Astragalin Inhibits Cigarette Smoke-Induced Pulmonary Thrombosis and Alveolar Inflammation and Disrupts PAR Activation and Oxidative Stress-Responsive MAPK-Signaling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Inhibitory Effects of Astragalin on PAR Induction in Cigarette Smoke-Exposed Mice
2.2. Modulation of Plasminogen Activation by Astragalin in Cigarette Smoke-Exposed Mice
2.3. Blockade of Cigarette Smoke-Induced Lung Thrombosis in Mice by Astragalin
2.4. Inhibition of Cigarette Smoke-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation by Astragalin
2.5. Suppressive Effects of Astragalin on Thrombin-Induced Alveolar Inflammation
2.6. Inhibition of MAPK Signaling in Thrombin-Exposed Alveoli by Astragalin
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals
4.2. Animal Experiments
4.3. Western Blot Analysis
4.4. Immunohistochemical Staining
4.5. Staining with H&E
4.6. PTAH Staining
4.7. A549 Cell Culture
4.8. DHE Staining for ROS Production
4.9. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
COPD | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
COX-2 | cyclooxygenase-2 |
ICAM-1 | intracellular adhesion molecule-1 |
iNOS | inducible nitric oxide synthase |
MAPK | mitogen-activated protein kinase |
PAR | protease-activated receptors |
PAI-1 | plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
TF | tissue factor |
tPA | tissue plasminogen activator |
uPA | urokinase plasminogen activator |
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Kim, Y.-H.; Kang, M.-K.; Lee, E.-J.; Kim, D.Y.; Oh, H.; Kim, S.-I.; Oh, S.Y.; Na, W.; Shim, J.-H.; Kang, I.-J.; et al. Astragalin Inhibits Cigarette Smoke-Induced Pulmonary Thrombosis and Alveolar Inflammation and Disrupts PAR Activation and Oxidative Stress-Responsive MAPK-Signaling. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 3692. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073692
Kim Y-H, Kang M-K, Lee E-J, Kim DY, Oh H, Kim S-I, Oh SY, Na W, Shim J-H, Kang I-J, et al. Astragalin Inhibits Cigarette Smoke-Induced Pulmonary Thrombosis and Alveolar Inflammation and Disrupts PAR Activation and Oxidative Stress-Responsive MAPK-Signaling. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(7):3692. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073692
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Yun-Ho, Min-Kyung Kang, Eun-Jung Lee, Dong Yeon Kim, Hyeongjoo Oh, Soo-Il Kim, Su Yeon Oh, Woojin Na, Jae-Hoon Shim, Il-Jun Kang, and et al. 2021. "Astragalin Inhibits Cigarette Smoke-Induced Pulmonary Thrombosis and Alveolar Inflammation and Disrupts PAR Activation and Oxidative Stress-Responsive MAPK-Signaling" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 7: 3692. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073692
APA StyleKim, Y.-H., Kang, M.-K., Lee, E.-J., Kim, D. Y., Oh, H., Kim, S.-I., Oh, S. Y., Na, W., Shim, J.-H., Kang, I.-J., & Kang, Y.-H. (2021). Astragalin Inhibits Cigarette Smoke-Induced Pulmonary Thrombosis and Alveolar Inflammation and Disrupts PAR Activation and Oxidative Stress-Responsive MAPK-Signaling. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(7), 3692. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073692