Photodynamic Therapy with Verteporfin for Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: A Review of Data and Efficacy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Mechanism of Action and Early Changes after PDT Administration
2.2. Standard Photodynamic Therapy and Adapted Protocols
2.2.1. Standard PDT
2.2.2. Half-Dose PDT (HD-PDT), Half-Fluence PDT (HF-PDT), Half-Time PDT (HT-PDT)
2.3. PDT vs. Subthreshold Laser Treatment
2.4. PDT vs. Transpupillary Thermotherapy
2.5. PDT vs. Mineralcorticoids
2.6. PDT vs. Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Wang, M.; Munch, I.C.; Hasler, P.W.; Prunte, C.; Larsen, M. Central serous chorioretinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol. 2008, 86, 126–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Daruich, A.; Matet, A.; Dirani, A.; Bousquet, E.; Zhao, M.; Farman, N.; Jaisser, F.; Behar-Cohen, F. Central serous chorioretinopathy: Recent findings and new physiopathology hypothesis. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 2015, 48, 82–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gass, J.D. Pathogenesis of disciform detachment of the neuroepithelium. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1967, 63, 1–139. [Google Scholar]
- Yannuzzi, L.A.; Freund, K.B.; Goldbaum, M.; Scassellati-Sforzolini, B.; Guyer, D.R.; Spaide, R.F.; Maberley, D.; Wong, D.W.; Slakter, J.S.; Sorenson, J.A.; et al. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy masquerading as central serous chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmology 2000, 107, 767–777. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iacono, P.; Toto, L.; Costanzo, E.; Varano, M.; Parravano, M.C.; Eliana, C. Pharmacotherapy of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: A Review of the Current Treatments. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2018, 24, 4864–4873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parodi, M.B.; Da Pozzo, S.; Ravalico, G. Photodynamic Therapy in Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Retina 2003, 23, 235–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yannuzzi, L.A.; Slakter, J.S.; Gross, N.E.; Spaide, R.F.; Costa, D.; Huang, S.J.; Klancnik, J.M., Jr.; Aizman, A. Indocyanine green angiography-guided photodynamic therapy for treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: A pilot study. Retina 2003, 23, 288–298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chan, W.-M.; Lam, D.S.C.; Lai, T.Y.Y.; Tam, B.S.M.; Liu, D.T.L.; Chan, C.K.M. Choroidal vascular remodelling in central serous chorioretinopathy after indocyanine green guided photodynamic therapy with verteporfin: A novel treatment at the primary disease level. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2003, 87, 1453–1458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Schlötzer-Schrehardt, U.; Viestenz, A.; Naumann, G.O.H.; Laqua, H.; Michels, S.; Schmidt-Erfurth, U. Dose-related structural effects of photodynamic therapy on choroidal and retinal structures of human eyes. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 2002, 240, 748–757. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tarantola, R.M.; Law, J.C.; Recchia, F.M.; Sternberg, P., Jr.; Agarwal, A. Photodynamic therapy as treatment of chronic idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy. Lasers Surg. Med. 2008, 40, 671–675. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iacono, P.; Tedeschi, M.; Boccassini, B.; Chiaravalloti, A.; Varano, M.; Parravano, M. Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: Early and Late Morphological and Functional Changes after Verteporfin Photodynamic Therapy. Retina 2019, 39, 980–987. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lai, T.Y.Y.; Chan, W.-M.; Lam, D.S. Transient reduction in retinal function revealed by multifocal electroretinogram after photodynamic therapy. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2004, 137, 826–833. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mennel, S.; Meyer, C.H. Transient visual disturbance after photodynamic therapy. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2005, 139, 748–749. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Dijk, E.H.C.; Dijkman, G.; Theelen, T.; Hoyng, C.B.; Boon, C.J.F. Short-Term Findings on Optical Coherence Tomography and Microperimetry in Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy Patients Treated with Half-Dose Photodynamic Therapy. Retin. Cases Brief Rep. 2018, 12, 266–271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maruko, I.; Iida, T.; Sugano, Y.; Ojima, A.; Ogasawara, M.; Spaide, R.F. Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness after Treatment of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmology 2010, 117, 1792–1799. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alkin, Z.; Ozkaya, A.; Agca, A.; Yazici, A.T.; Demirok, A. Early Visual and Morphologic Changes after Half-Fluence Photodynamic Therapy in Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther. 2014, 30, 359–365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ruiz-Del-Tiempo, M.P.; Calvo, P.; Ferreras, A.; Leciñena, J.; Pablo, L.; Ruiz-Moreno, O. Anatomical Retinal Changes after Photodynamic Therapy in Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. J. Ophthalmol. 2018, 2018, 1–4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Noh, S.R.; Kang, M.S.; Kim, K.; Kim, E.S.; Yu, S.-Y. Comparison of Focal and Conventional Verteporfin Photodynamic Therapy for Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Korean J. Ophthalmol. 2019, 33, 506–513. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silva, R.M.; Ruiz-Moreno, J.M.; Gomez-Ulla, F.; Montero, J.A.; Gregório, T.; Cachulo, M.L.; Pires, I.A.; Cunha-Vaz, J.G.; Murta, J.N. Photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: A 4-year follow-up study. Retina 2013, 33, 309–315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ruiz-Moreno, J.M.; Lugo, F.L.; Armadá, F.; Silva, R.; Montero, J.A.; Arevalo, J.F.; Arias, L.; Gómez-Ulla, F. Photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol. 2010, 88, 371–376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Copete, S.; Ruiz-Moreno, J.M.; Cava, C.; Montero, J.A. Retinal thickness changes following photodynamic therapy in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 2012, 250, 803–808. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reibaldi, M.; Boscia, F.; Avitabile, T.; Uva, M.G.; Russo, A.; Zagari, M.; Occhipinti, F.; Russo, V.; Reibaldi, A.; Longo, A. Functional Retinal Changes Measured by Microperimetry in Standard-Fluence vs Low-Fluence Photodynamic Therapy in Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2011, 151, 953–960.e2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vasconcelos, H.; Marques, I.; Santos, A.R.; Melo, P.; Pires, I.; Figueira, J.P.; De Abreu, J.F.; Cachulo, M.L.; Silva, R. Long-term chorioretinal changes after photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 2013, 251, 1697–1705. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shin, J.Y.; Woo, S.J.; Yu, H.G.; Park, K.H. Comparison of efficacy and safety between half-fluence and full-fluence photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina 2011, 31, 119–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ladas, I.D.; Andreanos, K.; Ladas, D.S.; Moschos, M.M.; Rotsos, T.; Kotsolis, A.I. Three-Year Results of Fluorescein Angiography–Guided Standard Photodynamic Therapy with Multiple Spots for Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmol. Retin. 2018, 2, 703–711. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sakalar, Y.B.; Keklikci, U.; Unlu, K.; Alakuş, M.F.; Kara, I.H. Effects of photodynamic therapy with verteporfin for the treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: An uncontrolled, open-label, observational study. Curr. Ther. Res. Clin. Exp. 2010, 71, 173–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Tsakonas, G.D.; Kotsolis, A.I.; Koutsandrea, C.; Georgalas, I.; Papaconstantinou, D.; Ladas, I.D. Multiple spots of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of severe chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Clin. Ophthalmol. 2012, 6, 1639–1644. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ozdemir, H.; Karacorlu, S.A.; Senturk, F.; Karacorlu, M.; Uysal, O. Assessment of macular function by microperimetry in unilateral resolved central serous chorioretinopathy. Eye 2006, 22, 204–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oiwa, K.; Kataoka, K.; Maruko, R.; Ueno, S.; Ito, Y.; Terasaki, H. Half-dose photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy evaluated by focal macular electroretinograms. Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. 2017, 61, 260–266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chan, W.-M.; Lai, T.Y.Y.; Lai, R.Y.K.; Tang, E.W.H.; Liu, D.T.L.; Lam, D.S.C. Safety enhanced photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: One-year results of a prospective study. Retina 2008, 28, 85–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dhirani, N.A.; Yang, Y.; Somani, S. Long-term outcomes in half-dose verteporfin photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous retinopathy. Clin. Ophthalmol. 2017, 11, 2145–2149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Koytak, A.; Bayraktar, H.; Ozdemir, H. Fluorescein angiography as a primary guide for reduced-fluence photodynamic therapy for the treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Int. Ophthalmol. 2020, 40, 1807–1813. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fujita, K.; Shinoda, K.; Imamura, Y.; Matsumoto, C.S.; Mizutani, Y.; Mizota, A.; Yuzawa, M. Correlation of Integrity of Cone Outer Segment Tips Line with Retinal Sensitivity after Half-dose Photodynamic Therapy for Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2012, 154, 579–585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fujita, K.; Imamura, Y.; Shinoda, K.; Matsumoto, C.S.; Mizutani, Y.; Mizota, A.; Yuzawa, M. Quantification of metamorphopsia in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy after half-dose verteporfin photodynamic therapy. Retina 2014, 34, 964–970. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fujita, K.; Imamura, Y.; Shinoda, K.; Matsumoto, C.S.; Mizutani, Y.; Hashizume, K.; Mizota, A.; Yuzawa, M. One-Year Outcomes with Half-Dose Verteporfin Photodynamic Therapy for Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmology 2015, 122, 555–561. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haga, F.; Maruko, R.; Sato, C.; Kataoka, K.; Ito, Y.; Terasaki, H. Long-term prognostic factors of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy after half-dose photodynamic therapy: A 3-year follow-up study. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0181479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Karakus, S.; Basarir, B.; Pinarci, E.Y.; Kirandi, E.U.; Demirok, A. Long-term results of half-dose photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy with contrast sensitivity changes. Eye 2013, 27, 612–620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kinoshita, T.; Mitamura, Y.; Mori, T.; Akaiwa, K.; Semba, K.; Egawa, M.; Mori, J.; Sonoda, S.; Sakamoto, T. Changes in Choroidal Structures in Eyes with Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy after Half-Dose Photodynamic Therapy. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0163104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lai, F.H.; Ng, D.S.; Bakthavatsalam, M.; Chan, V.C.; Young, A.L.; Luk, F.O.; Tsang, C.W.; Brelén, M.E. A Multicenter Study on the Long-term Outcomes of Half-dose Photodynamic Therapy in Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2016, 170, 91–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tseng, C.-C.; Chen, S.-N. Long-term efficacy of half-dose photodynamic therapy on chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2015, 99, 1070–1077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Inoue, R.; Sawa, M.; Tsujikawa, M.; Gomi, F. Association between the Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy and Indocyanine Green Angiography Findings for Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2010, 149, 441–446.e2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Park, D.-G.; Jeong, S.; Noh, D.; Sagong, M. Optimal fluence rate of photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2020. epub ahead of print. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Matušková, V.; Vysloužilová, D.; Uher, M. Half-Fluence Photodynamic Therapy for Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: Predisposing Factors for Visual Acuity Outcomes. Semin. Ophthalmol. 2017, 33, 690–699. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rouvas, A.A.; Stavrakas, P.; Theodossiadis, P.G.; Stamatiou, P.; Milia, M.; Giannakaki, E.; Datseris, I. Long-term results of half-fluence photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 2011, 22, 417–422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Smretschnig, E.; Ansari-Shahrezaei, S.; Hagen, S.; Glittenberg, C.; Krebs, I.; Binder, S. Half-fluence photodynamic therapy in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina 2013, 33, 316–323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Peng, S.-Y.; Lai, C.-C.; Wang, N.-K.; Wu, W.-C.; Hwang, Y.-S.; Chen, K.-J.; Chen, L.-J.; Tsai, S.; Chan, W.-C.; Liu, L.; et al. Real-World Experience with Half-Time Versus Half-Dose Photodynamic Therapy in Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther. 2017, 33, 466–472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iwase, T.; Yokouchi, H.; Kitahashi, M.; Kubota-Taniai, M.; Baba, T.; Yamamoto, S. Long-Term Effects of Half-Time Photodynamic Therapy on Retinal Sensitivity in Eyes with Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. BioMed Res. Int. 2020, 2020, 3190136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Son, B.K.; Kim, K.; Kim, E.S.; Yu, S.-Y. Long-Term Outcomes of Full-Fluence and Half-Fluence Photodynamic Therapy for Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmology 2018, 241, 105–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reibaldi, M.; Cardascia, N.; Longo, A.; Furino, C.; Avitabile, T.; Faro, S.; Sanfilippo, M.; Russo, A.; Uva, M.G.; Munno, F.; et al. Standard-Fluence versus Low-Fluence Photodynamic Therapy in Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: A Nonrandomized Clinical Trial. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2010, 149, 307–315.e2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, H.-Y.; Yang, C.-H.; Yang, C.-M.; Ho, T.-C.; Lin, C.-P.; Hsieh, Y.-T. Half-dose Versus Half-time Photodynamic Therapy for Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2016, 167, 57–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, Y.-K.; Ryoo, N.-K.; Woo, S.J.; Park, K.H. Comparison of visual and anatomical outcomes of half-fluence and half-dose photodynamic therapy in eyes with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 2015, 253, 2063–2073. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Oh, B.-L.; Yu, H.G. Choroidal Thickness after Full-Fluence and Half-Fluence Photodynamic Therapy in Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Retina 2015, 35, 1555–1560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nicolò, M.; Eandi, C.M.; Alovisi, C.; Grignolo, F.M.; Traverso, C.E.; Musetti, D.; Piccolino, F.C. Half-Fluence Versus Half-Dose Photodynamic Therapy in Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2014, 157, 1033–1037.e2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Scholz, P.; Altay, L.; Fauser, S. Comparison of subthreshold micropulse laser (577 nm) treatment and half-dose photodynamic therapy in patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Eye 2016, 30, 1371–1377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Özmert, E.; Demirel, S.; Yanık, Ö.; Batıoğlu, F. Low-Fluence Photodynamic Therapy versus Subthreshold Micropulse Yellow Wavelength Laser in the Treatment of Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. J. Ophthalmol. 2016, 2016, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Roca, J.A.; Wu, L.; Fromow-Guerra, J.; Rodríguez, F.J.; Berrocal, M.H.; Rojas, S.; Lima, L.H.; Gallego-Pinazo, R.; Chhablani, J.; Arevalo, J.F.; et al. Yellow (577 nm) micropulse laser versus half-dose verteporfin photodynamic therapy in eyes with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: Results of the Pan-American Collaborative Retina Study (PACORES) Group. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2018, 102, 1696–1700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ntomoka, C.G.; Rajesh, B.; Muriithi, G.M.; Goud, A.; Chhablani, J. Comparison of photodynamic therapy and navigated microsecond laser for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Eye 2018, 32, 1079–1086. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kretz, F.T.; Beger, I.; Koch, F.; Nowomiejska, K.; Auffarth, G.U.; Koss, M.J. Randomized Clinical Trial to Compare Micropulse Photocoagulation Versus Half-dose Verteporfin Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging Retin. 2015, 46, 837–843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ho, M.; Lai, F.H.P.; Ng, D.S.C.; Iu, L.P.L.; Chen, L.J.; Mak, A.C.Y.; Yip, Y.; Cheung, C.; Young, A.L.; Brelen, M. Analysis of choriocapillaris perfusion and choroidal layer changes in patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy randomised to micropulse laser or photodynamic therapy. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2020. epub ahead of print. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Dijk, E.H.C.; Fauser, S.; Breukink, M.B.; Blanco-Garavito, R.; Groenewoud, J.M.; Keunen, J.E.E.; Peters, P.J.; Dijkman, G.; Souied, E.H.; MacLaren, R.E.; et al. Half-Dose Photodynamic Therapy versus High-Density Subthreshold Micropulse Laser Treatment in Patients with Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: The PLACE Trial. Ophthalmology 2018, 125, 1547–1555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arsan, A.; Kanar, H.S.; Sonmez, A. Visual outcomes and anatomic changes after sub-threshold micropulse yellow laser (577-nm) treatment for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: Long-term follow-up. Eye 2018, 32, 726–733. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Işık, M.U.; Değirmenci, M.F.K.; Sağlık, A. Efficacy of the subthreshold micropulse yellow wavelength laser photostimulation in the treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Int. J. Ophthalmol. 2020, 13, 1404–1410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Manayath, G.J.; Karandikar, S.S.; Narendran, S.; Kumarswamy, K.A.; Saravanan, V.; Morris, R.J.; Venkatapathy, N. Low Fluence Photodynamic Therapy versus Graded Subthreshold Transpupillary Thermotherapy for Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: Results from a Prospective Study. Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging Retin. 2017, 48, 334–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Russo, A.; Turano, R.; Morescalchi, F.; Gambicorti, E.; Cancarini, A.; Duse, S.; Costagliola, C.; Semeraro, F. Comparison of half-dose photodynamic therapy and 689 nm laser treatment in eyes with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 2017, 255, 1141–1148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, M.; Célérier, I.; Bousquet, E.; Jeanny, J.-C.; Jonet, L.; Savoldelli, M.; Offret, O.; Curan, A.; Farman, N.; Jaisser, F.; et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor is involved in rat and human ocular chorioretinopathy. J. Clin. Investig. 2012, 122, 2672–2679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, J.H.; Lee, S.C.; Kim, H.; Lee, C.S. Comparison of Short-Term Efficacy between Oral Spironolactone Treatment and Photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment of Nonresolving Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Retina 2019, 39, 127–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, D.Y.; Lee, J.Y.; Lee, E.K.; Kim, J.Y. Comparison of Visual/Anatomical Outcomes and Recurrence Rate Between Oral Spironolactone and Photodynamic Therapy for Nonresolving Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Retina 2020, 40, 1191–1199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bae, S.H.; Heo, J.; Kim, C.; Kim, T.W.; Shin, J.Y.; Lee, J.Y.; Song, S.J.; Park, T.K.; Moon, S.W.; Chung, H. Low-Fluence Photodynamic Therapy versus Ranibizumab for Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmology 2014, 121, 558–565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Semeraro, F.; Romano, V.; Danzi, P.; Morescalchi, F.; Costagliola, C. Intravitreal bevacizumab versus low-fluence photodynamic therapy for treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. 2012, 56, 608–612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parodi, M.B.; Iacono, P. Re: Van Dijk et al.: Half-dose photodynamic therapy versus high-density subthreshold micropulse laser treatment in patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: The PLACE trial (Ophthalmology 2018, 125, 1547–1555). Ophthalmology 2019, 126, e29–e30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Călugăru, D.; Călugăru, M. Re: Van Dijk et al.: Half-dose photodynamic therapy versus high-density subthreshold micropulse laser treatment in patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: The PLACE trial (Ophthalmology 2018, 125, 1547–1555). Ophthalmology 2019, 126, e10–e11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Luttrull, J.K. Comment on: Focal and Diffuse Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy Treated with Half-Dose Photodynamic Therapy or Subthreshold Micropulse Laser: PLACE Trial Report No. 3. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2020, 212, 186–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Van Rijssen, T.J.; Van Dijk, E.H.; Scholz, P.; Breukink, M.B.; Blanco-Garavito, R.; Souied, E.H.; Keunen, J.E.; MacLaren, R.E.; Querques, G.; Fauser, S.; et al. Focal and Diffuse Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy Treated with Half-Dose Photodynamic Therapy or Subthreshold Micropulse Laser: PLACE Trial Report No. 3. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2019, 205, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scholz, P.; Ersoy, L.; Boon, C.J.F.; Fauser, S. Subthreshold Micropulse Laser (577 nm) Treatment in Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmology 2015, 234, 189–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lotery, A.; Sivaprasad, S.; O’Connell, A.; Harris, R.A.; Culliford, L.; Ellis, L.; Cree, A.; Madhusudhan, S.; Behar-Cohen, F.; Chakravarthy, U.; et al. Eplerenone for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy in patients with active, previously untreated disease for more than 4 months (VICI): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2020, 395, 294–303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Authors (P/R) | F-UP | Number of Patients | BCVA | RS (dB) | NSD Resolution (%) | NSD Recurrences | Number of Treatment | Side Effects |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Iacono et al. [11] [P] | 1 yr | 19 | +14.4 letters | +2.69 | 95% | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Ruiz-Del-Tiempo et al. [17] [R] | 1 yr | 75 | +0.23 LogMar | - | 93.7% | 0 | 1–2 | 0 |
Noh et al. [18] [R] | 1 yr | 52 | - | - | 100% | 0 | 1 | Atrophy 3.85–11.59% |
Silva et al. [19] [R] | 4 yrs | 46 | + 8 letters | - | 93.4% | 1 | 1.08 | 0 |
Moreno et al. [20] [R] | 1 yr | 72 | +0.16 LogMar | - | 100% | 2 | 1 | 2 CNV, 9 RPE hyperplasia |
Tarantolas et al. [10] [R] | 21 mos | 13 | +0.07 LogMar | - | 81% | 3 | 1–2 | 2 CNV |
Copete et al. [21] [R] | 1 yr | 25 | +0.15 LogMar | - | 100% | 0 | 1 | - |
Reibaldi et al. [22] [P] | 1 yr | 19 | +0.18 LogMar | +2.5 | 79% | 0 | 1 | - |
Vasconcelos et al. [23] [R] | 5 yrs | 15 | +8.4 letters | - | 100% | 1 (after 2 and 7 years) | 1.1 | - |
Shin et al. [24] [R] | 13 mos | 33 | +0.25 LogMar | - | 100% | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Ladas et al. [25] [P] | 3 yrs | 24 | +0.31 LogMar | - | 100% | 2 | 1.3 | RPE atrophy (“some”) |
Sakalar et al. [26] [P] | 1 yr | 17 | +0.22 LogMar | - | 100% | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Tsakonas et al. [27] [R] | 1 yr | 17 | +0.4 LogMar | - | 100% | 1 | 1.2 | - |
Authors (P/R) | F-UP | Number of Patients | BCVA | RS (dB) | NSD Resolution | NSD Recurrences | Number of Treatment | Side Effects |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chan et al. [30] [P] | 1 yr | 48 | +0.16 LogMar | - | 89.6% | 4 (8%) | 1–2 | 0 |
Dhirani et al. [31] [R] | 19.3 mos | 45 | +0.10 LogMar | - | 91% | 8 (9%) | 1 | - |
Koytarc et al. [32] [R] | 1 yr | 8 | +0.39 LogMar | - | 75% | 0 | 1.25 | 1 RPE atrophy |
Fujita et al. [33] [P] | 1 yr | 14 | +0.16 LogMar | - | 84% | 0 | 1 | - |
Fujita et al. [34] [R] | 1 yr | 45 | +0.15 LogMar | - | 98% | 2 (5%) | 1–2 | 0 |
Fujita et al. [34] [R] | 1 yr | 204 | +0.12 LogMar | +5.23 dB | 89.2% | 12 (5%) | 1–2 | 1 PCV |
Haga et al. [36] [R] | 3 yrs | 79 | +0.13 LogMar | - | Estimated 98–100% | 10 (12%) | 1–2 | - |
Karakus et al. [37] [P] | 25 mos | 27 | +0.12 LogMar | - | 100% | 2 (6%) | 1–2 | 0 |
Kinoshita et al. [38] [R] | 1 yr | 29 | +0.12 LogMar | - | 96.5% | 0 | 1 | - |
Lai et al. [39] [R] | 36 mos | 136 | +0.21 LogMar | - | 97.1% | 9 (6.6%) | 1–2 | 5 RPE atrophy,1 RPE rip |
Oiwa et al. [29] [R] | 1 yr | 14 | +10.1 letters | - | 92% | 1 (6%) | 1 | - |
Tseng et al. [40] [R] | 55 mos | 56 | +0.23 LogMar | - | 100% | 4 (6%) | 1–2 | 1 RPE-atrophy, 2 CNV |
Authors (P/R) | F-UP | Number of Patients | BCVA | RS (dB) | NSD Resolution | NSD Recurrences | Number of Treatment | Side Effects |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Park et al. [42] [P] | 1 yr | 15 (30% F) 16 (40% F) 17 (50% F) | +0.14 +0.15 +0.21 Logmar | - | 80% 94% 100% | 7 (50%) 4 (25%) 0 | 1–2 | 0 0 0 |
Inoue et al. [41] [P] | 15.5 mos | 32 | +0.11 decimal unit | - | 88% | 7 (24%) | 1–2 | 1 CNV |
Matuskova et al. [43] [R] | 12 mos | 32 | +0.18 LogMar | - | 100% | 2 (6.3%) | 1–2 | 0 |
Rouvas et al. [44] [R] | 20 mos | 29 | +0.37 LogMar | - | 100% | 4 (13%) | 1–2 | 0 |
Smretschnig et al. [45] [R] | 12 mos | 20 | +5 letters | - | 100% | 3 (25%) | 1–2 | 0 |
Authors (P/R) | Protocol | F-UP | Number of Patients | BCVA | NSD Resolution | NSD Recurrences | Number of Treatment | Side Effects |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Son et al. [48] [R] | S-PDT | 3 yrs | 37 | +0.18 L | 100% | 0 | 1 | 2 RPE-A |
HF-PDT | 30 | +0.18 L | 100% | 0 | 1 | 2 RPE-A | ||
Oh et al. [52] [R] | S-PDT | 1 yr | 25 | +0.19 L | 100% | 0 | 1 | 0 |
HF-PDT | 43 | +0.12 L | 100% | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
Shin et al. [24] [R] | S-PDT | 13 mos | 33 | +0.25 L | 100% | 0 | 1 | 0 |
HF-PDT | 34 | +0.17 L | 94% | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
Reibaldi et al. [49] [P] | S-PDT | 1 yr | 18 | +0.16 L | 79% | 2 | 1 | 2 CNV/RPE-A |
HF-PDT | 23 | +0.30 L | 91% | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
Peng et al. [46] [R] | HD-PDT | 1 yr | 36 | +0.11 L | 94.4% | 2 | 1 | 2 CNV |
HT-PDT | 17 | +0.17 L | 91.1% | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
Liu et al. [50] [R] | HD-PDT | 14.8 mos | 35 | +0.25 L | 91% | 3 | 1–2 | 0 |
HT-PDT | 26 | +0.15 L | 100% | 2 | 1–2 | 0 | ||
Kim et al. [51] [R] | HD-PDT | 1 yr | 26 | +0.19 L | 100% | 1 | 1–2 | - |
HF-PDT | 26 | +0.20 L | 96% | 1 | 1–2 | - | ||
Nicolò et al. [53] [R] | HD-PDT | 17 mos | 29 | +0.06 L | 100% | 1 | 1.17 | 0 |
HF-PDT | 15 mos | 31 | +0.19 L | 83.9% | 1-2-3 | 1.48 | 0 |
Authors (P/R) | Protocol | F-UP | N° pts | BCVA | NSD Resolution | NSD Recurrences | N° Treatment | Side Effects |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scholz et al. [54] [R] | HD-PDT | 6 weeks | 58 | +0.04 L | 21% | - | 1–2 | 1 CNV |
STLT-577 nm | 42 | +0.08 L | 36% | - | 1–2 | 0 | ||
Ntomoka et al. [57] [R] | HF-PDT | 6 mos | 22 | +0.1 L | 21.7% | - | 1 | 0 |
STLT-577 nm | 23 | +0.2 L | 59% | - | 1 | 0 | ||
Ozmert et al. [55] [R] | HF-PDT | 1 yr | 18 | +4 L | 72% | 1 | 1–2 | 0 |
STLT-Microsecond | 15 | +4 L | 80% | 2 | 1 | 1 Hypofluorescent spot | ||
Roca et al. [56] [R] | HD-PDT | 17.4 mos | 67 | +0.03 L | 95.5% | - | 1 2 (5 eyes) 3 (1 eye) | 1 CNV |
STLT-577 nm | 15.8 mos | 92 | +0.21 L | 92.4% | - | 1 2 (12 eyes) 3 (2 eyes) 4 (2 eyes) | 0 | |
Ho et al. [59] [P] | HD-PDT | 6 mos | 15 | +0.14 L | - | - | 1 | - |
STLT-577 nm | 18 | +0.20 L | - | - | 1 | - | ||
PLACE trial [60] [P] | HD-PDT | 7–8 mos | 67 | +6.7 L | 67.2% | 4 (5%) | 1–2 | 0 |
STLT-810nm | 66 | +4.4 L | 28.8% | 1 (1.3) | 1–2 | 0 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Iacono, P.; Da Pozzo, S.; Varano, M.; Parravano, M. Photodynamic Therapy with Verteporfin for Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: A Review of Data and Efficacy. Pharmaceuticals 2020, 13, 349. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13110349
Iacono P, Da Pozzo S, Varano M, Parravano M. Photodynamic Therapy with Verteporfin for Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: A Review of Data and Efficacy. Pharmaceuticals. 2020; 13(11):349. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13110349
Chicago/Turabian StyleIacono, Pierluigi, Stefano Da Pozzo, Monica Varano, and Mariacristina Parravano. 2020. "Photodynamic Therapy with Verteporfin for Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: A Review of Data and Efficacy" Pharmaceuticals 13, no. 11: 349. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13110349