7% triangular shape | 0.032 |
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Cunha, J.; Fernandes, G.V.O.; Fernandes, J.C.H.; Lopes, P.C.; Rio, R. The Interference of Age and Gender on Smile Characterization Analyzed on Six Parameters: A Clinical-Photographic Pilot Study. Medicina 2023, 59, 595. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59030595
Cunha J, Fernandes GVO, Fernandes JCH, Lopes PC, Rio R. The Interference of Age and Gender on Smile Characterization Analyzed on Six Parameters: A Clinical-Photographic Pilot Study. Medicina. 2023; 59(3):595. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59030595
Chicago/Turabian StyleCunha, Joana, Gustavo Vicentis Oliveira Fernandes, Juliana Campos Hasse Fernandes, Pedro C. Lopes, and Rute Rio. 2023. "The Interference of Age and Gender on Smile Characterization Analyzed on Six Parameters: A Clinical-Photographic Pilot Study" Medicina 59, no. 3: 595. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59030595