Energy Management and Efficiency in Electric Motors, Drives, Power Converters and Related Systems, 2nd Edition

Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are inviting submissions to a Topic on the subject of “Energy Management and Efficiency in Electric Motors, Drives, Power Converters and Related Systems”, which is a continuation of a successful previous Topic. Today, there is growing attention on increasing the use of renewable energy to guarantee sustainable growth all over the world. In the short term, however, even more interesting results can be obtained by increasing energy efficiency. As an example, the European Union has set itself a 20% energy savings target by 2020, which is roughly equivalent to turning off a few hundred power stations. Today, 20% of all final energy consumption in the EU is in the form of electrical energy, but this is predicted to grow significantly over the next few decades. Given this scenario but also considering that electric motors in industrial applications consume 35%–40% of the generated electrical energy worldwide, power electronics is a key enabling technology allowing the efficient generation, use, and distribution of electrical energy and the implementation of energy-saving applications at reasonable costs, also leading to the huge diffusion of electrical motor drives.

I am pleased to invite you to contribute to this Topic. Papers are solicited which cover aspects of energy efficiency, including the following topics and any other relevant topics that may not be directly specified.

• Energy management in transport vehicles;
• High-efficiency electric machines and electrical drives;
• High-efficiency power converters: topologies, modulation, and control;
• Wide-bandgap power electronic devices and applications;
• Renewable energy systems;
• Grids, smart grids, and utility applications;
• Electrical energy storage systems;
• Energy conversion systems for information technology;
• Energy efficiency for residential, commercial, and industrial applications;
• Wireless power transfer;
• Systems for electrical propulsion and transportation electrification;
• Electric and hybrid vehicles;
• Highly efficient components for energy conversion.

Prof. Dr. Mario Marchesoni
Prof. Dr. Alfonso Damiano
Topic Editors

Keywords

Participating Journals

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Applied Sciences applsci	2.5	5.5	2011	19.8 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
Designs designs	-	4.8	2017	18.3 Days	CHF 1600	Submit
Electronics electronics	2.6	6.1	2012	16.8 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
Energies energies	3.2	7.3	2008	16.2 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Processes processes	2.8	5.5	2013	16 Days	CHF 2400	Submit

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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25 pages, 8861 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Best Practice in PCB Design with Experimental Validation of a 50 A-120 V Converter for Low-Voltage Propulsion and Energy Applications

by Matteo Villa, Simone Cosso, Alessandro Benevieri, Luis Vaccaro, Massimiliano Passalacqua, Simon Kissling, Mauro Carpita and Mario Marchesoni

Electronics 2025, 14(21), 4195; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14214195 - 27 Oct 2025

Viewed by 445

Abstract

Low-voltage power converters in the 25–200 V range are increasingly employed in emerging applications such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), photovoltaic systems with battery storage, and electric propulsion systems for recreational boats. In these contexts, 48 V battery systems have become standard, due [...] Read more.

Low-voltage power converters in the 25–200 V range are increasingly employed in emerging applications such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), photovoltaic systems with battery storage, and electric propulsion systems for recreational boats. In these contexts, 48 V battery systems have become standard, due to safety considerations. Among various converter topologies, H-bridge configurations operating around 100 V DC are widely used in laboratory-scale prototyping. While MOSFETs are the preferred switching devices in this voltage range, due to their high efficiency and fast switching characteristics, they also introduce design challenges related to high current slew rates and associated overvoltage spikes caused by parasitic inductances in the PCB layout. These overvoltages, though modest in absolute terms, can be critical in low-voltage systems, due to the lower device ratings. This paper presents design strategies and layout best practice for a 120 V, 50 A H-bridge converter using 200 V rated MOSFETs. The effectiveness of various mitigation techniques—including the use of ceramic capacitors in parallel with film and electrolytic types, Schottky diodes across MOSFETs, and snubber circuits—is evaluated and experimentally validated on a dedicated prototype. The results highlight the critical role of PCB design in ensuring switching reliability and device protection in low-voltage converter systems. In addition, with the design solutions shown in this study, it was possible to obtain a voltage overshoot during switching of just 165 V with a 120 V DC-link voltage, which guarantees a sufficient safety margin for the MOSFET rated voltage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Energy Management and Efficiency in Electric Motors, Drives, Power Converters and Related Systems, 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 3339 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Sensorless Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor in Low-Speed Range Based on Improved ESO Phase-Locked Loop

by Minghao Lv, Bo Wang, Xia Zhang and Pengwei Li

Processes 2025, 13(10), 3366; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13103366 - 21 Oct 2025

Viewed by 604

Abstract

Aiming at the speed chattering problem caused by high-frequency square wave injection in permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) during low-speed operation (200–500 r/min), this study intends to improve the rotor position estimation accuracy of sensorless control systems as well as the system’s ability [...] Read more.

Aiming at the speed chattering problem caused by high-frequency square wave injection in permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) during low-speed operation (200–500 r/min), this study intends to improve the rotor position estimation accuracy of sensorless control systems as well as the system’s ability to resist harmonic interference and sudden load changes. The goal is to enhance the control performance of traditional control schemes in this scenario and meet the requirement of stable low-speed operation of the motor. First, the study analyzes the harmonic error propagation mechanism of high-frequency square wave injection and finds that the traditional PI phase-locked loop (PI-PLL) is susceptible to high-order harmonic interference during demodulation, which in turn leads to position estimation errors and periodic speed fluctuations. Therefore, the extended state observer phase-locked loop (ESO-PLL) is adopted to replace the traditional PI-PLL. A third-order extended state observer (ESO) is used to uniformly regard the system’s unmodeled dynamics, external load disturbances, and harmonic interference as “total disturbances”, realizing real-time estimation and compensation of disturbances, and quickly suppressing the impacts of harmonic errors and sudden load changes. Meanwhile, a dynamic pole placement strategy for the speed loop is designed to adaptively adjust the controller’s damping ratio and bandwidth parameters according to the motor’s operating states (loaded/unloaded, steady-state/transient): large poles are used in the start-up phase to accelerate response, small poles are switched in the steady-state phase to reduce errors, and a smooth attenuation function is used in the transition phase to achieve stable parameter transition, balancing the system’s dynamic response and steady-state accuracy. In addition, high-frequency square wave voltage signals are injected into the dq axes of the rotating coordinate system, and effective rotor position information is extracted by combining signal demodulation with ESO-PLL to realize decoupling of high-frequency response currents. Verification through MATLAB/Simulink simulation experiments shows that the improved strategy exhibits significant advantages in the low-speed range of 200–300 r/min: in the scenario where the speed transitions from 200 r/min to 300 r/min with sudden load changes, the position estimation curve of ESO-PLL basically overlaps with the actual curve, while the PI-PLL shows obvious deviations; in the start-up and speed switching phases, dynamic pole placement enables the motor to respond quickly without overshoot and no obvious speed fluctuations, whereas the traditional fixed-pole PI control has problems of response lag or overshoot. In conclusion, the “ESO-PLL + dynamic pole placement” cooperative control strategy proposed in this study effectively solves the problems of harmonic interference and load disturbance caused by high-frequency square wave injection in the low-speed range and significantly improves the accuracy and robustness of PMSM sensorless control. This strategy requires no additional hardware cost and achieves performance improvement only through algorithm optimization. It can be directly applied to PMSM control systems that require stable low-speed operation, providing a reliable solution for the promotion of sensorless control technology in low-speed precision fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Energy Management and Efficiency in Electric Motors, Drives, Power Converters and Related Systems, 2nd Edition)

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38 pages, 431 KB  

Open AccessSystematic Review

Electronic Systems in Competitive Motorcycles: A Systematic Review Following PRISMA Guidelines

by Andrei García Cuadra, Alberto Brunete González and Francisco Santos Olalla

Electronics 2025, 14(19), 3926; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14193926 - 2 Oct 2025

Viewed by 1524

Abstract

Objectives: To systematically review and analyze electronic systems in competitive motorcycles (2020–2025), examining their technical specifications, performance impacts, and technological evolution across MotoGP, World Superbike (WSBK), MotoE, British Superbike (BSB), and Spanish Championship (ESBK) categories. Eligibility criteria: Included studies reporting technical specifications or [...] Read more.

Objectives: To systematically review and analyze electronic systems in competitive motorcycles (2020–2025), examining their technical specifications, performance impacts, and technological evolution across MotoGP, World Superbike (WSBK), MotoE, British Superbike (BSB), and Spanish Championship (ESBK) categories. Eligibility criteria: Included studies reporting technical specifications or performance data of electronic systems in professional motorcycle racing, published between January 2020 and December 2025 in English, Spanish, Italian, or Japanese. Excluded: opinion pieces, amateur racing, and studies without quantitative data. Information sources: IEEE Xplore, SAE Technical Papers, Web of Science, Scopus, and specialized motorsport databases were searched through 15 December 2025. Risk of bias: Modified Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for experimental studies and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for observational studies. Synthesis of results: Synthesis of results: Random-effects meta-analysis using DerSimonian-Laird method for homogeneous outcomes; narrative synthesis for heterogeneous data. Included studies: 87 studies met inclusion criteria (52 experimental, 38 simulation, 23 technical descriptions, 14 comparative analyses). Electronic systems were categorized into six domains: Engine Control Units (ECU, 28 studies, 22%), Vehicle Dynamics (23 studies, 18%), Traction Control (19 studies, 15%), Data Acquisition (21 studies, 17%), Braking Systems (18 studies, 14%), and Emerging Technologies (18 studies, 14%). Note that studies could address multiple domains. Limitations of evidence: Proprietary restrictions limited access to 31% of technical details; 43% lacked cross-category comparisons. Interpretation: Electronic systems are primary performance differentiators, with computational power following Moore’s Law. Future developments point toward distributed architectures and 5G telemetry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Energy Management and Efficiency in Electric Motors, Drives, Power Converters and Related Systems, 2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 3632 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Design and Analysis of Torque Ripple Reduction in Low-Pole Axial Flux Motor

by Si-Woo Song and Won-Ho Kim

Processes 2025, 13(9), 2913; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092913 - 12 Sep 2025

Viewed by 593

Abstract

With the growing demand for high-efficiency and high-performance electric motors in applications such as electric vehicles, drones, and industrial drive systems, Axial Flux Motors (AFMs) have gained significant attention due to their high torque density and compact structure. However, low-pole AFMs are prone [...] Read more.

With the growing demand for high-efficiency and high-performance electric motors in applications such as electric vehicles, drones, and industrial drive systems, Axial Flux Motors (AFMs) have gained significant attention due to their high torque density and compact structure. However, low-pole AFMs are prone to performance degradation and noise issues caused by magnetic saturation in the rotor back yoke and increased torque ripple. In this study, a conventional 6-pole, 9-slot Radial Flux Motor (RFM) was redesigned as an AFM within the same external volume. To minimize losses, the stator inner diameter and slot thickness were co-optimized. In addition, tapering techniques were applied to both the stator and magnets to reduce torque ripple, and a parametric analysis of magnet tapering was conducted to identify optimal design conditions. A rolling core fabrication method was adopted to ensure both electromagnetic performance and manufacturability. The final AFM design demonstrated a 1.4 percentage point improvement in efficiency. Additionally, torque ripple was reduced by 69.44%, thereby validating the effectiveness of the AFM redesign and ripple reduction strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Energy Management and Efficiency in Electric Motors, Drives, Power Converters and Related Systems, 2nd Edition)

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