New Composite Sorbent for Removal of Sulfate Ions from Simulated and Real Groundwater in the Batch and Continuous Tests
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Models for Simulation of Experimental Measurements
3.1. Equilibrium Isotherm Models
- Freundlich model; Equation (1) can apply for multilayer sorption onto non-homogenous surfaces as follows:
- Langmuir model; Equation (2) applies for homogenous surfaces and monolayer sorption:
3.2. Kinetic Models
- Pseudo first order:
3.3. Transport of Solute
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Evaluation of Groundwater Quality
4.2. Preparation of Novel Sorbent
4.3. Effect of Operation Variables in Batch Experiments
4.3.1. Time and Initial Concentration
4.3.2. Initial pH
4.3.3. Sorbent Mass
4.4. Sorption Isotherm and Kinetics Models
4.5. Characterization of Composite Sorbent
4.6. Dispersion Coefficient
4.7. Breakthrough Curves in the Column Tests
4.7.1. Inlet Concentration
4.7.2. Flow Rate of Contaminated Water
4.7.3. Sorbent Quantity
4.7.4. Treatment of Real Groundwater Sample
4.7.5. Hydraulic Conductivity
4.7.6. Numerical Modelling
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Groundwater Quality
5.2. Materials
5.3. Synthesis of Sorbent
5.4. Characterization Analyses
5.5. Batch Mode Operation
5.6. Continuous Mode Operation
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Model | Parameter | Value |
---|---|---|
Freundlich | KF (mg/g)(L/mg)1/n | 0.0319 |
1/n | 0.8963 | |
R2, SSE | 0.9253, 0.0430 | |
Langmuir | qmax (mg/g) | 9.5 |
b (L/mg) | 0.0028 | |
R2, SSE | 0.9265, 0.0222 | |
Pseudo first-order | qexp. (mg/g) | 0.7700 |
k1 (min−1) | 0.0653 | |
qe (mg/g) | 0.7224 | |
R2, SSE | 0.9656, 0.0087 | |
Pseudo second-order | k2 (g/mg min) | 0.0963 |
qe (mg/g) | 0.8072 | |
R2, SSE | 0.9782, 0.0058 |
Element (%) | AC | Composite Sorbent | |
---|---|---|---|
Before Sorption | After Sorption | ||
C | 90.72 | 56.14 | 79.25 |
O | 8.5 | 32.75 | 18.69 |
Mg | 0.0 | 1.03 | 0.56 |
Al | 0.07 | 0.17 | 0.05 |
Si | 0.06 | 0.42 | 0.05 |
S | 0.03 | 0 | 1.34 |
Fe | 0.62 | 9.49 | 1.05 |
Parameter | Raw Groundwater | Treated Groundwater |
---|---|---|
pH | 7 | 8.3 |
EC (µS/cm) | 5770 | 4561 |
TDS (mg/L) | 1220 | 1170 |
TSS (mg/L) | 21 | 16 |
SO42− (mg/L) | 2801 | 709 |
Ca2+ (mg/L) | 370 | 188 |
Mg2+ (mg/L) | 34 | 29 |
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Hassan, W.; Faisal, A.; Abed, E.; Al-Ansari, N.; Saleh, B. New Composite Sorbent for Removal of Sulfate Ions from Simulated and Real Groundwater in the Batch and Continuous Tests. Molecules 2021, 26, 4356. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144356
Hassan W, Faisal A, Abed E, Al-Ansari N, Saleh B. New Composite Sorbent for Removal of Sulfate Ions from Simulated and Real Groundwater in the Batch and Continuous Tests. Molecules. 2021; 26(14):4356. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144356
Chicago/Turabian StyleHassan, Waqed, Ayad Faisal, Enas Abed, Nadhir Al-Ansari, and Bahaa Saleh. 2021. "New Composite Sorbent for Removal of Sulfate Ions from Simulated and Real Groundwater in the Batch and Continuous Tests" Molecules 26, no. 14: 4356. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144356