Extracellular Vesicle-Based Hydrogels for Wound Healing Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Suitable EV-Based Hydrogels for Wound Healing Therapies
2.1. Hydrogels
2.2. EVs Source
3. Limitations and Future Perspectives of the Use of EV-Based Hydrogels
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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EVs Source | Biomaterial | Aim of Clinical Use | Cell and Molecular Mechanism of Wound Closure | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adipose | MSC | FHE Hydrogel | Diabetic WH | ↑ Angiogenesis, collagen deposition, re-epithelization | [51] |
Methacrylate HA | WH | ↑ Cell proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and WH-related marker expression in fibroblast and endothelial cells | [92] | ||
PUAO and PUAO-CPO cryogel | Diabetic and infectious WH | ↑ Angiogenesis, re-epithelization, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes migration | [81] | ||
Alginate hydrogel | WH | ↑ Angiogenesis, re-epithelization, collagen deposition, and remodeling | [82] | ||
Pluronic F127 hydrogel | Skin WH | ↑ Skin WH, re-epithelialization, expression of Ki67, α-SMA, CD31, collagen synthesis (Collagen I, Collagen III), and skin barrier proteins (KRT1, AQP3). ↓ Inflammation (IL-6, TNF-α, CD68, CD206) | [93] | ||
β-ChNF hydrogel | Skin WH | Metabolic, tight junction, NF-κB signaling pathways, CFD, downstream Aldolase A, and Actn2 proteins | [89] | ||
Polysaccharide based dressing | Diabetic WH and angiogenesis | ↑ Angiogenesis, re-epithelization, collagen deposition, and remodeling | [91] | ||
Phospholipid-grafted PLLA electrospun micro/nanofibers immobilized | Diabetic WH | ↑ Fibroblast proliferation, migration, and gene expression (Collagen I and III, TGF-β, α-SMA, HIF-1α). ↑ Keratinocyte proliferation. ↑ Expression of anti-inflammatory genes (Arg1, CD206, IL-10). ↓ Expression of pro-inflammatory genes (IL-1β, TNF-α). ↑ Cell proliferation, collagen deposition, and angiogenesis | [94] | ||
Umbilical Cord | Recombinant Human Collagen III Protein Hydrogels | Diabetic WH | ↓ Inflammatory response. ↑ Cell proliferation and angiogenesis | [71] | |
Peptides based hydrogel | Diabetic WH | ↑ Stimulating angiogenesis capacity | [95] | ||
Iron Oxide exosomes | Skin WH | ↑ Endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenic tubule formation. ↓ Scar formation. ↑ CK19, PCNA, and collagen expression | [87] | ||
Pluronic F127 Hydrogel | Diabetic WH | VEGF and TGFβ | [75] | ||
Genipin crosslinked hydrogel | Skin WH | ↑ Wound closure, re-epithelialization, collagen deposition, and several skin appendages | [87] | ||
Chitosan-SF/SA/Ag dressing | Skin WH | Antimicrobial activity. ↑ WH, retaining moisture, maintaining electrolyte balance, fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and nerve repair | [60] | ||
Placental | Hyaluroran hydrogel | Scarless WH | ↓ Scar tissue formation. Macrophages induction to an anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic (M2c) phenotype | [96] | |
Chitosan—PEG Hydrogel | Skin WH | ↑ Induced proliferation and vascular formation | [73] | ||
Collagen biomaterial | Skin WH | ↓ Inflammatory responses. ↑ Muscle regeneration and vascularization | [70] | ||
Synovium | Chitosan wound dressing | Diabetic WH | ↑ Collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and re-epithelization | [64] | |
iPSC | Chitosan-based hydrogels | Corneal epithelium regeneration | (miR-432-5p)-mediated action | [65] | |
Bone marrow | CEC-DCMC hydrogel | Diabetic WH | ↑ Angiogenesis, WH, and M1-type to M2-type transition of macrophages. ↓ Inflammatory effects | [54] | |
Bilayered Thiolated Alginate/PEG Diacrylate Hydrogels | Scarless WH | (miR-29-b-3p)-mediated action. ↑ Angiogenesis and re-epithelization | [52] | ||
Collagen chitosan scaffold | WH | ↑ Macrophages count, collagen deposition, and alignment | [63] | ||
TNF-α and hypoxia treated | COF Integrated Nanoagent | Diabetic WH | ↑ Anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage polarization, stabilization of HIF-1α, and angiogenesis. ↓ Oxidative injury, tissue inflammation, and bacterial infection | [97] | |
hEnSC | Chitosan-glycerol hydrogel | Skin WH | ↑ Wound closure ability and re-epithelialization | [62] | |
ESC | GelMA hydrogel | Diabetic WH | ↑ Angiogenesis by stabilizing HIF1α | [68] | |
HUVEC | GelMA/PEGDA | Diabetic WH | ↑ Cell migration, angiogenesis, and exosomes/tazarotene release in the deep skin layer | [53] | |
GelMA hydrogel | Skin WH | ↑ Re-epithelialization, collagen maturity, and angiogenesis | [67] | ||
M2-Macrophages | HA@MnO2 /FGF-2 hydrogel | Diabetic WH | ↑ Angiogenesis, ROS depletion, collagen deposition, and remodelation | [83] | |
Hydrolytically degradable PEG hydrogels | Cutaneous WH | The regulated local polarization state of Mφs and local transition from M1-Mφs to M2-Mφs within the lesion. ↑ Wound closure and increased healing quality | [84] | ||
Monocytic cells | Electrospun nanofiber matrices | Wound infection | Bactericidal effect. ↑ HUVEC tube formation, skin cell proliferation, and migration | [55] | |
Platelets/PRP | HA-based hydrogels | Gingival WH | Preserved activity and functionality of platelet-derived EVs | [66] | |
GelMA/SFMA/MSN-RES hidrogel | Diabetic WH | ↓ Macrophage iNOS expression. ↓ Expression of TNF-α. ↑ Tube formation by hUVEC in vitro. ↑ Angiogenesis, expression of TGF-β1, Arg-1, extracellular purinergic signaling pathway-related CD73, and A2A-R | [79] | ||
Curcuma polysaccharide-based chitosan/silk hydrogel sponge | Diabetic WH | ↑ Collagen deposition and angiogenesis | [61] | ||
Apis mellifera royal jelly | Collagen Type I Hydrogel | Skin WH | ↑ Fibroblast contractile capacity and migration. ↓ Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 biofilm formation | [69] |
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Amengual-Tugores, A.M.; Ráez-Meseguer, C.; Forteza-Genestra, M.A.; Monjo, M.; Ramis, J.M. Extracellular Vesicle-Based Hydrogels for Wound Healing Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 4104. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24044104
Amengual-Tugores AM, Ráez-Meseguer C, Forteza-Genestra MA, Monjo M, Ramis JM. Extracellular Vesicle-Based Hydrogels for Wound Healing Applications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(4):4104. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24044104
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmengual-Tugores, Andreu Miquel, Carmen Ráez-Meseguer, Maria Antònia Forteza-Genestra, Marta Monjo, and Joana M. Ramis. 2023. "Extracellular Vesicle-Based Hydrogels for Wound Healing Applications" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 4: 4104. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24044104