The Discrimination Against, Health Status and Wellness of People Who Use Drugs in Italian Services: A Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Setting
2.2. Data Collection and Participants
2.3. Sample Size
2.4. Questionnaire
2.5. Main Outcomes
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N | % | |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | ||
≤25 | 10 | 2.2 |
26–35 | 67 | 14.9 |
36–45 | 185 | 41.0 |
≥46 | 189 | 41.9 |
Sex | ||
Male | 411 | 91.5 |
Female | 38 | 8.5 |
Nationality | ||
Italian | 344 | 76.3 |
African | 51 | 11.3 |
European | 46 | 10.2 |
Asian | 10 | 2.2 |
Education | ||
Primary School | 89 | 19.7 |
Middle School | 222 | 49.3 |
High School | 115 | 25.5 |
College Degree | 25 | 5.5 |
Marital status | ||
Unmarried | 226 | 50.1 |
Married | 130 | 28.8 |
Separated/Divorced/Widower | 95 | 21.1 |
Employment | ||
Unemployed | 169 | 37.5 |
Employed | 282 | 62.5 |
Residence | ||
Home | 425 | 94.2 |
Homeless | 22 | 4.9 |
Drug Rehabilitation Residence | 4 | 0.9 |
Imprisonment | ||
No | 196 | 43.5 |
Yes | 255 | 56.5 |
Total | 451 | 100.0 |
N | % | ||
---|---|---|---|
Age of initial drug use | |||
≤17 years | 162 | 35.9 | |
18–20 years | 164 | 36.4 | |
≥21 years | 125 | 27.7 | |
Reason for initial drug use | |||
Recreational | 366 | 81.2 | |
Social Distress | 85 | 18.8 | |
Last incident of drug use | |||
Current | 110 | 24.4 | |
1–12 months | 112 | 24.8 | |
1–5 years | 104 | 23.1 | |
≥6 years | 125 | 27.7 | |
Duration of SerD enrolment | |||
<1 year | 26 | 5.8 | |
1–5 years | 81 | 18.0 | |
6–10 years | 98 | 21.7 | |
>10 years | 246 | 54.5 | |
Reason for SerD enrolment * | |||
Quit/help | 312 | 69.1 | |
Methadone | 157 | 34.8 | |
Other | 21 | 4.6 | |
Missing | 6 | 1.3 | |
Total | 451 | 100.0 |
Type of Drug | Single-Drug Consumers, n = 116 | Multiple-Drug Consumers *, n = 355 | Total *, n = 451 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Heroin | 46 | 39.6 | 325 | 97.0 | 371 | 82.6 |
Cocaine | 14 | 12.0 | 314 | 93.7 | 328 | 72.7 |
Cannabis | 2 | 1.7 | 324 | 96.7 | 326 | 72.2 |
Amphetamine and other | 3 | 2.5 | 199 | 59.4 | 202 | 44.8 |
Crack | 2 | 1.7 | 125 | 37.3 | 127 | 28.1 |
Ketamine | 45 | 38.8 | 1 | 0.3 | 46 | 10.2 |
Other | 3 | 2.6 | 40 | 11.9 | 43 | 9.5 |
LSD | 1 | 0.8 | 15 | 4.4 | 16 | 3.5 |
N | % | ||
---|---|---|---|
Current health status | |||
Very poor | 23 | 5.1 | |
Poor | 70 | 15.5 | |
Good | 242 | 53.7 | |
Very good | 87 | 19.3 | |
Excellent | 29 | 6.4 | |
Health status after attending SerD | |||
Much worse | 4 | 0.9 | |
Worse | 6 | 1.3 | |
No change | 79 | 17.5 | |
Better | 117 | 25.9 | |
Much better | 245 | 54.4 | |
Current wellness | |||
Very poor | 42 | 9.3 | |
Poor | 96 | 21.3 | |
Good | 211 | 46.8 | |
Very good | 73 | 16.2 | |
Excellent | 29 | 6.4 | |
Wellness after attending SerD | |||
Much worse | 5 | 1.1 | |
Worse | 15 | 3.3 | |
No change | 134 | 29.7 | |
Better | 122 | 27.1 | |
Much better | 175 | 38.8 | |
Total | 451 | 100.0 |
N | % | |
---|---|---|
Discrimination suffered | ||
Never | 209 | 46.3 |
Rarely/Sometimes | 142 | 31.5 |
Often/Always | 100 | 22.2 |
Type of discrimination *,+ | ||
In the workplace ** | 58 | 23.9 |
Marginalization | 127 | 52.4 |
Inequality | 48 | 19.8 |
Verbal harassment | 113 | 46.6 |
Physical assault | 4 | 1.6 |
Perpetrator and place of discrimination *,+ | ||
Friends | 106 | 43.8 |
People in work environment | 53 | 21.9 |
Other | 107 | 44.2 |
Fear of discrimination rating | ||
1–3 | 220 | 48.8 |
4–7 | 114 | 25.3 |
8–10 | 117 | 25.9 |
People who addiction status is concealed from + | ||
None | 146 | 32.3 |
Everybody | 133 | 29.4 |
Family | 74 | 16.4 |
Other | 123 | 27.2 |
Feelings about the starting point of the addiction + | ||
Guilt | 208 | 46.1 |
Regret | 95 | 21.0 |
Other | 164 | 36.3 |
Discrimination | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | p Crude | p Adjusted ° | ||
% | ||||||
Sex | Male | 47.0 | 53.0 | |||
Female | 42.1 | 57.9 | 1.22 (0.62–2.38) | p = 0.5665 | -- | |
Age | ≤44 | 47.1 | 52.9 | |||
≥45 | 45.5 | 54.5 | 1.07 (0.74–1.54) | p = 0.7362 | -- | |
Nationality | Other | 55.1 | 44.9 | |||
Italian | 43.6 | 56.4 | 1.59 (1.03–2.46) | p = 0.0374 | 0.491 | |
Marital status | Married | 50.2 | 49.8 | |||
Other | 42.5 | 57.5 | 1.37 (0.94–1.98) | p = 0.0995 | 0.760 | |
Age of initial drug use | ≥19 | 51.2 | 48.8 | |||
≤18 | 42.3 | 57.7 | 1.43 (0.98–2.08) | p = 0.0599 | 0.374 | |
Duration of SerD enrolment | <1 year | 58.9 | 41.1 | |||
≥1 year | 42.4 | 57.6 | 1.94 (1.25–3.02) | p = 0.0031 | 0.048 | |
Current health status | Good * | 48.9 | 51.1 | |||
Poor ** | 36.6 | 63.4 | 1.66 (1.04–2.66) | p = 0.0347 | 0.200 | |
Health status after attending SerD | Worse + | 50.6 | 49.4 | |||
Better ++ | 45.3 | 54.7 | 1.23 (0.78–1.96) | p = 0.3733 | -- | |
Current wellness | Good * | 49.8 | 50.2 | |||
Poor ** | 38.4 | 61.6 | 1.59 (1.06–2.40) | p = 0.0253 | 0.278 | |
Wellness after attending SerD | Better ++ | 46.5 | 53.5 | |||
Worse + | 46.1 | 53.9 | 1.01 (0.69–1.50) | p = 0.9419 | -- | |
Imprisonment | No | 54.1 | 45.9 | |||
Yes | 40.4 | 59.6 | 1.74 (1.19–2.53) | p = 0.0040 | 0.016 | |
Last incident of drug use | ≥1 month | 50.4 | 49.6 | |||
Current | 33.6 | 66.4 | 2.01 (1.28–3.15) | p = 0.0023 | 0.027 | |
SerD | Serd2 | 50 | 50 | |||
Serd1 | 44.5 | 55.5 | 1.25 | p = 0.271 | -- |
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Pelullo, C.P.; Curcio, F.; Auriemma, F.; Cefalo, G.; Fabozzi, A.; Rossiello, R.; Spagnoli, L.; Attena, F. The Discrimination Against, Health Status and Wellness of People Who Use Drugs in Italian Services: A Survey. Medicina 2019, 55, 662. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55100662
Pelullo CP, Curcio F, Auriemma F, Cefalo G, Fabozzi A, Rossiello R, Spagnoli L, Attena F. The Discrimination Against, Health Status and Wellness of People Who Use Drugs in Italian Services: A Survey. Medicina. 2019; 55(10):662. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55100662
Chicago/Turabian StylePelullo, Concetta Paola, Fabio Curcio, Francesco Auriemma, Giuseppe Cefalo, Antonio Fabozzi, Riccardo Rossiello, Laura Spagnoli, and Francesco Attena. 2019. "The Discrimination Against, Health Status and Wellness of People Who Use Drugs in Italian Services: A Survey" Medicina 55, no. 10: 662. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55100662
APA StylePelullo, C. P., Curcio, F., Auriemma, F., Cefalo, G., Fabozzi, A., Rossiello, R., Spagnoli, L., & Attena, F. (2019). The Discrimination Against, Health Status and Wellness of People Who Use Drugs in Italian Services: A Survey. Medicina, 55(10), 662. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55100662