Wearable Sensors for Respiration Monitoring: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. High-Frequency Sensors
2.1. Antenna Sensors
2.2. RFID/NFC Sensors
2.2.1. RFID Sensors
2.2.2. NFC Sensors
2.3. Metamaterial Sensors
2.3.1. Frequency Selective Surfaces
2.3.2. Spiral Resonator Tag
2.3.3. Surface Plasmons Resonators
2.4. Fiber Bragg Gratings
3. Low-Frequency Sensors
3.1. Capacitive Sensors
3.2. Resistive Sensors
3.3. Magnetic Induction Sensors
3.4. Piezoelectric Sensors
3.4.1. Piezoelectric Sensors and Generators
3.4.2. Piezoelectric Resonators
3.5. Bioimpedance Sensors
3.6. Inertial Sensors
4. Manufacturing Materials and Fabrication Techniques
4.1. Substrate Materials
4.1.1. Polymeric Materials
4.1.2. Textiles and Fabrics
4.1.3. Composite Materials
4.1.4. Paper-Based Materials
4.2. Sensing Materials
4.2.1. Metallic Materials
4.2.2. Carbon-Based Materials
4.2.3. Conductive Polymers
4.2.4. Piezoelectric Materials
4.2.5. Optical Fibers
4.3. Fabrication Techniques
4.3.1. Printing
4.3.2. Knitting
4.3.3. Embroidery
5. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Substrate | Mechanical Properties | Biocompatibility |
---|---|---|
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) | Soft, conformable | Excellent |
Polyurethane (PU) | Soft, flexible | Good |
Polyimide (PI) | High tensile strength, flexible | Good |
Hydrogels/Ion gels | Soft, stretchable | Good |
Rubbers (e.g., Ecoflex) | Soft, similar modulus to human skin | Good |
Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) | High mechanical strength, flexibility, low density | Good |
Fabric Substrate (e.g., cotton, wool, lycra) | Flexible, stretchable, comfortable | Excellent |
Stretchable Fabric | Stretchable, resilient | Excellent |
Knitted Fabric (e.g., cotton/spandex) | Elastic, flexible | Excellent |
Nonwoven Fabric | Lightweight, flexible | Excellent |
Lignin-based Polyurethane Foam | Elastic, lightweight | Good |
Cellulose paper | Brittle, low tensile strength | Good |
Filter paper | Porous, flexible | Good |
Metallic Material | Electrical Conductivity | Mechanical Properties |
---|---|---|
Silver-plated nylon yarn | Excellent | Flexible, soft, conformable |
Conductive Textile and Fabrics | Excellent | Flexible, stretchable, comfortable |
Conductive inks | Good | Flexible, adaptable |
Polyethylene-co-vinyl acetate (PEVA) | Conductive with MWCNTs | Highly flexible |
Polyimide-coated hollow-core silica glass capillaries with silver layer | Conductive with silver layer | Highly flexible |
Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) | Excellent | Flexible, high tensile strength |
Graphene | High | Flexible, strong |
MXene | Good | Flexible, mechanically robust |
Carbon black nanoparticles | Good | Flexible, good resilience |
Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) | Piezoelectric properties | Flexible, strong |
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Hussain, T.; Ullah, S.; Fernández-García, R.; Gil, I. Wearable Sensors for Respiration Monitoring: A Review. Sensors 2023, 23, 7518. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23177518
Hussain T, Ullah S, Fernández-García R, Gil I. Wearable Sensors for Respiration Monitoring: A Review. Sensors. 2023; 23(17):7518. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23177518
Chicago/Turabian StyleHussain, Tauseef, Sana Ullah, Raúl Fernández-García, and Ignacio Gil. 2023. "Wearable Sensors for Respiration Monitoring: A Review" Sensors 23, no. 17: 7518. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23177518