COL6A1 Promotes Milk Production and Fat Synthesis Through the PI3K-Akt/Insulin/AMPK/PPAR Signaling Pathways in Dairy Cattle
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. COL6A1 Was Linked to QTLs/SNPs Related to Milk Production Traits
2.2. COL6A1 Was Highly Expressed in Mammary Gland Tissue
2.3. Cell Proliferation and the Cell Cycle Were Accelerated by COL6A1
2.3.1. Cell Proliferation
2.3.2. Cell Cycle
2.3.3. Cell Apoptosis
2.4. Lipid Synthesis Was Promoted by COL6A1
2.5. COL6A1 Regulated the Expression of Genes Related to the Cell Cycle and Milk Fat Synthesis
2.6. COL6A1 Was Associated with Milk Production Traits in Holstein Cattle
2.7. Transcriptional Activity of COL6A1 Was Affected by SNPs
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animals and Ethics Approval
4.2. Screening of QTLs/SNPs Related to Traits Linked to the COL6A1 Gene
4.3. Expression Pattern of the COL6A1 Gene
4.4. COL6A1 RNA Interference in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells
4.5. Detection of Cell Proliferation, Cell Cycle Progression and Apoptosis
4.5.1. Cell Proliferation
4.5.2. Cell Cycle
4.5.3. Cell Apoptosis
4.6. Lipid Staining and Triglyceride and Total Protein Content Analyses
4.6.1. Staining
4.6.2. Content Analyses
4.7. Regulatory Genes in Pathway Analysis and Verification
4.8. SNP Identification and Phenotype-Genotype Association Analysis
4.8.1. SNP Identification and Genotyping
4.8.2. Genetic Association Analysis
4.8.3. Proportion of Phenotypic Variance
4.9. Gene Transcription Activity Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
a | additive |
ACBP | acyl-CoA-binding protein |
AKT1 | AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 |
AKT2 | AKT serine/threonine kinase 2 |
AKT3 | AKT serine/threonine kinase 3 |
AP2 | activating enhancer-binding protein 2 |
APOA1 | apolipoprotein A1 |
BS | binding site |
CCND1 | cyclin D1 |
CCND2 | cyclin D2 |
CCNE1 | cyclin E1 |
CD36 | cluster of differentiation 36 |
CDK2 | cyclin-dependent kinase 2 |
CDK4 | cyclin-dependent kinase 4 |
CDK6 | cyclin-dependent kinase 6 |
CDKN1B | cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B |
CDKs | cyclin-dependent kinases |
CMYB | c-Myb |
COL6A1 | collagen type VI alpha 1 |
d | dominant |
DAPI | 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole |
DHI | dairy herd improvement |
DMEM | Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium |
EdU | 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine |
EEF1D | eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 delta |
FABP3 | fatty acid-binding protein 3 |
FABP4 | fatty acid-binding protein 4 |
FADS1 | fatty acid desaturase 1 |
FBS | fetal bovine serum |
GAPDH | glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase |
GBTS | genotyping by target sequencing |
GS | genomic selection |
GSK3B | glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta |
HEK | 293T human embryonic kidney 293T |
INSM1 | insulinoma-associated 1 |
ITGA1 | integrin subunit alpha 1 |
ITGA2 | integrin subunit alpha 2 |
ITGA4 | integrin subunit alpha 4 |
ITGA5 | integrin subunit alpha 5 |
ITGB1 | integrin subunit beta 1 |
ITGB3 | integrin subunit beta 3 |
ITGB4 | integrin subunit beta 4 |
KEGG | Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes |
LD | linkage disequilibrium |
MARVELD1 | MARVEL domain containing 1 |
PBS | phosphate-buffered saline |
PFA | paraformaldehyde |
PI | propidium iodide |
PIK3R1 | phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 |
PMSF | phenylmethanesulfonylfluoride |
PRDM15 | PR domain-containing 15 |
PRKCI | protein kinase C iota |
PVDF | polyvinylidene difluoride |
QTLs | quantitative trait loci |
RFX5 | regulatory factor X5 |
RIPA | radioimmunoprecipitation assay |
SCD | stearoyl-CoA desaturase |
siRNAs | small interfering RNAs |
SMAD3 | SMAD family member 3 |
SNP | single-nucleotide polymorphism |
SREBF1 | sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 |
TCFAP2E | transcription factor AP-2 epsilon |
TF | transcription factor |
TFBS | transcription factor binding site |
α | substitution |
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SNP | Genotype (No.) | Milk Yield (kg) | Fat Yield (kg) | Fat Percentage (%) | Protein Yield (kg) | Protein Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
rs135862366 | CC (50) | 10,056.00 ± 117.37 | 340.65 ± 4.87 | 3.41 ± 0.05 | 340.65 ± 4.87 | 3.00 Aa ± 0.02 |
CT (266) | 10,251.00 ± 69.99 | 337.1 ± 3.06 | 3.3 ± 0.03 | 337.1 ± 3.06 | 2.97 b ± 0.01 | |
TT (631) | 10,268.00 ± 60.74 | 339.46 ± 2.71 | 3.33 ± 0.03 | 339.46 ± 2.72 | 2.96 Bb ± 0.01 | |
P | 0.16 | 0.52 | 0.05 | 0.52 | 0.01 | |
PVR (%) | 0.36 | 0.05 | 1.09 | 0.08 | 0.84 | |
rs477773706 | CC (613) | 10,201.00 b ± 60.41 | 337.71 B ± 2.70 | 3.33 ± 0.03 | 301.85 ± 1.97 | 2.97 ± 0.01 |
CT (291) | 10,326.00 ab ± 71.08 | 338.85 B ± 3.11 | 3.31 ± 0.03 | 303.84 ± 2.26 | 2.95 ± 0.01 | |
TT (43) | 10,530.00 a ± 127.58 | 355.27 A ± 5.28 | 3.41 ± 0.05 | 308.28 ± 3.85 | 2.94 ± 0.02 | |
P | 0.01 | 1.83 × 10−3 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.09 | |
PVR (%) | 0.51 | 1.51 | 1.06 | 0.21 | 0.07 | |
rs382853810 | CC (614) | 10,192.00 b ± 60.40 | 337.41 B ± 2.70 | 3.33 ± 0.03 | 301.56 ± 1.97 | 2.97 ± 0.01 |
CG (290) | 10,349.00 a ± 71.22 | 339.59 B ± 3.11 | 3.31 ± 0.03 | 304.58 ± 2.26 | 2.95 ± 0.01 | |
GG (43) | 10,539.00 a ± 127.60 | 355.57 A ± 5.28 | 3.41 ± 0.05 | 308.57 ± 3.84 | 2.94 ± 0.02 | |
P | 2.42 × 10−3 | 1.32 × 10−3 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.10 | |
PVR (%) | 0.49 | 1.47 | 1.06 | 0.20 | 0.07 | |
rs134299884 | AA (50) | 10,056.00 ± 117.37 | 340.65 ± 4.87 | 3.41 ± 0.05 | 301.28 ± 3.54 | 3.00 a ± 0.02 |
AG (266) | 10,251.00 ± 70.00 | 337.10 ± 3.06 | 3.30 ± 0.03 | 303.39 ± 2.22 | 2.97 ab ± 0.01 | |
GG (631) | 10,268.00 ± 60.74 | 339.46 ± 2.71 | 3.33 ± 0.03 | 302.53 ± 1.97 | 2.96 b ± 0.01 | |
P | 0.16 | 0.52 | 0.05 | 0.77 | 0.01 | |
PVR (%) | 0.36 | 0.05 | 1.09 | 0.03 | 0.84 | |
rs135913259 | AA (630) | 10,265.00 ± 60.75 | 339.56 ± 2.72 | 3.33 ab ± 0.03 | 302.46 ± 1.97 | 2.96 Bb ± 0.01 |
AG (267) | 10,258.00 ± 69.96 | 336.88 ± 3.05 | 3.30 b ± 0.03 | 303.54 ± 2.22 | 2.96 b ± 0.01 | |
GG (50) | 10,058.00 ± 117.37 | 340.61 ± 4.87 | 3.41 a ± 0.05 | 301.31 ± 3.54 | 3.00 a ± 0.02 | |
P | 0.17 | 0.44 | 0.04 | 0.71 | 0.01 | |
PVR (%) | 0.38 | 0.05 | 1.13 | 0.03 | 0.86 | |
rs134137302 | AA (631) | 10,267.00 ± 60.75 | 339.68 ± 2.72 | 3.33 ab ± 0.03 | 302.52 ± 1.97 | 2.96 Bb ± 0.01 |
AG (266) | 10,253.00 ± 69.97 | 336.61 ± 3.05 | 3.30 b ± 0.03 | 303.40 ± 2.22 | 2.96 b ± 0.01 | |
GG (50) | 10,057.00 ± 117.35 | 340.57 ± 4.87 | 3.41 a ± 0.05 | 301.28 ± 3.54 | 3.00 Aa ± 0.02 | |
P | 0.17 | 0.35 | 0.03 | 0.76 | 0.01 | |
PVR (%) | 0.37 | 0.06 | 1.15 | 0.03 | 0.86 | |
rs210433593 | CC (52) | 10,287.00 AB ± 119.30 | 339.87 B ± 4.9 | 3.34 ± 0.05 | 298.41 AB ± 3.60 | 2.91 B ± 0.02 |
CT (293) | 10,067.00 B ± 68.36 | 332.30 B ± 2.99 | 3.32 ± 0.03 | 297.57 B ± 2.18 | 2.97 A ± 0.01 | |
TT (602) | 10,340.00 A ± 61.15 | 342.08 A ± 2.73 | 3.33 ± 0.03 | 305.64 A ± 1.98 | 2.96 A ± 0.01 | |
P | 3.20 × 10−5 | 8.71 × 10−5 | 0.94 | 6.32 × 10−5 | 4.90 × 10−3 | |
PVR (%) | 0.20 | 0.14 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.40 | |
rs133101037 | CC (50) | 10,057.00 ± 117.35 | 340.57 ± 4.87 | 3.41 a ± 0.05 | 301.28 ± 3.54 | 3.00 Aa ± 0.02 |
CT (266) | 10,253.00 ± 69.97 | 336.61 ± 3.05 | 3.30 b ± 0.03 | 303.40 ± 2.22 | 2.96 b ± 0.01 | |
TT (631) | 10,267.00 ± 60.75 | 339.68 ± 2.72 | 3.33 ab ± 0.03 | 302.52 ± 1.97 | 2.96 Bb ± 0.01 | |
P | 0.17 | 0.35 | 0.03 | 0.76 | 0.01 | |
PVR (%) | 0.37 | 0.06 | 1.15 | 0.03 | 0.86 | |
rs442384907 | CC (31) | 9739.25 B ± 143.61 | 327.68 ± 5.90 | 3.41 ± 0.06 | 292.94 b ± 4.30 | 3.02 A ± 0.02 |
CT (257) | 10,256 A ± 70.67 | 336.01 ± 3.08 | 3.29 ± 0.03 | 303.26 a ± 2.24 | 2.96 B ± 0.01 | |
TT (659) | 10,282 A ± 60.45 | 340.85 ± 2.71 | 3.34 ± 0.03 | 303.17 a ± 1.97 | 2.96 B ± 0.01 | |
P | 6.00 × 10−4 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.01 | |
PVR (%) | 2.40 | 0.44 | 1.21 | 0.87 | 1.78 | |
rs135906064 | CC (50) | 10,058.00 ± 117.37 | 340.61 ± 4.87 | 3.41 a ± 0.05 | 301.31 ± 3.54 | 3.00 Aa ± 0.02 |
GC (267) | 10,258.00 ± 69.96 | 336.88 ± 3.05 | 3.30 b ± 0.03 | 303.54 ± 2.22 | 2.96 b ± 0.01 | |
GG (630) | 10,265.00 ± 60.751 | 339.56 ± 2.72 | 3.33 ab ± 0.03 | 302.46 ± 1.97 | 2.96 Bb ± 0.01 | |
P | 0.17 | 0.44 | 0.04 | 0.71 | 0.01 | |
PVR (%) | 0.38 | 0.05 | 1.13 | 0.03 | 0.86 | |
rs136643841 | AA (50) | 10,059.00 ± 117.37 | 340.65 ± 4.87 | 3.41 a ± 0.05 | 301.35 ± 3.54 | 3.00 Aa ± 0.02 |
AG (266) | 10,264.00 ± 70.02 | 337.09 ± 3.06 | 3.30 b ± 0.03 | 303.74 ± 2.22 | 2.96 b ± 0.01 | |
GG (631) | 10,262.00 ± 60.73 | 339.46 ± 2.72 | 3.33 ab ± 0.03 | 302.37 ± 1.97 | 2.96 Bb ± 0.01 | |
P | 0.17 | 0.51 | 0.04 | 0.63 | 0.01 | |
PVR (%) | 0.39 | 0.05 | 1.13 | 0.04 | 0.86 | |
rs42427809 | CC (183) | 10,188.00 ± 76.86 | 339.39 b ± 3.30 | 3.35 ab ± 0.03 | 302.46 ± 2.40 | 2.98 ± 0.01 |
CT (460) | 10,252.00 ± 63.05 | 336.24 b ± 2.80 | 3.30 b ± 0.03 | 302.56 ± 2.03 | 2.96 ± 0.01 | |
TT (304) | 10,285.00 ± 68.65 | 342.44 a ± 3.01 | 3.36 a ± 0.03 | 303.01 ± 2.19 | 2.96 ± 0.01 | |
P | 0.42 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.96 | 0.07 | |
PVR (%) | 0.06 | 0.01 | 5.03 × 10−3 | 1.35 × 10−3 | 0.19 | |
rs134989007 | AA (104) | 10,243.00 ± 91.10 | 344.38 a ± 3.85 | 3.38 a ± 0.04 | 304.81 ± 2.80 | 2.99 a ± 0.01 |
AG (371) | 10,251.00 ± 66.27 | 335.00 b ± 2.92 | 3.29 b ± 0.03 | 301.89 ± 2.12 | 2.95 b ± 0.01 | |
GG (472) | 10,250.00 ± 62.59 | 340.28a ± 2.781 | 3.35 a ± 0.03 | 302.76 ± 2.02 | 2.96 ab ± 0.01 | |
P | 0.99 | 4.61 × 10−3 | 2.10 × 10−3 | 0.47 | 0.03 | |
PVR (%) | 5.96 × 10−4 | 0.27 | 0.54 | 0.06 | 0.37 | |
rs109837561 | CC (104) | 10,243.00 ± 91.10 | 344.38 a ± 3.85 | 3.38 a ± 0.04 | 304.81 ± 2.80 | 2.99 a ± 0.01 |
CT (371) | 10,251.00 ± 66.27 | 335.00 b ± 2.92 | 3.29 b ± 0.03 | 301.89 ± 2.12 | 2.95 b ± 0.01 | |
TT (472) | 10,250.00 ± 62.54 | 340.28 a ± 2.78 | 3.35 a ± 0.03 | 302.76 ± 2.02 | 2.96 ab ± 0.01 | |
P | 0.99 | 4.61 × 10−3 | 2.10 × 10−3 | 0.47 | 0.03 | |
PVR (%) | 5.96 × 10−4 | 0.27 | 0.54 | 0.06 | 0.37 | |
rs136361519 | CC (471) | 10,248.00 ± 62.56 | 340.2 ab ± 2.78 | 3.35 a ± 0.03 | 302.69 ± 2.02 | 2.96 ab ± 0.01 |
CT (372) | 10,254.00 ± 66.21 | 335.12 b ± 2.92 | 3.29 b ± 0.03 | 301.99 ± 2.12 | 2.95 b ± 0.01 | |
TT (104) | 10,243.00 ± 91.09 | 344.42 a ± 3.85 | 3.38 a ± 0.04 | 304.83 ± 2.80 | 2.99 a ± 0.01 | |
P | 0.99 | 0.01 | 2.22 × 10−3 | 0.50 | 0.03 | |
PVR (%) | 6.00 × 10−4 | 0.27 | 0.54 | 0.06 | 0.37 | |
rs42427812 | AA (347) | 10,264.00 ± 66.29 | 341.28 ± 2.92 | 3.35 a ± 0.03 | 302.67 ± 2.12 | 2.96 ± 0.01 |
AG (438) | 10,262.00 ± 63.74 | 336.13 ± 2.83 | 3.30 b ± 0.03 | 302.76 ± 2.05 | 2.96 ± 0.01 | |
GG (162) | 10,189.00 ± 79.46 | 340.4 ± 3.40 | 3.36 a ± 0.03 | 302.55 ± 2.47 | 2.98 ± 0.01 | |
P | 0.54 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.99 | 0.11 | |
PVR (%) | 0.04 | 2.95 × 10−3 | 0.07 | 1.74 × 10−4 | 0.18 | |
rs137589167 | AA (471) | 10,248.00 ± 62.56 | 340.20 ab ± 2.78 | 3.35 a ± 0.03 | 302.69 ± 2.02 | 2.96 ab ± 0.01 |
AG (372) | 10,254.00 ± 66.21 | 335.12 b ± 2.92 | 3.29 b ± 0.03 | 301.99 ± 2.12 | 2.95 b ± 0.01 | |
GG (104) | 10,243.00 ± 91.09 | 344.42 a ± 3.85 | 3.38 a ± 0.04 | 304.83 ± 2.80 | 2.99 a ± 0.01 | |
P | 0.99 | 5.77 × 10−3 | 2.23 × 10−3 | 0.50 | 0.03 | |
PVR (%) | 6.00 × 10−4 | 0.27 | 0.54 | 0.06 | 0.37 | |
rs42427748 | AA (169) | 10,186.00 ± 78.27 | 340.85 B ± 3.36 | 3.37 a ± 0.03 | 302.73 ± 2.44 | 2.98 a ± 0.01 |
AG (439) | 10,252.00 ± 63.29 | 335.36 B ± 2.81 | 3.29 Bb ± 0.3 | 302.39 ± 2.04 | 2.96 b ± 0.01 | |
GG (339) | 10,280.00 ± 67.18 | 342.49 A ± 2.95 | 3.36 Aa ± 0.03 | 303.05 ± 2.15 | 2.96 b ± 0.01 | |
P | 0.44 | 3.50 × 10−3 | 1.00 × 10−3 | 0.92 | 0.03 | |
PVR (%) | 0.06 | 1.25 × 10−3 | 0.07 | 1.07 × 10−4 | 0.27 | |
rs135517857 | AA (338) | 10,276.00 ± 67.21 | 342.39 A ± 2.96 | 3.36 Aa ± 0.03 | 302.89 ± 2.15 | 2.96 b ± 0.01 |
AG (439) | 10,257.00 ± 63.31 | 335.48 B ± 2.81 | 3.29 Bb ± 0.03 | 302.58 ± 2.04 | 2.96 b ± 0.01 | |
GG (170) | 10,182.00 ± 78.13 | 340.67 B ± 3.35 | 3.37 a ± 0.03 | 302.57 ± 2.44 | 2.98 a ± 0.01 | |
P | 0.42 | 0.01 | 9.78 × 10−4 | 0.98 | 0.03 | |
PVR (%) | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 7.27 × 10−4 | 0.14 | |
rs42427776 | AA (170) | 10,182.00 ± 78.13 | 340.69 B ± 3.35 | 3.37 a ± 0.03 | 302.58 ± 2.44 | 2.98 a ± 0.01 |
AG (440) | 10,259.00 ± 63.28 | 335.57 B ± 2.81 | 3.29 Bb ± 0.03 | 302.65 ± 2.04 | 2.96 b ± 0.01 | |
GG (337) | 10,273.00 ± 67.26 | 342.29 A ± 2.96 | 3.36 Aa ± 0.03 | 302.79 ± 2.15 | 2.96 b ± 0.01 | |
P | 0.43 | 0.01 | 1.00 × 10−3 | 0.99 | 0.03 | |
PVR (%) | 0.06 | 7.48 × 10−4 | 0.07 | 2.16 × 10−4 | 0.26 | |
rs42427803 | CC (170) | 10,198.00 ± 78.18 | 340.50 B ± 3.35 | 3.36a ± 0.03 | 302.96 ± 2.44 | 2.98 a ± 0.01 |
CT (438) | 10,248.00 ± 63.30 | 335.48 B ± 2.81 | 3.29 Bb ± 0.03 | 302.31 ± 2.04 | 2.96 ab ± 0.01 | |
TT (339) | 10,280.00 ± 67.18 | 342.50 A ± 2.95 | 3.36 Aa ± 0.03 | 303.04 ± 2.15 | 2.96 b ± 0.01 | |
P | 0.54 | 4.82 × 10−3 | 2.51 × 10−3 | 0.89 | 0.04 | |
PVR (%) | 0.04 | 6.79 × 10−5 | 0.04 | 1.34 × 10−4 | 0.24 | |
rs132741637 | CC (472) | 10,250.00 ± 62.53 | 340.28 a ± 2.78 | 3.35 a ± 0.03 | 302.76 ± 2.03 | 2.96 ab ± 0.01 |
CT (371) | 10,251.00 ± 66.26 | 335.00 b ± 2.92 | 3.29 b ± 0.03 | 301.89 ± 2.12 | 2.95 b ± 0.01 | |
TT (104) | 10,243.00 ± 91.09 | 344.38 a ± 3.85 | 3.38 a ± 0.04 | 304.81 ± 2.80 | 2.99 a ± 0.01 | |
P | 0.99 | 4.66 × 10−3 | 2.10 × 10−3 | 0.47 | 0.03 | |
PVR (%) | 5.96 × 10−4 | 0.27 | 0.54 | 0.06 | 0.37 |
Haplotype Combination (NO.) | Milk Yield (kg) | Fat Yield (kg) | Fat Percentage (%) | Protein Yield (kg) | Protein Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1H1 (52) | 10393.00 ab ± 128.23 | 347.54 ABab ± 5.37 | 3.37 ± 0.05 | 306.62 abd ± 3.91 | 2.96 ± 0.03 |
H1H2 (65) | 10076.00 ACa ± 114.01 | 343.65 Aac ± 4.82 | 3.44 ± 0.04 | 305.96 ABacd ± 3.50 | 3.04 ± 0.03 |
H1H3 (56) | 10061.00 ACa ± 119.89 | 333.26 ADacd ± 5.03 | 3.33 ± 0.04 | 303.76 ACad ± 3.67 | 3.02 ± 0.03 |
H1H4 (57) | 9944.02 Aa ± 122.12 | 325.41 Ac ± 5.12 | 3.29 ± 0.04 | 297.64 Dd ± 3.73 | 2.99 ± 0.03 |
H2H2 (43) | 10800.00 Bb ± 133.69 | 368.27 Bb ± 5.56 | 3.44 ± 0.05 | 322.24 Bb ± 4.06 | 2.99 ± 0.03 |
H2H3 (55) | 10429.00 ab ± 122.61 | 336.86 ACDa ± 5.15 | 3.26 ± 0.05 | 309.15 abd ± 3.75 | 2.97 ± 0.03 |
H2H4 (60) | 10548.00 BCb ± 119.36 | 356.54 BDbd ± 5.02 | 3.4 ± 0.04 | 318.66 BCbc ± 3.66 | 3.02 ± 0.03 |
H2H5 (49) | 10451.00 ab ± 128.32 | 348.18 ABab ± 5.35 | 3.35 ± 0.05 | 314.82 ABab ± 3.90 | 3.02 ± 0.03 |
p | <1.00 × 10−4 | <1.00 × 10−4 | 0.03 | <1.00 × 10−4 | 0.23 |
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Han, B.; Lin, S.; Ye, W.; Chen, A.; Liu, Y.; Sun, D. COL6A1 Promotes Milk Production and Fat Synthesis Through the PI3K-Akt/Insulin/AMPK/PPAR Signaling Pathways in Dairy Cattle. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 2255. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26052255
Han B, Lin S, Ye W, Chen A, Liu Y, Sun D. COL6A1 Promotes Milk Production and Fat Synthesis Through the PI3K-Akt/Insulin/AMPK/PPAR Signaling Pathways in Dairy Cattle. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(5):2255. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26052255
Chicago/Turabian StyleHan, Bo, Shan Lin, Wen Ye, Ao Chen, Yanan Liu, and Dongxiao Sun. 2025. "COL6A1 Promotes Milk Production and Fat Synthesis Through the PI3K-Akt/Insulin/AMPK/PPAR Signaling Pathways in Dairy Cattle" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 5: 2255. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26052255
APA StyleHan, B., Lin, S., Ye, W., Chen, A., Liu, Y., & Sun, D. (2025). COL6A1 Promotes Milk Production and Fat Synthesis Through the PI3K-Akt/Insulin/AMPK/PPAR Signaling Pathways in Dairy Cattle. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(5), 2255. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26052255