Long-Term Hemostatic and Endothelial Dysregulation Associated with Cardiovascular Events in Survivors of COVID-19 Previously Admitted to the ICU
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Clinical and Epidemiological Data
2.2. Association Between Hemostatic and Endothelial Proteins and Cardiovascular Events
2.3. Association Between Hemostatic and Endothelial Proteins and NT-ProBNP Levels by Gender
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Design and Study Population
4.2. Clinical Data and Samples
4.3. Outcome
4.4. Measurement of Hemostatic and Endothelial Markers
4.5. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AIC | Akaike Information Criterion |
ACE | Adverse cardiovascular events |
aAMR | Adjusted arithmetic mean ratio |
aPTT | Partial thromboplastin time |
BMI | Body mass index |
GLM | Generalized linear models |
ICU | Intensive care unit |
INR | International normalized ratio |
IQR | Interquartile range |
OR | Odds ratio |
PT | Prothrombin time |
VTED | Venous thromboembolic disease |
VWF | von Willebrand factor |
VWF:Ag | VWF antigen |
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Characteristics | All Patients |
---|---|
Demographics | |
No. | 63 |
Age (years) | 59.7 (53.2–68.8) |
Gender (Male) | 43/63 (68.2%) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 31.08 (27.9–34.8) |
Ethnicity | |
Caucasian | 50/63 (79.4%) |
Hispanic | 7/63 (11.1%) |
Arabian | 3/63 (4.7%) |
Other | 2/63 (3.2%) |
Comorbidities | |
Non-smoker | 45/63 (71.5%) |
Ex-Smoker | 17/63 (26.9%) |
Smoker | 1/63 (1.6%) |
Arterial hypertension | 24/63 (38.1%) |
Obesity (BMI > 30) | 27/62 (43.5%) |
Diabetes | 16/63 (25.4%) |
Hepatic Function | |
GOT (UI/L) | 36.5 (28.7–57.0) |
Therapy before hospitalization | |
AIIRA | 8/63 (12.7%) |
ACE | 8/63 (12.7%) |
Anticoagulant therapy | 3/63 (4.8%) |
Oxygen Therapy and Ventilator Support | |
IMV | 48/63 (76.2%) |
Duration of IMV (days) | 9.0 (1.5–23.0) |
High-flow nasal cannulas | 41/63 (65.1%) |
Duration of high-flow nasal cannula therapy (days) (N = 41) | 2.0 (0.0–4.0) |
ICU | |
ICU LOS (days) | 14.0 (8.0–30) |
Prone position | 21/63 (33.3%) |
Follow-up | |
Follow-up visit (months) | 15.4 (13.2–20.9) |
Coagulation Biomarkers | Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95%CI) | p | aOR (95%CI) | p | |
Factor IX | 1.01 (0.82–1.23) | 0.962 | 0.98 (0.72–1.32) | 0.881 |
Protein C | 0.95 (0.8–1.12) | 0.558 | 0.94 (0.74–1.21) | 0.651 |
Protein S | 0.99 (0.84–1.19) | 0.983 | 0.82 (0.61–1.1) | 0.189 |
VWF | 1.17 (0.98–1.41) | 0.081 | 1.06 (0.83–1.34) | 0.649 |
aPTT | 1.03 (0.86–1.24) | 0.736 | 1.44 (0.86–2.41) | 0.168 |
INR | 1.02 (0.95–1.1) | 0.585 | 1.01 (0.9–1.12) | 0.922 |
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Behar-Lagares, R.; Virseda-Berdices, A.; Martínez-González, Ó.; Blancas, R.; Brochado-Kith, Ó.; Manteiga, E.; Muñoz-García, P.; Mallol Poyato, M.J.; Molina del Pozo, J.; Homez-Guzmán, M.; et al. Long-Term Hemostatic and Endothelial Dysregulation Associated with Cardiovascular Events in Survivors of COVID-19 Previously Admitted to the ICU. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 6854. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146854
Behar-Lagares R, Virseda-Berdices A, Martínez-González Ó, Blancas R, Brochado-Kith Ó, Manteiga E, Muñoz-García P, Mallol Poyato MJ, Molina del Pozo J, Homez-Guzmán M, et al. Long-Term Hemostatic and Endothelial Dysregulation Associated with Cardiovascular Events in Survivors of COVID-19 Previously Admitted to the ICU. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(14):6854. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146854
Chicago/Turabian StyleBehar-Lagares, Raquel, Ana Virseda-Berdices, Óscar Martínez-González, Rafael Blancas, Óscar Brochado-Kith, Eva Manteiga, Paula Muñoz-García, María Jose Mallol Poyato, Jorge Molina del Pozo, Marcela Homez-Guzmán, and et al. 2025. "Long-Term Hemostatic and Endothelial Dysregulation Associated with Cardiovascular Events in Survivors of COVID-19 Previously Admitted to the ICU" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 14: 6854. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146854
APA StyleBehar-Lagares, R., Virseda-Berdices, A., Martínez-González, Ó., Blancas, R., Brochado-Kith, Ó., Manteiga, E., Muñoz-García, P., Mallol Poyato, M. J., Molina del Pozo, J., Homez-Guzmán, M., Alonso Fernández, M. A., Resino, S., Jiménez-Sousa, M. Á., & Fernández-Rodríguez, A. (2025). Long-Term Hemostatic and Endothelial Dysregulation Associated with Cardiovascular Events in Survivors of COVID-19 Previously Admitted to the ICU. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(14), 6854. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146854