Physiological Imaging Methods for Evaluating Response to Immunotherapies in Glioblastomas
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Immunotherapeutic Approaches for Glioblastomas
2.1. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (Immunomodulators)
2.1.1. Mechanism of Action
2.1.2. Safety Profile and Therapeutic Efficacy
2.2. Active Immunotherapy
2.2.1. Mechanism of Action
2.2.2. Safety Profile and Therapeutic Efficacy
2.3. Adoptive Immunotherapy
2.3.1. Mechanism of Action
2.3.2. Safety Profile and Therapeutic Efficacy
2.4. Oncolytic Viral Therapy
2.4.1. Mechanism of Action
2.4.2. Safety Profile and Therapeutic Efficacy
3. Standard Clinical Neuroimaging Methods for Response Assessment to Immunotherapy
4. Role of Physiologic MR and PET Imaging in the Assessment of Treatment Response to Immunotherapies
4.1. Checkpoint Inhibitors
4.2. Active Immunotherapy
4.3. Adoptive Immunotherapy
4.4. Oncolytic Viral Therapy
5. Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chawla, S.; Shehu, V.; Gupta, P.K.; Nath, K.; Poptani, H. Physiological Imaging Methods for Evaluating Response to Immunotherapies in Glioblastomas. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 3867. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22083867
Chawla S, Shehu V, Gupta PK, Nath K, Poptani H. Physiological Imaging Methods for Evaluating Response to Immunotherapies in Glioblastomas. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(8):3867. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22083867
Chicago/Turabian StyleChawla, Sanjeev, Vanessa Shehu, Pradeep K. Gupta, Kavindra Nath, and Harish Poptani. 2021. "Physiological Imaging Methods for Evaluating Response to Immunotherapies in Glioblastomas" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 8: 3867. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22083867