A Cluster-Based Energy-Efficient Secure Optimal Path-Routing Protocol for Wireless Body-Area Sensor Networks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Contributions of the Work
- A Secured Optimal Path-Routing (SOPR) protocol for improving the performance of wireless body-area networks is proposed.
- This protocol offers improved packet-delivery ratio, enhanced security, and reduced attack-detection overhead, detection time, energy consumption, and delay compared to existing protocols.
- In addition, this protocol can be applied to different wireless body-area networks, such as those used in healthcare applications or environmental monitoring, to ensure secure and energy-efficient routing.
1.2. Organization of the Work
2. Materials and Methods
3. Proposed Methods
3.1. Formation of Key Encryption for Plain Text
3.2. OTP Algorithm
3.3. Secure Optimal Path-Routing Protocol
3.4. Protocol Description
Algorithm 1 Algorithm for SOPR. |
3.5. Energy Efficiency Using Balanced Energy-Efficient and Reliable Algorithm
4. Results
5. Discussion
5.1. Performance Comparison of Sensor Nodes with Black-Hole Nodes
5.2. Energy Consumption
5.3. Challenges
- The limited battery capacity of devices on the network can reduce the time duration that a device can remain connected to the network. As a result, this might reduce the efficiency of the routing protocol.
- Changes in the network environment can affect the efficiency of the routing protocol, such as changes in the number of nodes in the network or the network topology.
- If a link in the network fails, the routing protocol may fail to identify the correct path on which data packets to travel, resulting in decreased energy efficiency. Moreover, link failure can cause congestion and delays in the network, affecting energy efficiency.
5.4. Future Directions
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Algorithm Type | Encryption |
---|---|
Input | Plain text from source file |
Output | Cipher text |
Assumptions | Block size = 64, key size = 512 bits, OTP—One-Time Pad, CBC—Cipher Block Chaining |
Parameters Used | Value |
---|---|
Region of sensor fields | 250 × 250 |
Location of the Base Station | 50 × 100 |
Maximum number of nodes | 100 |
Maximum number of rounds | 1500 |
Propagation model | Free-space and Multipath fading channel model |
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Dass, R.; Narayanan, M.; Ananthakrishnan, G.; Kathirvel Murugan, T.; Nallakaruppan, M.K.; Somayaji, S.R.K.; Arputharaj, K.; Khan, S.B.; Almusharraf, A. A Cluster-Based Energy-Efficient Secure Optimal Path-Routing Protocol for Wireless Body-Area Sensor Networks. Sensors 2023, 23, 6274. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146274
Dass R, Narayanan M, Ananthakrishnan G, Kathirvel Murugan T, Nallakaruppan MK, Somayaji SRK, Arputharaj K, Khan SB, Almusharraf A. A Cluster-Based Energy-Efficient Secure Optimal Path-Routing Protocol for Wireless Body-Area Sensor Networks. Sensors. 2023; 23(14):6274. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146274
Chicago/Turabian StyleDass, Ruby, Manikandan Narayanan, Gayathri Ananthakrishnan, Tamilarasi Kathirvel Murugan, Musiri Kailasanathan Nallakaruppan, Siva Rama Krishnan Somayaji, Kannan Arputharaj, Surbhi Bhatia Khan, and Ahlam Almusharraf. 2023. "A Cluster-Based Energy-Efficient Secure Optimal Path-Routing Protocol for Wireless Body-Area Sensor Networks" Sensors 23, no. 14: 6274. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146274