Essential Oil of Cannabis sativa L: Comparison of Yield and Chemical Composition of 11 Hemp Genotypes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussions
2.1. Plant Material Features
2.2. Essential Oil Compositions and Yields
2.3. Multivariate Statistical Analysis
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Plant Material
3.2. Essential Oil Hydrodistillation
3.3. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analyses and Peaks Identification
3.4. Statistical Analyses
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Genotype | Chemotype | Flower Type | Flowering Time | Sowing Date | Harvest Date | Height | Collar Diameter | Plant Density | Dried Inflorescences Yield | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2020 | 2019 | 2020 | 2019 | 2020 | 2019 | 2020 | 2019 | 2020 | 2019 | 2020 | ||||
Carmaleonte | III | Monoecious | Medium | 19 April | 23 April | 16 September | 16 September | 177 ± 42.5 | 223.6 ± 35.7 | 7.9 ± 2.8 | 13.8 ± 3.3 | 62 ± 24 | 2.2 ± 1.1 | 460 | 20 |
Codimono | III | Monoecious | Medium | 19 April | 23 April | 25 September | 16 September | 183 ± 39.9 | 255.2 ± 32.8 | 6.6 ± 2.2 | 13.0 ± 3.6 | 77 ± 27.2 | 5.7 ± 0.7 | 440 | 51 |
Futura 75 | III | Monoecious | Medium | 19 April | 23 April | 18 September | 16 September | 77.3 ± 17.6 | 238.6 ± 58.2 | 255.6 ± 4.9 | 13.1 ± 4.4 | 8.6 ± 0.3 | 7.4 ± 1.3 | 71 | 67 |
Felina 32 | III | Monoecious | Medium | 4 June | 23 April | 20 September | 16 September | 151 ± 33 | 222.3 ± 43.3 | 5.9 ± 1.9 | 13.3 ± 4.5 | 61.3 ± 23.8 | 4.2 ± 1.5 | 160 | 40 |
Uso-31 | V | Monoecious | Early | 4 June | 23 April | 20 September | 31 August | 108 ± 31 | 184.4 ± 26.0 | 5.2 ± 1.9 | 11.6 ± 2.3 | 60.6 ± 11.3 | 3.2 ± 0.3 | 200 | 29 |
Bernabeo | IV | Dioecious | Late | 19 April | 23 April | 28 September | 8 October | 211.6 ± 50.1 | 277.3 ± 38.9 | 8.6 ± 2.8 | 19.5 ± 6.7 | 64.3 ± 15.3 | 4.3 ± 3.2 | 430 | 39 |
Carmagnola | III | Dioecious | Late | 19 April | 23 April | 9 October | 8 October | 228.3 ± 44.8 | 272.4 ± 34.5 | 8.2 ± 2.5 | 19.2 ± 5.1 | 61 ± 1 | 2.7 ± 2.0 | 410 | 24 |
Fibranova | III | Dioecious | Late | 19 April | 23 April | 30 September | 8 October | 273.7 ± 45.6 | 314.5 ± 34.8 | 9.4 ± 2.8 | 17.1 ± 5.0 | 78.3 ± 14.4 | 6.3 ± 3.2 | 440 | 57 |
Fibrante | III | Dioecious | Late | 19 April | 23 April | 11 October | 8 October | 269.1 ± 47.6 | 202.8 ± 5.2 | 10.1 ± 2.7 | 15.0 ± 1.3 | 85.3 ± 11 | 0.7 ± 0.4 | 420 | 6 |
Eletta Campana | III | Dioecious | Late | 19 April | 23 April | 16 October | 8 October | 260.3 ± 44.3 | 304.5 ± 40.4 | 9.1 ± 2.6 | 17.5 ± 3.6 | 94.7 ± 29.1 | 5.7 ± 2.1 | 420 | 51 |
CS | III | Dioecious | Late | 19 April | 23 April | 1 October | 8 October | 246 ± 51.8 | 333.7 ± 37.5 | 9.2 ± 3 | 18.1 ± 3.8 | 60.3 ± 22.3 | 6.3 ± 1.7 | 440 | 57 |
Relative Abundance (%) ± SD | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Monoecious | Dioecious | |||||||||||
Compounds | l.r.i. 1 | Carmaleonte | Codimono | Felina 32 | Futura 75 | Uso-31 | Bernabeo | Carmagnola | CS | Eletta Campana | Fibranova | Fibrante |
heptanal | 901 | - | - | - 2 | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.06 | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.07 |
α-pinene 3 | 933 | 0.9 ± 0.21 AB;b | 0.5 ± 0.10 ABCD;b | 0.2 ± 0.00 BCD;b | 0.8 ± 0.30 AB;a | 0.8 ± 0.36 AB;b | - D;b | 1.0 ± 0.46 A;b | 0.6 ± 0.09 ABCD;b | 0.2 ± 0.11 BCD;b | 0.1 ± 0.12 CD;b | 0.7 ± 0.10 ABC;b |
β-pinene | 977 | 0.2 ± 0.05 | 0.1 ± 0.07 | - | 0.1 ± 0.05 | 0.2 ± 0.10 | - | 0.2 ± 0.09 | 0.1 ± 0.02 | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.01 |
myrcene | 991 | 0.1 ± 0.01 BC;b | 0.1 ± 0.09 BC;b | - C;b | 0.1 ± 0.07 BC;b | 0.2 ± 0.07 B;b | - C;b | 0.5 ± 0.18 A;b | 0.3 ± 0.03 B;b | - C;b | - C;b | 0.6 ± 0.03 A;b |
δ-3-carene | 1011 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
α-terpinene | 1017 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
limonene | 1029 | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.07 | - | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | - | - | 0.5 ± 0.01 |
1,8-cineole | 1031 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.07 | - | 0.1 ± 0.06 | - |
(E)-β-ocimene | 1047 | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.06 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
γ-terpinene | 1058 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.07 | - | - | - |
terpinolene | 1089 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.07 | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.01 |
nonanal | 1105 | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.08 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 0.1 ± 0.07 | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.06 |
linalool | 1101 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
fenchol | 1114 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.04 |
cis-p-menth-2-en-1-ol | 1122 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
trans-pinocarveol | 1139 | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.05 | 0.2 ± 0.02 | - | 0.1 ± 0.09 | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.07 |
trans-verbenol | 1145 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
ipsdienol | 1147 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
β-pinene oxide | 1156 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.07 |
borneol | 1165 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.07 | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.05 |
lavandulol | 1170 | - | 0.1 ± 0.07 | 0.1 ± 0.03 | 0.1 ± 0.08 | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 0.1 ± 0.07 | 0.1 ± 0.10 | 0.4 ± 0.10 |
4-terpineol | 1177 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.09 | - | - | - | - |
p-cymen-8-ol | 1185 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1±0.07 |
myrtenal | 1194 | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.07 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
α-terpineol | 1191 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.09 | 0.3 ± 0.03 | 0.1 ± 0.08 | 0.1 ± 0.08 | 0.3 ± 0.09 |
eugenol | 1357 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.05 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.20 | - |
methyl eugenol | 1405 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
α-ylangene | 1371 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.05 | - | - | - | - |
isocaryophyllene | 1407 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.3 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.4 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.08 | - | 0.4 ± 0.07 | 0.3 ± 0.01 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 0.2 ± 0.06 | 0.5 ± 0.11 |
cis-α-bergamotene | 1416 | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.06 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
β-caryophyllene | 1419 | 4.6 ± 0.21 C;b | 6.6 ± 0.17 BC;b | 2.9 ± 0.11 C;b | 11.0 ± 0.70 A;b | 4.9 ± 1.29 C;b | 3.6 ± 0.62 C;b | 10.2 ± 2.72 AB;a | 9.4 ± 1.66 AB;b | 3.1 ± 0.54 C;b | 6.3 ± 2.32 BC;b | 10.2 ± 1.27 AB;b |
trans-α-bergamotene | 1436 | - | 0.5 ± 0.01 | 0.3 ± 0.02 | 1 ± 0.02 | 0.5 ± 0.16 | - | 0.1 ± 0.07 | - | 0.1 ± 0.07 | 0.4 ± 0.17 | - |
α-guaiene | 1439 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.3 ± 0.09 | 0.1 ± 0.07 | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.08 | - |
aromadendrene | 1142 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.05 | - | - | - | - |
guaia-6,9-diene | 1443 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
isogermacrene D | 1451 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
α-humulene | 1453 | 2.6 ± 0.08 DE;b | 3.7 ± 0.10 BCD;b | 1.7 ± 0.12 E;b | 5.0 ± 0.12 AB;b | 2.9 ± 0.73 CDE;b | 2.7 ± 0.46 CDE;b | 4.3 ± 0.99 ABC;a | 5.0 ± 0.50 AB;b | 1.8 ± 0.42 E;b | 2.9 ± 1.04 CDE;b | 5.7 ± 0.74 A;b |
aristolene | 1452 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.07 | - | - | - | - |
(E)-β-farnesene | 1458 | - | 0.3 ± 0.01 | 0.3 ± 0.03 | 0.8 ± 0.11 | 0.5 ± 0.18 | - | 0.1 ± 0.06 | - | - | 0.3 ± 0.08 | - |
alloaromadendrene | 1460 | 0.2 ± 0.02 | 0.7 ± 0.03 | - | 0.8 ± 0.06 | 1.4 ± 0.44 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 0.6 ± 0.15 | 0.4 ± 0.02 | 0.3 ± 0.04 | 0.3 ± 0.09 | 0.3 ± 0.05 |
4,5-di-epi-aristolochene | 1468 | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.06 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
γ-gurjunene | 1469 | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.07 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
β-chamigrene | 1476 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
γ-muurolene | 1477 | 0.4 ± 0.06 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.2 ± 0.03 | 0.1 ± 0.10 | - | 0.2 ± 0.06 | 0.1 ± 0.08 | 0.4 ± 0.16 | 0.2 ± 0.08 | - |
α-amorphene | 1482 | - | 0.1 ± 0.06 | - | 0.1 ± 0.01 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
γ-selinene | 1483 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.3 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.03 | 0.5 ± 0.01 | 0.3 ± 0.08 | 0.3 ± 0.05 | 0.3 ± 0.13 | 0.3 ± 0.04 | 0.2 ± 0.05 | 0.2 ± 0.09 | 0.3 ± 0.03 |
β-selinene | 1486 | 0.8 ± 0.03 B;b | 0.9 ± 0.02 B;b | 0.9 ± 0.11 B;b | 2.2 ± 0.05 A;a | 2.4 ± 0.65 A;a | 0.9 ± 0.13 B;b | 1.2 ± 0.38 B;a | 1.1 ± 0.07 B;b | 1.2 ± 0.40 B;a | 0.9 ± 0.36B;a | 1.0 ± 0.14 B;b |
δ-selinene | 1491 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
valencene | 1493 | 0.2 ± 0.03 | 0.2 ± 0.07 | 0.1 ± 0.05 | 0.2 ± 0.05 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.09 | - | 0.4 ± 0.02 | 0.1 ± 0.02 | 0.1 ± 0.08 | 0.3 ± 0.06 |
α-selinene | 1495 | 0.4 ± 0.01 | 0.5 ± 0.03 | 0.5 ± 0.07 | 1.5 ± 0.09 | 1.1 ± 0.32 | 0.6 ± 0.13 | 0.7 ± 0.11 | 0.7 ± 0.09 | 0.8 ± 0.23 | 0.6 ± 0.27 | 0.6 ± 0.06 |
eremophilene | 1499 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
α-bulnesene | 1505 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.6 ± 0.06 | 0.1 ± 0.09 | - | 0.1 ± 0.07 | 0.1 ± 0.10 | - |
epizonarene | 1501 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
β-bisabolene | 1509 | - | 0.1 ± 0.02 | - | 0.2 ± 0.02 | 0.1 ± 0.06 | - | 0.3 ± 0.08 | 0.1 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.06 | 0.2 ± 0.08 | 0.2 ± 0.03 |
(E,E)-α-farnesene | 1509 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
β-curcumene | 1513 | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.03 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
trans-γ-cadinene | 1513 | 0.3 ± 0.01 | 0.2 ± 0.05 | 0.1 ± 0.09 | 0.3 ± 0.04 | 0.3 ± 0.07 | - | 0.2 ± 0.03 | 0.1 ± 0.06 | 0.3 ± 0.10 | 0.1 ± 0.02 | 0.1 ± 0.02 |
sesquicineole | 1516 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
7-epi-α-selinene | 1517 | 0.2 ± 0.03 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | - | 0.3 ± 0.03 | 0.1 ± 0.15 | - | 0.4 ± 0.09 | 0.3 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.12 | - | 0.3 ± 0.04 |
(Z)-γ-bisabolene | 1519 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.11 | - |
β-cadinene | 1519 | - | - | - | 0.3 ± 0.04 | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.03 | 0.1 ± 0.07 | 0.1 ± 0.12 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.07 |
trans-calamenene | 1524 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
δ-cadinene | 1524 | 0.2 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 0.1 ± 0.06 | 0.5 ± 0.02 | 0.1 ± 0.08 | - | 0.2 ± 0.06 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.3 ± 0.08 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.10 |
selina-3,7(11)-diene | 1530 | 1.6 ± 0.10 ABCD;b | 1.0 ± 0.11 BCD;b | 0.6 ± 0.14 D;b | 2.1 ± 0.59 A;a | 0.9 ± 0.16 CD;b | 1.6 ± 0.31 ABCD;b | 2.5 ± 0.21 AB;b | 2.1 ± 0.06 ABCD;b | 2.3 ± 0.33 ABC;b | 2.1 ± 0.59 ABC;b | 1.9 ± 0.16 ABCD;a |
(E)-γ-bisabolene | 1531 | - | 0.5 ± 0.05 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
α-calacorene | 1543 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.14 | - | 0.2 ± 0.03 | 0.4 ± 0.06 | 0.3 ± 0.07 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | - | 0.3 ± 0.04 |
cis-sesquisabinene hydrate | 1545 | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.02 | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.08 | 0.6 ± 0.18 | - |
elemol | 1550 | 0.8 ± 0.13 | 0.7 ± 0.07 | 0.4 ± 0.06 | 1.1 ± 0.14 | 1.0 ± 0.24 | 0.2 ± 0.05 | 0.7 ± 0.00 | 0.5 ± 0.05 | 0.3 ± 0.06 | 0.4 ± 0.08 | 0.6 ± 0.03 |
guaia-3,9-diene | 1556 | - | 0.1 ± 0.01 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
(E)-nerolidol | 1564 | 0.7 ± 0.05 | 0.7 ± 0.05 | 0.5 ± 0.16 | 1.2 ± 0.31 | 0.6 ± 0.14 | 1.3 ± 0.28 | 0.6 ± 0.07 | 1.0 ± 0.07 | 1.0 ± 0.25 | 1.5 ± 0.30 | 1.1 ± 0.13 |
palustrol | 1568 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
caryophyllene alcohol | 1570 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.9 ± 0.12 | - | - | - | - | - |
spathulenol | 1577 | 0.1 ± 0.00 | 0.2 ± 0.03 | 0.2 ± 0.07 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.00 | - |
trans-sesquisabinene hydrate | 1581 | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.07 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
caryophyllene oxide | 1582 | 16.0 ± 0.1 B;a | 14.2 ± 0.82 BC;a | 7.1 ± 1.39 D;a | 10.2 ± 1.32 CD;b | 23.5 ± 3.19 A;a | 14.2 ± 1.83 BC;a | 13.7 ± 0.17 BC;a | 11.3 ± 0.85 CD;a | 10.9 ± 2.56 CD;a | 10.2 ± 1.12 CD;a | 16.6 ± 0.78 B;a |
globulol | 1583 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.6 ± 0.09 | - | 0.1 ± 0.06 | - | - | - |
trans-(Z)-α-bisabolene epoxide | 1586 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
isoaromadendrene epoxide | 1589 | - | - | - | 0.9 ± 0.23 | - | - | - | 0.9 ± 0.13 | - | - | 0.6 ± 0.60 |
epi-globulol | 1590 | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.04 | - | 0.2 ± 0.03 | - | 0.5 ± 0.32 | - | 0.6 ± 0.01 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.9 ± 0.91 |
viridiflorol | 1592 | 0.3 ± 0.03 | 0.5 ± 0.07 | - | 0.5 ± 0.11 | - | - | 0.6 ± 0.20 | 0.3 ± 0.05 | 2.7 ± 2.20 | 0.3 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.10 |
guaiol | 1596 | - | - | - | - | 1.1 ± 0.10 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
humulene oxide II | 1608 | 6.1 ± 0.47 BC;a | 6.6 ± 0.52 AB;a | 3.7 ± 0.94 CD;a | 4.8 ± 0.41 BCD;a | 9.1 ± 0.76 A;a | 6.9 ± 0.73 AB;a | 2.7 ± 2.40 D;a | 4.5 ± 0.56 BCD;a | 2.6 ± 1.07 D;a | 4.2 ± 0.68 BCD;a | 7.0 ± 0.07 AB;a |
cedrenol | 1610 | - | - | - | - | - | 1.0 ± 0.04 | - | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.20 |
humulane-1-6-dien-3-ol | 1613 | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.09 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
selin-6-en-4-ol | 1618 | 2.4 ± 1.09 AB;a | 1.6 ± 0.56 ABCD;a | 0.4 ± 0.05 D;a | 1.5 ± 0.25 BCD;a | 0.8 ± 0.11 CD;a | 3.1 ± 0.77 A;a | 1.7 ± 0.33 ABCD;a | 1.3 ± 0.13 BCD;a | 1.8 ± 0.06 ABCD;a | 1.7 ± 0.28 ABCD;a | 2.3 ± 0.70 ABC;a |
13-nor-valenc-1(10)-en-11-one | 1629 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
1-epi-cubenol | 1627 | 1.0 ± 0.12 | - | 0.4 ± 0.12 | 1.0 ± 0.37 | 0.6 ± 0.00 | 0.8 ± 0.23 | 1.0 ± 0.78 | 0.2 ± 0.18 | 1.0 ± 0.49 | 0.6 ± 0.07 | 0.2 ± 0.25 |
γ-eudesmol | 1631 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.3 ± 0.31 | - | - |
caryophylla-4(14),8(15)-dien-5-ol (unidentified isomer 1) | 1633 | 8.3 ± 0.12 A;a | 7.6 ± 0.37 AB;a | 3.8 ± 0.78 CD;a | 4.9 ± 1.83 ABCD;a | 4.7 ± 0.35 BCD;a | 2.5 ± 0.39 D;a | 3.3 ± 2.85 D;a | 3.8 ± 0.65 CD;a | 3.5 ± 0.81 D;a | 5.0 ± 0.36 ABCD;a | 7.1 ± 0.90 ABC;a |
caryophylla-4(14),8(15)-dien-5-ol (unidentified isomer 2) | 1633 | 7.3 ± 0.18 A;a | 5.7 ± 0.51 B;a | 3.9 ± 0.65 DE;a | 3.7 ± 0.57 E;a | 5.4 ± 0.27 BC;a | - F;b | 4.1 ± 0.68 CDE;a | 4.1 ± 0.35 CDE;a | 3.5 ± 0.13 E;a | 4.8 ± 0.24 BCDE;a | 5.1 ± 0.65 BCD;a |
T-cadinol | 1641 | - | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.03 | 0.1 ± 0.11 | - | - | 0.3 ± 0.12 | - | - |
cubenol | 1641 | 0.1 ± 0.11 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.07 | - | - | 0.4 ± 0.02 | - |
β-eudesmol | 1649 | 0.2 ± 0.05 | 0.1 ± 0.08 | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.06 | 0.2 ± 0.21 | 0.7 ± 0.59 | 0.1 ± 0.06 | - | - | - |
α-eudesmol | 1653 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.3 ± 0.19 | - | - | - | - |
neointermedeol | 1655 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | - | 0.2 ± 0.22 | - | 0.5 ± 0.00 | 1.7 ± 0.11 | - | - | - | 0.5 ± 0.01 | - |
bulnesol | 1668 | 0.4 ± 0.01 | 0.3 ± 0.07 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.24 | - | 0.1 ± 0.11 |
14-hydroxy-9-epi-(E)-caryophyllene | 1670 | 13.5 ± 0.42 A;a | 13.5 ± 0.71 A;a | 9.2 ± 2.34 BCD;a | 9.1 ± 0.46 BCD;a | 12.2 ± 1.22 ABC;a | 8.1 ± 0.67 CD;a | 7.8 ± 2.73 D;a | 8.7 ± 1.99 BCD;a | 9.1 ± 1.33 BCD;a | 10.2 ± 0.44 ABCD;a | 12.6 ± 0.14 AB;a |
ylangenal | 1675 | - | 0.1 ± 0.08 | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.01 | - | 0.1 ± 0.08 | - | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.2 ± 0.03 | - |
aromadendrene epoxide II | 1680 | 0.6 ± 0.01 | 0.6 ± 0.04 | 0.3 ± 0.11 | 0.3 ± 0.03 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.04 | 0.3 ± 0.11 | 0.4 ± 0.07 | 0.4 ± 0.07 | 0.3 ± 0.01 | 0.4 ± 0.05 |
α-bisabolol | 1685 | 0.5 ± 0.02 FG;a | 2.6 ± 0.20 C;a | 0.4 ± 0.20 FG;b | 0.8 ± 0.17 EF;a | - G;b | 1.2 ± 0.22 DE;a | 1.6 ± 0.38 D;a | 1.3 ± 0.13 DE;a | 4.9 ± 0.30 A;a | 4.0 ± 0.29 B;a | 0.8 ± 0.06 EF;b |
cedr-8-en-13-ol | 1688 | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.08 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
juniper camphor | 1694 | 1.0 ± 0.02 | 0.9 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.07 | 0.6 ± 0.08 | 0.2 ± 0.02 | 1.2 ± 0.11 | 0.6 ± 0.11 | 1.0 ± 0.31 | 1.1 ± 0.30 | 0.9 ± 0.05 | 0.9 ± 0.03 |
(Z)-α-trans-bergamotol | 1700 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
α-phellandrene dimer | 1801 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
nootkatone | 1803 | 0.2 ± 0.00 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.04 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.06 |
(E,E)-farnesyl acetate | 1843 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
hexahydrofarnesylacetone | 1845 | 0.7 ± 0.05 C;a | 1.4 ± 0.05 BC;a | 1.0 ± 0.29 C;b | 1.0 ± 0.03 C;a | 1.9 ± 0.72 AB;a | 2.3 ± 0.04 A;a | 2.3 ± 0.02 A;a | 2.0 ± 0.09 AB;a | 1.4 ± 0.34 BC;a | 0.7 ± 0.07 C;a | 1.4 ± 0.21 BC;a |
1-hexadecanol | 1877 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
(E,E)-farnesyl acetone | 1918 | 0.4 ± 0.03 | 0.3 ± 0.00 | 0.7 ± 0.22 | 0.4 ± 0.03 | 1.6 ± 0.04 | 0.5 ± 0.02 | 0.4 ± 0.01 | 0.3 ± 0.04 | 0.2 ± 0.07 | 0.1 ± 0.00 | 0.3 ± 0.05 |
m-camphorene | 1952 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.3 ± 0.02 | 0.1 ± 0.06 | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.07 |
p-camphorene | 1986 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.6 ± 0.06 | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.12 |
ethyl hexadecanoate | 2000 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
phytol | 2112 | 0.9 ± 0.10 DE;a | 1.5 ± 0.03 CDE;a | 3.1 ± 0.65 B;a | 0.6 ± 0.03 E;a | 2.8 ± 0.18 B;b | 5.4 ± 0.91 A;a | 1.1 ± 0.30 CDE;a | 2.1 ± 0.45 BC;a | 2.0 ± 0.15 BCD;a | 0.8 ± 0.09 E;a | 0.9 ± 0.25 E;a |
cannabidiol | 2369 | 18.1 ± 1.7 BC;a | 19.6 ± 1.23 BC;a | 51.5 ± 8.36 A;a | 22.9 ± 6.33 BC;a | 11.8 ± 7.97 C;a | 25.0 ± 5.7 BC;a | 21.9 ± 0.92 BC;a | 30.5 ± 1.62 B;a | 34.5 ± 7.88 B;a | 32.1 ± 9.62 B;a | 12.6 ± 1.07 C;b |
cannabichromene | 2373 | 0.5 ± 0.18 | 0.2 ± 0.07 | 1.2 ± 0.96 | 0.3 ± 0.18 | 0.7 ± 0.56 | 1.6 ± 0.26 | 0.3 ± 0.18 | 0.5 ± 0.40 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 1.0 ± 0.43 | 0.2 ± 0.16 |
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol | 2468 | 0.2 ± 0.06 | 0.3 ± 0.09 | 0.8 ± 0.15 | 0.3 ± 0.10 | 0.1 ± 0.13 | 0.3 ± 0.07 | 0.3 ± 0.05 | 0.4 ± 0.06 | 0.4 ± 0.10 | 0.3 ± 0.13 | 0.1 ± 0.01 |
Total identified (%) | 93.8 ± 0.43 | 96.4 ± 0.12 | 97.4 ± 0.98 | 95.9 ± 1.42 | 97.3 ± 0.24 | 90.6 ± 0.92 | 92.5 ± 1.13 | 97.8 ± 0.52 | 95.4 ± 1.95 | 97.1 ± 0.79 | 97.7 ± 0.65 | |
Monoterpene hydrocarbons | 1.2 ± 0.26 ABC;b | 0.7 ± 0.25 BCD;b | 0.2 ± 0.00 CD;b | 0.9 ± 0.42 BCD;b | 1.4 ± 0.65 AB;b | -D;b | 2.0 ± 0.73 A;b | 1.3 ± 0.31 AB;b | 0.2 ± 0.11 CD;b | 0.1 ± 0.12 D;b | 2.1 ± 0.12 A;b | |
Oxygenated monoterpenes | -B;b | 0.1 ± 0.07 B;a | 0.1 ± 0.03 B;b | 0.1 ± 0.13 B;a | 0.2 ± 0.09 B;b | -B;b | 0.5 ± 0.32 B;b | 0.6 ± 0.13 B;b | 0.1 ± 0.14 B;b | 0.2 ± 0.24 B;b | 1.3 ± 0.47 A;a | |
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons | 12.1 ± 0.23 CD;b | 16.4 ± 0.66 BCD;b | 8.0 ± 0.34 D;b | 28.7 ± 0.84 A;b | 15.9 ± 4.57 BCD;a | 11.0 ± 1.99 D;b | 22.3 ± 5.37 AB;a | 20.8 ± 2.42 ABC;b | 11.7 ± 2.83 D;b | 15.5 ± 5.37 BCD;b | 21.8 ± 2.90 AB;b | |
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes | 59.6 ± 1.79 A;a | 56.0 ± 1.50 AB;a | 30.9 ± 7.02 D;a | 40.6 ± 4.82 CD;a | 60.9 ± 2.48 A;a | 44.3 ± 3.81 BCD;a | 40.5 ± 8.52 CD;a | 39.3 ± 3.68 CD;a | 44.6 ± 6.31 BC;a | 46.0 ± 3.49 BC;a | 56.7 ± 1.86 AB;a | |
Diterpene hydrocarbons | - C;b | - C;a | - C;b | - C;b | - C | -C;b | 0.9 ± 0.08 A;a | 0.1 ± 0.06 BC;b | - C;b | - C | 0.2 ± 0.19 B;b | |
Oxygenated diterpenes | 0.9 ± 0.10 DE;a | 1.5 ± 0.03 CDE;a | 3.1 ± 0.65 B;a | 0.6 ± 0.03 E;a | 2.8 ± 0.18 B;b | 5.4 ± 0.91 A;a | 1.1 ± 0.30 CDE;a | 2.1 ± 0.45 BC;a | 2.0 ± 0.15 BCD;a | 0.8 ± 0.09 E;a | 0.9 ± 0.25 E;a | |
Phenylpropanoids | 0.2 ± 0.04 A;a | - B;a | - B | 0.1 ± 0.05 AB;a | - B,b | B | - B | - B | - B | 0.2 ± 0.20 A;a | - B | |
Cannabinoids | 18.7 ± 1.93 BC;a | 20.0 ± 1.24 BC;a | 53.4 ± 9.47 A;a | 23.5 ± 6.61 BC;a | 12.6 ± 8.66 C;a | 26.9 ± 5.89 BC;a | 22.5 ± 1.05 BC;b | 31.4 ± 1.97 B;a | 35.1 ± 7.99 B;a | 33.5 ± 10.18 B;a | 12.9 ± 1.22 C;b | |
Apocarotenoids | 1.1 ± 0.07 D;a | 1.7 ± 0.05 CD;a | 1.7 ± 0.51 CD;a | 1.4 ± 0.01 CD;a | 3.5 ± 0.76 A;a | 2.8 ± 0.06 AB;a | 2.8 ± 0.01 AB;a | 2.2 ± 0.13 BC;a | 1.6 ± 0.41 CD;a | 0.8 ± 0.07 D;a | 1.7 ± 0.26 CD;a | |
Other non-terpene derivatives | - A;a | - A | - A;a | - A | 0.1 ± 0.08 A;a | 0.2 ± 0.04 A;b | 0.1 ± 0.15 A;a | - A;b | - A;a | - A | 0.1 ± 0.13 A;a | |
Extraction yield (% w/w) | 0.04 ± 0.02 DE;b | 0.07 ± 0.01 BCD;b | 0.03 ± 0.01 E;b | 0.12 ± 0.01 A;b | 0.03 ± 0.00 E | 0.03 ± 0.01 E;b | 0.09 ± 0.02 AB;b | 0.08 ± 0.01 BC;b | 0.09 ± 0.00 AB | 0.06 ± 0.01 CDE;b | 0.08 ± 0.00 BC;b |
Relative Abundance (%) ± SD | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Monoecious | Dioecious | |||||||||||
Compounds | l.r.i. 1 | Carmaleonte | Codimono | Felina32 | Futura 75 | Uso-31 | Bernabeo | Carmagnola | CS | Eletta Campana | Fibranova | Fibrante |
heptanal | 901 | - 2 | - | - | - | - | 0.3 ± 0.06 | 0.1 ± 0.10 | 0.1 ± 0.04 | 0.1 ± 0.07 | - | - |
α-pinene 3 | 933 | 2.7 ± 0.50 AB;a | 2.0 ± 0.74 ABC;a | 1.1 ± 0.40 CD;a | 1.1 ± 0.11 CD;a | 2.0 ± 0.26 ABC;a | 0.5 ± 0.06 D;a | 3.0 ± 0.04 A;a | 2.1 ± 0.79 ABC;a | 1.7 ± 0.01 BC;a | 1.3 ± 0.39 CD;a | 1.2 ± 0.06 CD;a |
β-pinene | 977 | 0.5 ± 0.06 | 0.5 ± 0.17 | 0.3 ± 0.07 | 0.2 ± 0.06 | 0.7 ± 0.18 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.8 ± 0.09 | 0.7 ± 0.26 | 0.5 ± 0.02 | 0.3 ± 0.12 | 0.4 ± 0.03 |
myrcene | 991 | 0.8 ± 0.09 CD;a | 0.8 ± 0.33 CD;a | 0.2 ± 0.02 D;a | 0.4 ± 0.09 D;a | 0.6 ± 0.12 D;a | 0.4 ± 0.05 D;a | 2.6 ± 0.16 A;a | 1.3 ± 0.49 BC;a | 0.6 ± 0.01 D;a | 0.3 ± 0.10 D;a | 1.8 ± 0.17 B;a |
δ-3-carene | 1011 | 0.1 ± 0.05 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.3 ± 0.09 | - |
α-terpinene | 1017 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.06 | - | - | - |
limonene | 1029 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.08 | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.03 | 0.6 ± 0.10 | 0.7 ± 0.16 | 0.4 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.08 | 0.8 ± 0.08 |
1,8-cineole | 1031 | - | 0.2 ± 0.05 | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.05 | 0.2 ± 0.09 | 0.2 ± 0.06 | 0.1 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.06 | 0.1 ± 0.06 |
(E)-β-ocimene | 1047 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.4 ± 0.13 | - | 0.1 ± 0.03 | 0.4 ± 0.02 | - | 0.3 ± 0.02 | 0.1 ± 0.06 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.3 ± 0.07 | - |
γ-terpinene | 1058 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.07 | - | - | - |
terpinolene | 1089 | - | 0.4 ± 0.14 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 0.1 ± 0.09 | 0.1 ± 0.02 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.3 ± 0.03 | 0.8 ± 0.19 | 0.3 ± 0.01 | - | 0.5 ± 0.03 |
nonanal | 1105 | 0.1 ± 0.07 | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.06 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | - | - | - | - | - |
linalool | 1101 | - | 0.1 ± 0.06 | - | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 0.1 ± 0.03 | - | - |
fenchol | 1114 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.02 | 0.4 ± 0.07 | 0.2 ± 0.05 | - | 0.3 ± 0.00 |
cis-p-menth-2-en-1-ol | 1122 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.03 | 0.2 ± 0.02 | - | 0.2 ± 0.01 |
trans-pinocarveol | 1139 | 0.3 ± 0.03 | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.01 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
trans-verbenol | 1145 | - | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.01 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
ipsdienol | 1147 | 0.1 ± 0.05 | 0.1 ± 0.07 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.07 | - | - | - |
β-pinene oxide | 1156 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.3 ± 0.03 | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.01 |
borneol | 1165 | 0.2 ± 0.02 | 0.1 ± 0.05 | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.00 | 0.2 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 0.2 ± 0.00 | 0.1 ± 0.06 | 0.2 ± 0.01 |
lavandulol | 1170 | - | 0.4 ± 0.09 | 0.3 ± 0.06 | 0.2 ± 0.05 | 0.2 ± 0.05 | 0.4 ± 0.06 | 0.3 ± 0.01 | 0.6 ± 0.03 | 0.3 ± 0.01 | - | 0.6 ± 0.04 |
4-terpineol | 1177 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.03 | - |
p-cymen-8-ol | 1185 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
myrtenal | 1194 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
α-terpineol | 1191 | - | 0.2 ± 0.03 | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 0.3 ± 0.01 | 0.5 ± 0.04 | - | 0.2 ± 0.03 | 0.5 ± 0.02 |
eugenol | 1357 | 0.2 ± 0.06 | 0.1 ± 0.07 | - | 0.1 ± 0.03 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | - | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.07 | - |
methyl eugenol | 1405 | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.02 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
α-ylangene | 1371 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.07 | - | 0.1 ± 0.01 | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.04 | 0.1 ± 0.02 | 0.3 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.07 | - |
isocaryophyllene | 1407 | 0.4 ± 0.03 | 0.4 ± 0.00 | 0.3 ± 0.09 | 0.4 ± 0.03 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.3 ± 0.11 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 0.3 ± 0.06 | 0.3 ± 0.01 | 0.5 ± 0.12 | 0.3 ± 0.01 |
cis-α-bergamotene | 1416 | - | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.4 ± 0.14 | 0.1 ± 0.09 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
β-caryophyllene | 1419 | 15.3 ± 1.44 AB;a | 16.2 ± 1.46 AB;a | 11.5 ± 3.55 ABC;a | 13.8 ± 0.59 ABC;a | 8.7 ± 0.77 C;a | 10.4 ± 2.95 BC;a | 14.4 ± 0.89 ABC;a | 15.4 ± 2.45 AB;a | 11.6 ± 0.09 ABC;a | 16.8 ± 3.82 A;a | 16.2 ± 0.8 AB;a |
trans-α-bergamotene | 1436 | 0.3 ± 0.00 | 1.1 ± 0.04 | 1.6 ± 0.42 | 1.5 ± 0.16 | 1.0 ± 0.06 | 0.3 ± 0.06 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.08 | 0.3 ± 0.01 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | - |
α-guaiene | 1439 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.6 ± 0.14 | - | - | - | - | - |
aromadendrene | 1142 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.3 ± 0.04 | - |
guaia-6,9-diene | 1443 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.05 | 0.1 ± 0.05 | - |
isogermacrene D | 1451 | 0.3 ± 0.03 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.01 | - | - |
α-humulene | 1453 | 6.9 ± 1.00 ABC;a | 7.6 ± 0.17 A;a | 4.7 ± 1.23 DE;a | 5.8 ± 0.38 ABCDE;a | 4.1 ± 0.06 E;a | 6.2 ± 0.27 ABCD;a | 5.3 ± 0.10 CDE;a | 7.5 ± 0.19 A;a | 5.4 ± 0.13 BCDE;a | 6.3 ± 1.44 ABCD;a | 7.4 ± 0.38 AB;a |
aristolene | 1452 | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.05 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
(E)-β-farnesene | 1458 | 0.3 ± 0.04 | 1.2 ± 0.07 | 1.4 ± 0.37 | 1.7 ± 0.19 | 1.1 ± 0.05 | 0.4 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.07 | 0.1 ± 0.09 | 0.3 ± 0.03 | 0.8 ± 0.19 | 0.1 ± 0.06 |
alloaromadendrene | 1460 | 0.4 ± 0.07 | 0.9 ± 0.00 | 0.6 ± 0.16 | 0.7 ± 0.07 | 0.9 ± 0.01 | 0.4 ± 0.03 | 0.3 ± 0.03 | 0.5 ± 0.01 | 0.4 ± 0.02 | 0.5 ± 0.09 | 0.2 ± 0.01 |
4,5-di-epi-aristolochene | 1468 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
γ-gurjunene | 1469 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
β-chamigrene | 1476 | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.07 | - | 0.1 ± 0.03 | - | - | - | - | - |
γ-muurolene | 1477 | 0.3 ± 0.02 | - | 0.2 ± 0.05 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | - | 0.1 ± 0.01 | - | - | 0.4 ± 0.09 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | - |
α-amorphene | 1482 | 0.2 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | - | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.03 | 0.1 ± 0.03 | - |
γ-selinene | 1483 | 0.5 ± 0.01 | 0.6 ± 0.04 | 0.5 ± 0.11 | 0.6 ± 0.10 | 0.4 ± 0.01 | 0.6 ± 0.01 | 0.5 ± 0.02 | 0.5 ± 0.03 | 0.5 ± 0.04 | 0.5 ± 0.11 | 0.4 ± 0.01 |
β-selinene | 1486 | 1.3 ± 0.03 CDE;a | 1.5 ± 0.10 CDE;a | 2.1 ± 0.48 AB;a | 2.2 ± 0.30 A;a | 1.9 ± 0.02 ABC;a | 1.5 ± 0.08 BCDE;a | 1.2 ± 0.07 E;a | 1.4 ± 0.13 CDE;a | 1.8 ± 0.09 ABCD;a | 1.3 ± 0.31 CDE;a | 1.3 ± 0.05 DE;a |
δ-selinene | 1491 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | - | 0.2 ± 0.04 | - | 0.3 ± 0.03 | 0.2 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.04 | 0.1 ± 0.06 | 0.1 ± 0.05 |
valencene | 1493 | 0.3 ± 0.01 | 0.3 ± 0.03 | 0.2 ± 0.05 | 0.3 ± 0.04 | 0.2 ± 0.00 | 0.3 ± 0.02 | 0.3 ± 0.05 | 0.3 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.00 | 0.3 ± 0.06 | 0.2 ± 0.02 |
α-selinene | 1495 | 1.2 ± 0.00 | 1.2 ± 0.04 | 1.7 ± 0.40 | 1.5 ± 0.20 | 0.9 ± 0.09 | 1.5 ± 0.06 | 1.0 ±0.20 | 1.1 ±0.07 | 1.5 ± 0.16 | 1.0 ± 0.26 | 1.0 ± 0.07 |
eremophilene | 1499 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.04 | - | - | - |
α-bulnesene | 1505 | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.02 | - | 1.4 ± 0.04 | 0.2 ± 0.05 | - | 0.1 ± 0.03 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | - |
epizonarene | 1501 | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.04 | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.05 | - | 0.2 ± 0.03 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | - |
β-bisabolene | 1509 | 0.1 ± 0.00 | 0.3 ± 0.02 | 0.3 ± 0.06 | 0.3 ± 0.04 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | - | - | - | 0.9 ± 0.11 | 0.4 ± 0.09 | - |
(E,E)-α-farnesene | 1509 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.3 ± 0.01 | 0.4 ± 0.08 | 0.4 ± 0.06 | - | - | 0.4 ± 0.01 |
β-curcumene | 1513 | - | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.2 ± 0.05 | 0.2 ± 0.03 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
trans-γ-cadinene | 1513 | 0.5 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.00 | 0.3 ± 0.06 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | - | 0.1 ± 0.01 | - | - | 0.4 ± 0.03 | 0.2 ± 0.03 | - |
sesquicineole | 1516 | - | 0.6 ± 0.03 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
7-epi-α-selinene | 1517 | 0.4 ± 0.37 | - | 0.4 ± 0.05 | 0.6 ± 0.08 | 0.3 ± 0.01 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
(Z)-γ-bisabolene | 1519 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
β-cadinene | 1519 | 0.3 ± 0.01 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | - | 0.1 ± 0.14 | - | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.2 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.02 | 0.4 ± 0.05 | 0.3 ± 0.05 | 0.1 ± 0.05 |
trans-calamenene | 1524 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.05 | - | - | - | - | - |
δ-cadinene | 1524 | 0.5 ± 0.03 | 0.4 ± 0.02 | 0.6 ± 0.06 | 0.5 ± 0.07 | 0.2 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.2 ± 0.02 | 0.5 ± 0.10 | 0.3 ± 0.07 | 0.1 ± 0.01 |
selina-3,7(11)-diene | 1530 | 5.2 ± 0.47 BC;a | 3.2 ± 0.05 DE;a | 2.1 ± 0.65 DEF;a | 3.8 ± 0.55 CD;a | 1.3 ± 0,13 F;a | 3.8 ± 0.26 CD;a | 3.4 ± 0.33 DE | 3.1 ± 0.20 DE;a | 8.6 ± 1.01 A;a | 5.6 ± 1.30 B;a | 1.9 ± 0.09 EF;a |
(E)-γ-bisabolene | 1531 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
α-calacorene | 1543 | 0.4 ± 0.05 | - | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.3 ± 0.03 | - | 0.4 ± 0.04 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.2 ± 0.02 | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.01 |
cis-sesquisabinene hydrate | 1545 | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.05 | - | 0.1 ± 0.11 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
elemol | 1550 | 0.4 ± 0.04 | 0.4 ± 0.04 | 0.4± 0.09 | 0.4 ± 0.06 | 0.6 ± 0.09 | 0.2 ± 0.05 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 0.2 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.00 | 0.3 ± 0.04 | 0.2 ± 0.02 |
guaia-3,9-diene | 1556 | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.10 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
(E)-nerolidol | 1564 | 0.6 ± 0.04 | 1.2 ± 0.04 | 0.9 ± 0.36 | 0.8 ± 0.07 | 0.7 ± 0.12 | 1.2 ± 0.13 | 0.3 ± 0.04 | 0.6 ± 0.12 | 0.9 ± 0.11 | 1.5 ± 0.27 | 0.6 ± 0.01 |
palustrol | 1568 | - | - | 0.4 ± 0.15 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
caryophyllene alcohol | 1570 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
spathulenol | 1577 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
trans-sesquisabinene hydrate | 1581 | - | 0.1 ± 0.05 | 0.2 ± 0.05 | 0.1 ± 0.06 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
caryophyllene oxide | 1582 | 11.8 ± 1.18 BCD;b | 11.3 ± 0.85 BCD;b | 10.9 ± 3.38 BCDE;a | 13.9 ± 0.24 BC;a | 22.7 ± 0.45 A;a | 14.4 ± 1.22 B;a | 7.0 ± 1.06 E;b | 9.9 ± 0.78 CDE;a | 9.1 ± 0.74 DE;a | 12 ± 2.03 BCD;a | 9.2 ± 0.11 DE;b |
globulol | 1583 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
trans-(Z)-α-bisabolene epoxide | 1586 | - | - | 0.5 ± 0.16 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
isoaromadendrene epoxide | 1589 | 0.5 ± 0.10 | 0.5 ± 0.02 | - | 0.5 ± 0.06 | 0.8 ± 0.01 | 0.7 ± 0.07 | 0.3 ± 0.01 | 0.5 ± 0.04 | 0.5 ± 0.07 | 0.5 ± 0.08 | 0.4 ± 0.01 |
epi-globulol | 1590 | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.01 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
viridiflorol | 1592 | 0.2 ± 0.03 | 0.3 ± 0.05 | - | 0.3 ± 0.04 | 0.8 ± 0.04 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 0.1 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.00 | 0.3 ± 0.07 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | - |
guaiol | 1596 | - | - | 0.3 ± 0.09 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
humulene oxide II | 1608 | 4.2 ± 0.58 BCD;b | 4.1 ± 0.55 BCD;b | 4.8 ± 1.08 BC;a | 4.9 ± 0.19 BC;a | 9.3 ± 0.46 A;a | 5.2 ± 1.40 B;a | 2.4 ± 0.24 D;a | 3.6 ± 0.32 BCD;a | 3.4 ± 0.28 BCD;a | 4.0 ± 0.58 BCD;a | 3.1 ± 0.03 CD;b |
cedrenol | 1610 | 0.6 ± 0.11 | 0.1 ± 0.07 | - | 0.4 ± 0.03 | - | 0.5 ± 0.25 | 0.2 ± 0.00 | 0.3 ± 0.02 | 0.3 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.02 | - |
humulane-1-6-dien-3-ol | 1613 | - | - | 0.3 ± 0.03 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
selin-6-en-4-ol | 1618 | 1.1 ± 0.02 CDE;a | 1.1 ± 0.23 CDE;a | 0.5 ± 0.17 E;b | 1.2 ± 0.08 CD;a | 0.6 ± 0.05 DE;b | 2.0 ± 0.55 A;a | 0.8 ± 0.23 CDE;b | 0.8 ± 0.11 CDE;b | 1.9 ± 0.06 AB;a | 1.3 ± 0.14 BC;a | 0.7 ± 0.11 DE;b |
13-nor-valenc-1(10)-en-11-one | 1629 | - | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.4 ± 0.06 | 0.5 ± 0.05 | - | - | - | - | 1.0 ± 0.04 | 0.3 ± 0.34 | 0.2 ± 0.01 |
1-epi-cubenol | 1627 | 0.4 ± 0.10 | 0.3 ± 0.07 | 0.4 ± 0.06 | 0.3 ± 0.26 | 0.5 ± 0.06 | 0.5 ± 0.10 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 0.2 ± 0.07 | 0.2 ± 0.00 | 0.4 ± 0.04 | 0.2 ± 0.01 |
γ-eudesmol | 1631 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
caryophylla-4(14),8(15)-dien-5-ol (unidentified isomer 1) | 1633 | 0.7 ± 0.69 F;b | 2.7 ± 0.46 AB;b | 2.5 ± 0.25 ABC;b | 2.6 ± 0.19 AB;a | 2.7 ± 0.27 AB;b | 3.0 ± 0.60 A;a | 1.4 ± 0.15 DEF;a | 0.9 ± 0.10 EF;b | 1.6 ± 0.06 CDEF;b | 2.3 ± 0.13 ABCD;b | 1.7 ± 0.09 BCDE;b |
caryophylla-4(14),8(15)-dien-5-ol (unidentified isomer 2) | 1633 | 2.1 ± 0.21 ABC;b | 2.6 ± 0.54 AB;b | 2.8 ± 0.30 A;a | 2.6 ± 0.16 AB;b | 2.7 ± 0.31 A;b | 1.8 ± 0.44 BCD;a | 1.2 ± 0.09 D;b | 1.3 ± 0.04 D;b | 1.2 ± 0.03 D;b | 2.2 ± 0.12 ABC;b | 1.6 ± 0.07 CD;b |
T-cadinol | 1641 | - | - | 0.3 ± 0.05 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
cubenol | 1641 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.4 ± 0.02 | - | - |
β-eudesmol | 1649 | 0.2 ± 0.08 | 0.1 ± 0.00 | - | 0.2 ± 0.08 | - | 0.3 ± 0.09 | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.00 | - |
α-eudesmol | 1653 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
neointermedeol | 1655 | - | - | 0.3 ± 0.06 | 0.1 ± 0.11 | 0.3 ± 0.02 | 1.2 ± 0.00 | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.03 | - | 0.2 ± 0.00 |
bulnesol | 1668 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
14-hydroxy-9-epi-(E)-caryophyllene | 1670 | 3.8 ± 0.50 C;b | 2.9 ± 0.56 C;b | 5.8 ± 0.62 AB;a | 5.4 ± 0.39 B;b | 7.0 ± 0.53 A;b | 5.5 ± 0.19 B;b | 2.5 ± 0.12 C;b | 3.0 ± 0.28 C;b | 3.6 ± 0.81 C;b | 3.6 ± 0.40 C;b | 2.7 ± 0.21 C;b |
ylangenal | 1675 | - | 1.8 ± 1.66 | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.05 | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.06 | - |
aromadendrene epoxide II | 1680 | 0.2 ± 0.03 | 0.2 ± 0.03 | 0.2 ± 0.05 | 0.2 ± 0.02 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.12 | - | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.09 | 0.1 ± 0.06 | 0.1 ± 0.02 |
α-bisabolol | 1685 | 0.4 ± 0.06 E;a | 1.7 ± 0.36 BC;b | 0.8 ± 0.12 DE;a | 0.4 ± 0.04 E;b | 0.3 ± 0.03 E;a | 1.2 ± 0.06 CD;a | 1.1 ± 0.13 CD;a | 0.6 ± 0.07 DE;b | 5.2 ± 0.49 A;a | 2.2 ± 0.36 B;b | 1.1 ± 0.04 CD;a |
cedr-8-en-13-ol | 1688 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
juniper camphor | 1694 | 1.0 ± 0.06 | 1.0 ± 0.24 | 0.4 ± 0.07 | 0.8 ± 0.08 | 0.5 ± 0.02 | 1.8 ± 0.03 | 0.9 ± 0.06 | 0.7 ± 0.07 | 1.0 ± 0.05 | 0.9 ± 0.18 | 0.7 ± 0.02 |
(Z)-α-trans-bergamotol | 1700 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.02 | - | - | - | - | - |
α-phellandrene dimer | 1801 | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.02 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
nootkatone | 1803 | - | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | - | - | - | - | - |
(E,E)-farnesyl acetate | 1843 | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.02 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
hexahydrofarnesylacetone | 1845 | 0.6 ± 0.11 D;a | 0.6 ± 0.15 D;b | 1.7 ± 0.24 BC;a | 1.0 ± 0.21 D;a | 1.9 ± 0.11 B;a | 2.3 ± 0.11 A;a | 0.8 ± 0.14 D;b | 1.5 ± 0.05 C;b | 0.7 ± 0.03 D;b | 0.7 ± 0.13 D;a | 0.7 ± 0.01 D;b |
1-hexadecanol | 1877 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.07 | 0.1 ± 0.05 | - | 0.1 ± 0.05 |
(E,E)-farnesyl acetone | 1918 | - | - | 0.6 ± 0.12 | - | 0.6 ± 0.03 | 0.2 ± 0.06 | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.01 | - |
m-camphorene | 1952 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | - | 0.2 ± 0.06 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | - | 0.1 ± 0.02 | 0.3 ± 0.08 | 0.3 ± 0.03 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | - | 0.3 ± 0.00 |
p-camphorene | 1986 | 0.2 ± 0.10 | 0.1 ± 0.06 | 0.5 ± 0.07 | 0.4 ± 0.07 | - | - | 0.6 ± 0.11 | 0.6 ± 0.09 | - | - | 0.6 ± 0.00 |
ethyl hexadecanoate | 2000 | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.07 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
phytol | 2112 | 0.5 ± 0.14 CD;b | 0.4 ± 0.18 D;b | 0.8 ± 0.27 BCD;b | 0.4 ± 0.05 D;b | 3.2 ± 0.11 A;a | 2.7 ± 0.04 A;b | 0.9 ± 0.06 BC;a | 0.7 ± 0.19 BCD;b | 1.0 ± 0.07 B;b | 0.8 ± 0.23 BCD;a | 0.9 ± 0.11 BC;a |
cannabidiol | 2369 | 23.2 ± 6.13 BCDE;a | 21.8 ± 0.66 BCDE;a | 28.2 ± 1.37 ABCD;b | 20.9 ± 3.94 CDE;a | 16.4 ± 0.36 DE;a | 14.5 ± 1.27 E;b | 35.9 ± 4.68 A;b | 29.6 ± 2.31 ABC;a | 22.2 ± 2.61 BCDE;a | 21.3 ± 10.13 CDE;a | 33.8 ± 0.98 AB;a |
cannabichromene | 2373 | 0.7 ± 0.36 | 0.7 ± 0.23 | 0.4 ± 0.23 | 0.7 ± 0.25 | 0.7 ± 0.11 | 0.4 ± 0.14 | 1.2 ± 0.39 | 1.1 ± 0.11 | 0.7 ± 0.12 | 0.5 ± 0.29 | 1.1 ± 0.07 |
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol | 2468 | 0.3 ± 0.09 | 0.4 ± 0.06 | 0.5 ± 0.01 | 0.2 ± 0.03 | 0.2 ± 0.00 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 0.6 ± 0.16 | 0.5 ± 0.04 | 0.3 ± 0.08 | 0.3 ± 0.22 | 0.6 ± 0.01 |
Total identified (%) | 94.5 ± 0.66 | 97.7 ± 0.08 | 98.1 ± 0.63 | 97.4 ± 0.09 | 99.4 ± 0.08 | 92.9 ± 1.03 | 96.9 ± 0.34 | 97.2 ± 0.25 | 95.8 ± 0.86 | 96.1 ± 1.06 | 97.2 ± 0.23 | |
Monoterpene hydrocarbons | 4.3 ± 0.71 BCD;a | 4.1 ± 1.57 BCD;a | 1.8 ± 0.52 DE;a | 2.0 ± 0.36 DE;a | 4.0 ± 0.60 BCD;a | 1.2 ± 0.15 E;a | 7.5 ± 0.42 A;a | 5.7 ± 2.07 AB;a | 3.7 ± 0.01 BCDE;a | 2.5 ± 0.85 CDE;a | 4.7 ± 0.35 BC;a | |
Oxygenated monoterpenes | 0.5 ± 0.10 DE;a | 0.9 ± 0.34 D;b | 0.3 ± 0.06 E;a | 0.2 ± 0.05 E;a | 0.5 ± 0.07 DE;a | 0.9 ± 0.15 D;a | 1.8 ± 0.20 BC;a | 2.3 ± 0.30 A;a | 1.4 ± 0.12 C;a | 0.6 ± 0.06 DE;a | 2.0 ± 0.10 AB;a | |
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons | 35.5 ± 2.88 A;a | 35.6 ± 2.00 A;a | 29.6 ± 6.37 AB;a | 35.8 ± 3.03 A;a | 21.3 ± 0.88 B,a | 29.7 ± 3.84 AB;a | 28.5 ± 1.67 AB;a | 31.8 ± 3.45 AB;a | 34.5 ± 2.15 A;a | 36.9 ± 8.42 A;a | 29.6 ± 1.31 AB;a | |
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes | 28.2 ± 2.24 CD;b | 33.1 ± 4.36 BC;b | 33.2 ± 7.07 BC;a | 35.6 ± 1.25 BC;a | 50.3 ± 0.95 A;b | 40.3 ± 4.64 B;a | 18.6 ± 2.13 E;b | 22.9 ± 1.59 DE;b | 30.9 ± 0.22 CD;b | 32.3 ± 2.09 BC;b | 22.9 ± 0.47 DE;b | |
Diterpene hydrocarbons | 0.4 ± 0.11 BC;a | 0.1 ± 0.06 D;a | 0.9 ± 0.14 A;a | 0.5 ± 0.08 B;a | - D | 0.1 ± 0.02 CD;a | 1.0 ± 0.19 A;a | 0.8 ± 0.12 A;a | 0.1 ± 0.01 CD;a | - D | 0.9 ± 0.00A;a | |
Oxygenated diterpenes | 0.5 ± 0.14 CD;b | 0.4 ± 0.18 D;b | 0.8 ± 0.27 BCD;b | 0.4 ± 0.05 D;b | 3.2 ± 0.11 A;a | 2.7 ± 0.04 A;b | 0.9 ± 0.06 BC;a | 0.7 ± 0.19 BCD;b | 1.0 ± 0.07 B;b | 0.8 ± 0.23 BCD;a | 0.9 ± 0.11 BC;a | |
Phenylpropanoids | 0.2 ± 0.06 AB;a | 0.1 ± 0.07 CD;a | - D | 0.1 ± 0.03 BC;a | 0.3 ± 0.01 A;a | - D | - D | - D | - D | 0.2 ± 0.07 AB;a | - D | |
Cannabinoids | 24.2 ± 6.57 BCDE;a | 22.8 ± 0.94 BCDE;a | 29.1 ± 1.61 ABCD;b | 21.8 ± 4.21 CDE;a | 17.4 ± 0.47 DE;a | 15.0 ± 1.45 E;b | 37.7 ± 5.23 A;a | 31.3 ± 2.45 ABC;a | 23.3 ± 2.80 BCDE;a | 22.1 ± 10.63 CDE;a | 35.5 ± 0.91 AB;a | |
Apocarotenoids | 0.6 ± 0.11 C;b | 0.6 ± 0.15 C;b | 2.4 ± 0.38 A;a | 1.0 ± 0.21 C;b | 2.5 ± 0.13 A;a | 2.5 ± 0.06 A;b | 0.8 ± 0.14 C;b | 1.5 ± 0.05 B;b | 0.7 ± 0.03 C;b | 0.8 ± 0.14 C;a | 0.7 ± 0.01 C;b | |
Other non-terpene derivatives | 0.1 ± 0.07 B;a | - B | 0.1 ± 0.07 B;a | - B | 0.1 ± 0.08 B;a | 0.4 ± 0.10 A;a | 0.1 ± 0.10 B;a | 0.2 ± 0.11 B;a | 0.1 ± 0.12 B;a | - B | 0.1 ± 0.05 B;a | |
Extraction yield (% w/w) | 0.12 ± 0.01 CD;a | 0.23 ± 0.02 A;a | 0.12 ± 0.00 CD;a | 0.17 ± 0.01 ABC;a | 0.03 ± 0.00 E | 0.05 ± 0.01 DE;a | 0.13 ± 0.00 DE;a | 0.20 ± 0.02 AB;a | 0.20 ± 0.00 AB | 0.14 ± 0.04 BC;a | 0.16 ± 0.01 ABC;a |
Genotype (G) | Year (Y) | Genotype × Year (G × Y) | |
---|---|---|---|
SIMPER-selected compounds (≥1% dissimilarity contribution) | |||
cannabidiol | *** | n.s. | *** |
β-caryophyllene | *** | *** | ** |
14-hydroxy-9-epi-(E)-caryophyllene | *** | *** | *** |
caryophyllene oxide | *** | ** | *** |
caryophylla-4(14),8(15)-dien-5-ol (unidentified isomer 1) | *** | *** | *** |
α-humulene | *** | *** | *** |
caryophylla-4(14),8(15)-dien-5-ol (unidentified isomer 2) | *** | *** | *** |
humulene oxide II | *** | ** | *** |
selina-3,7(11)-diene | *** | *** | *** |
α-bisabolol | *** | *** | *** |
phytol | *** | *** | *** |
α-pinene | *** | *** | ** |
selin-6-en-4-ol | *** | *** | ** |
myrcene | *** | *** | *** |
hexahydrofarnesylacetone | *** | *** | *** |
β-selinene | *** | *** | *** |
All detected chemical classes | |||
Monoterpene hydrocarbons | *** | *** | *** |
Oxygenated monoterpenes | *** | *** | *** |
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons | *** | *** | *** |
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes | *** | *** | *** |
Diterpene hydrocarbons | *** | *** | *** |
Oxygenated diterpenes | *** | *** | *** |
Phenylpropanoids | *** | ** | ** |
Cannabinoids | *** | n.s. | *** |
Apocarotenoids | *** | *** | *** |
Other non-terpene derivatives | *** | ** | ** |
Extraction yield (% w/w) | |||
EO hydrodistillation yield (% w/w) | *** | *** | *** |
Month | First Season (2019) | Second Season (2020) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min Temp | Max Temp. | Av. Temp. | Rainfall (mm) | RH (%) | Min Temp | Max Temp. | Av. Temp. | Rainfall | RH | |
January | −1.1 | 6.3 | 2.6 | 16.6 | 81.1 | 0.0 | 8.0 | 3.5 | 2.0 | 87.6 |
February | 0.9 | 12.2 | 6.6 | 26.6 | 76.3 | 2.3 | 13.2 | 7.3 | 2.8 | 73.0 |
March | 3.3 | 17.0 | 9.9 | 6.4 | 66.7 | 4.4 | 14.2 | 9.2 | 30.4 | 70.1 |
April | 11.7 | 12.1 | 16.9 | 86.4 | 73.7 | 7.1 | 21.1 | 14.0 | 9.6 | 59.4 |
May | 11.3 | 20.0 | 15.1 | 151.2 | 78.9 | 12.7 | 24.6 | 18.5 | 13.0 | 67.5 |
June | 18.8 | 31.7 | 25.3 | 5.6 | 65.5 | 16.1 | 27.7 | 21.6 | 77.4 | 69.5 |
July | 19.7 | 31.7 | 25.3 | 66 | 69.0 | 18.3 | 30.3 | 24.1 | 76.8 | 69.6 |
August | 19.9 | 30.7 | 24.8 | 46.6 | 73.4 | 19.0 | 30.7 | 24.4 | 91.8 | 73.0 |
September | 15.1 | 25.7 | 19.8 | 71.8 | 73.7 | 14.9 | 26.6 | 20.3 | 19.6 | 70.7 |
October | 11.9 | 20.8 | 15.8 | 29.4 | 82.7 | 8.9 | 18.4 | 13.1 | 70.4 | 80.6 |
November | 7.6 | 13.5 | 10.4 | 172.6 | 89.2 | 7.8 | 12.5 | 8.4 | 11.0 | 78.1 |
December | 2.2 | 9.0 | 5.4 | 82 | 87.6 | 3.4 | 8.0 | 5.6 | 73.0 | 92.0 |
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Pieracci, Y.; Ascrizzi, R.; Terreni, V.; Pistelli, L.; Flamini, G.; Bassolino, L.; Fulvio, F.; Montanari, M.; Paris, R. Essential Oil of Cannabis sativa L: Comparison of Yield and Chemical Composition of 11 Hemp Genotypes. Molecules 2021, 26, 4080. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134080
Pieracci Y, Ascrizzi R, Terreni V, Pistelli L, Flamini G, Bassolino L, Fulvio F, Montanari M, Paris R. Essential Oil of Cannabis sativa L: Comparison of Yield and Chemical Composition of 11 Hemp Genotypes. Molecules. 2021; 26(13):4080. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134080
Chicago/Turabian StylePieracci, Ylenia, Roberta Ascrizzi, Valentina Terreni, Luisa Pistelli, Guido Flamini, Laura Bassolino, Flavia Fulvio, Massimo Montanari, and Roberta Paris. 2021. "Essential Oil of Cannabis sativa L: Comparison of Yield and Chemical Composition of 11 Hemp Genotypes" Molecules 26, no. 13: 4080. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134080
APA StylePieracci, Y., Ascrizzi, R., Terreni, V., Pistelli, L., Flamini, G., Bassolino, L., Fulvio, F., Montanari, M., & Paris, R. (2021). Essential Oil of Cannabis sativa L: Comparison of Yield and Chemical Composition of 11 Hemp Genotypes. Molecules, 26(13), 4080. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134080