Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Malachite Green Dye Using Silver–Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis of the Ag-Mn Oxide Nanoparticles
2.2. Photocatalytic Degradation of Malachite Green Dye
2.2.1. Effect of Time on the Photocatalytic Degradation
2.2.2. Effect of Dye Concentration on Photocatalytic Degradation
2.2.3. Effect of pH Solution on Photodegradation
2.2.4. Effect of Catalyst Dosage on Photodegradation
2.2.5. Effect of Recovered Catalyst on Photodegradation
2.3. Proposed Mechanism for Photodegradation of MG Dye Degradation Using Ag-Mn Oxide Nanoparticles
2.4. Bandgap Energy Analysis
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Chemicals
3.2. Instrumentation
3.3. Preparation of Silver–Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles
3.4. Photodegradation of Malachite Green Dye Using Ag-Mn Oxide Nanoparticles
3.5. UV–Vis Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Metal Oxide NM | Synthesis Technique | Morphology | Photocatalytic Experimental Setup | Degradation Efficiency [%] | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Xanthan gum/SiO2 | Ultra-sonication with polymerization | Lobule | 10 mg catalyst, 450 ppm of MG dye, pH = 7, the temperature of 30 °C, 480 min, | 99.5 | Abu Elella et al., 2021 [28] |
CuMn2 O4 | Co-precipitation method | Flake-like structure | Daylight, 60 min. UV light, 60 min, bandgap value 2.54 eV | 94.80, | John Abel et al., 2019 [29] |
Chitosan/TiO2 | – | Spherical nanoparticles | 70 ppm, 90 min, bandgap value ≈ 3 eV | 90.70 | Bahal et al., 2019 [30] |
rGO/CuS | Co-precipitation method | Irregular hexagonal 100 mg photocatalyst, 10 ppm dye, | 97.60 | El-Hout et al., 2020 [31] | |
under sunlight at room temperature, bandgap value 2 eV | |||||
ZnFe2 O4 | Probe sonication | Spongy like | Under sunlight, UV lamp, it took about 180 min, 2.4 eV | 98–88 | Surendra et al., 2020 [32] |
Hematite | Combustion | Spherical and irregular structure | Presence of H2 O2, 20 ppm dye, UV source of 250 W, 0.1 g catalyst, 70 min, bandgap 1.45 eV | 100 | Alharbi and Abdelrahman, 2020 [33] |
Cu2O | Sonochemical method | Uniform Icosahedron | 10 ppm dye, 10 mg catalyst, visible lamp, 45 min, 2.26 eV | 91.89 | Muthukumaran et al., 2019 [34] |
ZnO | Sol–gel method | Spherical structure | 10 ppm dye concentration, 20 mg catalyst, UV lamp, 40 min, bandgap 3.3 eV | 99 | Sukri et al., 2020 [35] |
ZnO | Green synthesis method | Irregular hexagon | 100 ppm dye, 10 mm catalyst, 150 min, bandgap value 3.37 eV | Complete | Brindhadevi et al., 2020 [36] |
BiOCl | Hydrolysis method | Tetragonal structure | Visible light, 120 min, pH 2.3 to 14, under normal room temperature, bandgap 3.2 eV | Remarkable | Sarwan et al., 2017 [37] |
TiO2: Fe | Sol–gel method | Nanotubes, orthorhombic | Sunlight, 210 min, bandgap 2.57 eV | Complete | He, 201 [38]) |
CeO2 | Chemical precipitation method | Cubic fluorite | Visible light, 80 min, bandgap value 2.90 eV | 99 | Kang et al., 2017 [39] |
TiO2 | Micro-emulsion method | Spherical | 10 mg catalyst, 10 ppm dye, visible light, 50 min, bandgap 3.2 eV | 96.40 | Ma et al., 2018 [40] |
Mn-doped ZnO | Wet diffusional impregnation | Tetragonal | 3 g catalyst, 80 ppm concentration, visible light, 180 min, bandgap 3.2 eV | Faster degradation | Mohamed and Shawky, 2018 [41] |
ZnO/CuO | Hydrothermal method | – | 0.2 g catalyst, 15 ppm dye, pH-10, UV lamp, 240 min, bandgap value 4.42 eV | 82 | Batool, 2018 [42] |
ZnO:Ag | Soft chemical method | Spherical structure | 45 min, 500-Watt tungsten lamp, 60 min, visible light, pH 4.66, temperature of 30 °C, bandgap of 2.67 eV | 88.8 | Nithiyadevi and Ravichandran, 2017 [43] |
SnIn4 S8 | Solvothermal method | Spherical structure | 500 kW Xe lamp, 30 min, at room temperature, bandgap 1.53 eV | Strong degradation | Lu et al., 2017 [44] |
CuWO4-RGO | Hydrothermal method | Agglomerated with polycrystalline nature | 2 ppm dye, 50 mg catalyst, 370 W mercury halide visible light, 60 min, 2.2 eV | 93 | Babu et al., 2020 [45] |
CuWO4-GO | Ball-milling method | Microstructure | 0.05 g catalyst, 10 ppm dye, visible lamp, 80 min, | 95 | Du et al., 2020 [46] |
MnFe2 O4 | Microwave-assisted combustion method | Irregular shape agglomerates | 30 mg catalyst, 50 ppm dye, 60 min under natural pH condition | Maximum complete | de Andrade et al., 2021 [47] |
Fe-Cu binary oxides | Electron spun method | Hair like structure | 3 mg catalyst, 100 ppm dye solution, pH = 1, UV lamp, 60 min | 91.40 | Zafari et al., 2021 [48] |
Ag-Mn- oxide nanoparticles | Wet chemical precipitation method | aqueous solution containing 25 ppm of MG, 100 min | 92% | This study | |
-- | 60 min of degradation, at pH 4, 7, and 10 | 34%, 72%, and 99% respectively | This study |
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Xu, Z.; Zada, N.; Habib, F.; Ullah, H.; Hussain, K.; Ullah, N.; Bibi, M.; Bibi, M.; Ghani, H.; Khan, S.; et al. Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Malachite Green Dye Using Silver–Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles. Molecules 2023, 28, 6241. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176241
Xu Z, Zada N, Habib F, Ullah H, Hussain K, Ullah N, Bibi M, Bibi M, Ghani H, Khan S, et al. Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Malachite Green Dye Using Silver–Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles. Molecules. 2023; 28(17):6241. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176241
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Zhong, Noor Zada, Fazal Habib, Hamid Ullah, Kashif Hussain, Naveed Ullah, Marwa Bibi, Maria Bibi, Huma Ghani, Suliman Khan, and et al. 2023. "Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Malachite Green Dye Using Silver–Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles" Molecules 28, no. 17: 6241. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176241