Voltammetric Determination of Salbutamol, Sulfamethoxazole, and Trimethoprim as Anthropogenic Impact Indicators Using Commercial Screen-Printed Electrodes

Huang, Jing; Bastos-Arrieta, Julio; Serrano, Núria; Díaz-Cruz, José Manuel

doi:10.3390/s25102998

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Voltammetric Determination of Salbutamol, Sulfamethoxazole, and Trimethoprim as Anthropogenic Impact Indicators Using Commercial Screen-Printed Electrodes

¹

Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

²

Water Research Institute (IdRA), University of Barcelona (UB), Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028-Barcelona, Spain

^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Sensors 2025, 25(10), 2998; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25102998

Submission received: 1 April 2025 / Revised: 2 May 2025 / Accepted: 6 May 2025 / Published: 9 May 2025

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Sensors—Recent Advances and Future Challenges 2025)

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Abstract

A voltammetric method based on the use of screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) is presented for the simultaneous determination of salbutamol (SAL), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and trimethoprim (TMP), with high sensitivity, fast response, and excellent repeatability and reproducibility. Under the optimal voltammetric conditions, the simultaneous analysis showed linear ranges of 0.3–2.5 mg L⁻¹, 0.3–11.1 mg L⁻¹, and 0.5–9.0 mg L⁻¹ for SAL, SMX, and TMP, respectively, and detection limits of 83.8 μg L⁻¹, 88.7 μg L⁻¹, and 139.2 μg L⁻¹, respectively. Additionally, the developed method was successfully validated by the analysis of a spiked river water sample with satisfactory recovery values in the range of 97.0–98.8%. The added value of the presented method relays in combining cost-effective disposable SPCEs with rapid analysis (<30 s), providing portable electrochemical tools for the on-site monitoring of pharmaceutical residues, which is critical for addressing contamination linked to anthropogenic activity.

Keywords: emerging contaminants; differential pulse voltammetry; carbon screen-printed electrodes; salbutamol; sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim

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MDPI and ACS Style

Huang, J.; Bastos-Arrieta, J.; Serrano, N.; Díaz-Cruz, J.M. Voltammetric Determination of Salbutamol, Sulfamethoxazole, and Trimethoprim as Anthropogenic Impact Indicators Using Commercial Screen-Printed Electrodes. Sensors 2025, 25, 2998. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25102998

AMA Style

Huang J, Bastos-Arrieta J, Serrano N, Díaz-Cruz JM. Voltammetric Determination of Salbutamol, Sulfamethoxazole, and Trimethoprim as Anthropogenic Impact Indicators Using Commercial Screen-Printed Electrodes. Sensors. 2025; 25(10):2998. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25102998

Chicago/Turabian Style

Huang, Jing, Julio Bastos-Arrieta, Núria Serrano, and José Manuel Díaz-Cruz. 2025. "Voltammetric Determination of Salbutamol, Sulfamethoxazole, and Trimethoprim as Anthropogenic Impact Indicators Using Commercial Screen-Printed Electrodes" Sensors 25, no. 10: 2998. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25102998

APA Style

Huang, J., Bastos-Arrieta, J., Serrano, N., & Díaz-Cruz, J. M. (2025). Voltammetric Determination of Salbutamol, Sulfamethoxazole, and Trimethoprim as Anthropogenic Impact Indicators Using Commercial Screen-Printed Electrodes. Sensors, 25(10), 2998. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25102998

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Voltammetric Determination of Salbutamol, Sulfamethoxazole, and Trimethoprim as Anthropogenic Impact Indicators Using Commercial Screen-Printed Electrodes

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