Multiple Hits, Including Oxidative Stress, as Pathogenesis and Treatment Target in Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. NASH Pathogenesis—General Characteristics
2.1. Genetic Background
2.2. Visceral Obesity
2.3. Insulin Resistance
2.4. Hepatic Steatosis
3. NASH Pathogenesis—Cellular Levels
3.1. Adipokines
3.2. Endotoxin and Gut Derived Signals
3.3. Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)
3.4. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress
3.5. Oxidative Stress
3.5.1. Oxidative Stress in Hepatocytes
3.5.2. Oxidative Stress Affects outside Hepatocytes
4. Treatment for NASH
4.1. General Aspects
4.2. Hydrogen-Rich Water as a Candidate Treatment for NASH
4.2.1. Hydrogen as an Antioxidant Treatment
4.2.2. Hydrogen as an Antioxidant Treatment Candidate for NASH
5. Conclusions
Targets | Hydrogen Administration | Reference Number |
---|---|---|
Disease models | ||
Cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury | Gas | [18] |
Liver ischemia reperfusion injury | Gas | [111] |
Myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury | Gas | [112] |
Lung ischemia reperfusion injury | Gas | [113] |
Parkinson’s disease | Drinking water | [114] |
Atherosclerosis | Drinking water | [115] |
Obese diabetes | Drinking water | [116] |
Type1 diabetes | Drinking water and intraperitoneal injection | [117] |
Diabetic retinopathy | Intraperitoneal injection | [118] |
Chemically-induced liver injury | Intraperitoneal injection | [119] |
NASH | Drinking water | [70] |
Cisplatin-induced renal injury | Gas and drinking water | [120] |
Post renal transplant rejection | Drinking water | [19] |
Intestinal transplant rejection | Graft storage in hydrogen bubbled preservative | [121] |
Clinical trials | ||
Glucose and lipid metabolism type 2 diabetes | Drinking water | [122] |
Metabolic syndrome | Drinking water | [123] |
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Takaki, A.; Kawai, D.; Yamamoto, K. Multiple Hits, Including Oxidative Stress, as Pathogenesis and Treatment Target in Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 20704-20728. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms141020704
Takaki A, Kawai D, Yamamoto K. Multiple Hits, Including Oxidative Stress, as Pathogenesis and Treatment Target in Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2013; 14(10):20704-20728. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms141020704
Chicago/Turabian StyleTakaki, Akinobu, Daisuke Kawai, and Kazuhide Yamamoto. 2013. "Multiple Hits, Including Oxidative Stress, as Pathogenesis and Treatment Target in Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 14, no. 10: 20704-20728. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms141020704
APA StyleTakaki, A., Kawai, D., & Yamamoto, K. (2013). Multiple Hits, Including Oxidative Stress, as Pathogenesis and Treatment Target in Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH). International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14(10), 20704-20728. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms141020704