Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions

Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the last few decades, there has been growing concern about worldwide, human-induced ecological degradation. Throughout our history and prehistory, landscape change and socioeconomic dynamics have been the main components of human–nature interactions. An essential endeavor of human societies is the creation of productive, residential, or leisure spaces. Land use and land cover dynamics are significant drivers of global change. One of the best elements available is to assess this are human–nature interactions in monitoring environmental sustainability.

Current landscapes constitute complex social–ecological systems shaped by a wide range of human–nature interactions. The speed, scale, complexity, and strength of such interactions have profound implications for social–ecological system diversity and sustainability. The decision-making and landscape planning in each historical period, political regime, or socioeconomic context define the different land covers and land uses and prioritize the demand of specific ecosystem services over others and the sustainability of their use. In landscape planning and management, there is often neither absolute right nor wrong. However, landscape transformations can have very long-lasting effects on human societies and ecosystems across time and space.

Analysis of the long- and short-term dynamics of forest transitions (deforestation or afforestation), agrarian transitions (abandonment or intensification) or urbanization can yield information about pre-impact states, success or failure of decision-making experiences, stability, resilience, or sustainable change dynamics across social–ecological systems. Thus, the monitoring of these transformations is essential to produce new knowledge on human–nature interactions that can guide more sustainable landscape management in the future.

This Special Issue aims to present an up-to-date overview of environmental sustainability and diversity in human–nature interactions from a broad and interdisciplinary perspective by bringing together conceptual, epistemological, methodological, and mainly case-based studies or applied perspectives. Potential topics include, but are not limited to:

• Definition, characterization, or mapping of social–ecological systems, geosystems, or environmental management units.
• Novel approaches to identify the main drivers of landscape change for environmental sustainability in landscape planning throughout history.
• Innovative concepts, methods, or technologies to analyze and model land cover/land use change, human–nature interaction, or social–ecological system dynamics.
• Disentangling concepts, synergies, and trade-offs between the concepts of social–ecological systems, geosystems, and environmental management units.
• New technologies, methodologies, or tools to support land cover/land use decisions in sustainable landscape planning.

Prof. Dr. Raúl Romero-Calcerrada
Prof. Dr. Javier Cabello
Dr. Manuel Pacheco-Romero
Dr. Koldo Trapaga Monchet
Topic Editors

Keywords

Participating Journals

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Diversity diversity	2.1	3.4	2009	15.4 Days	CHF 2600
Sustainability sustainability	3.3	6.8	2009	20 Days	CHF 2400
Urban Science urbansci	2.1	4.3	2017	24.7 Days	CHF 1600

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Published Papers (37 papers)

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19 pages, 2454 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

GIS-Based Spatial Correlation Analysis: Sustainable Development and Two Generations of Demographic Changes

by Nur Faziera Yaakub, Tarmiji Masron, Azizan Marzuki and Ryoji Soda

Sustainability 2022, 14(3), 1490; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031490 - 27 Jan 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4093

Abstract

Population growth is a global issue that contributes to the changes in the distribution and concentration of population. Population growth affects the sustainable development of an area from both a social and spatial point of view. To relate the global problem to a [...] Read more.

Population growth is a global issue that contributes to the changes in the distribution and concentration of population. Population growth affects the sustainable development of an area from both a social and spatial point of view. To relate the global problem to a local issue, this research investigates one of the Malaysian government policies addressed as the New Economic Policy (NEP) because the policy may be linked to long-term spatial demographic changes in Peninsular Malaysia, particularly in the distribution of people. Back in 1970, the policy was implemented after an unwanted incident on 13 May 1969. Its goals were to eradicate poverty regardless of race and to restructure society by eliminating the identification of race with economic functions. To measure the successfulness of the policy, two indicators that were derived from the goals are the long-term spatial changes of both racial and occupational segregation. The magnitude for both segregations was calculated using the Entropy Index (H). The values were then carried forward to evaluate the relationship between these two variables. The final analysis was conducted using the Local Bivariate Relationships application of a Geographic Information System (GIS) tool. The outputs then reflect the two sustainable goals that are, (i) reduced inequalities, and (ii) sustainable cities and communities in Peninsular Malaysia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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14 pages, 3549 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Discovering the Legacy of Hispanic/Spanish and South American Landscapes through Geohistorical Sources: The Geographical and Topographical Relations of Philip II

by Alejandro Vallina-Rodríguez, Ángel I. Aguilar-Cuesta, Laura García-Juan, Miguel B. Bernabé-Crespo, Miguel A. Bringas-Gutiérrez and Concepción Camarero-Bullón

Sustainability 2022, 14(3), 1306; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031306 - 24 Jan 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2459

Abstract

Landscapes have history and memory, which are eloquent generators of testimonies and traces on the processes of the landscape that take place today, and that will take place in the future. In recent years, numerous methods of analysing land and landscape patterns have [...] Read more.

Landscapes have history and memory, which are eloquent generators of testimonies and traces on the processes of the landscape that take place today, and that will take place in the future. In recent years, numerous methods of analysing land and landscape patterns have been developed and evaluated, based on the multiplicity of these type of geographic and historical data sources, which have developed the concept of the geohistorical source. The goal of these sources of information allows us to historically reconstruct landscapes. With this in mind, the basic objective of the present research is to approach a geohistorical source with a wide spatial spectrum in Europe and America: the geographical and topographical relations of Philip II. This source has been chosen for the quality, quantity, variety and systematization of the data it provides on the territory and landscape of the crown of Castile. In addition, it ended up being the model of how to obtain organized and homogeneous knowledge of a large spatial area, considering the geographical, anthropological and historical data of the different territories. This geohistorical source is reliable, because the local authorities, both secular and ecclesiastical, are questioned, as they are the ones who inhabit, use, and, at different levels, govern the territory and its people. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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20 pages, 702 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Pre-Emptively Managing Overtourism by Promoting Rural Tourism in Low-Density Areas: Lessons from Madeira

by Piotr Majdak and Antonio Manuel Martins de Almeida

Sustainability 2022, 14(2), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020757 - 11 Jan 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3622

Abstract

Overtourism refers not only to situations in which carrying capacity levels have been exceeded, but also to those in which tourists and residents share negative feelings of discomfort and other emotions, loss of quality of life and unpleasant experiences in their activities of [...] Read more.

Overtourism refers not only to situations in which carrying capacity levels have been exceeded, but also to those in which tourists and residents share negative feelings of discomfort and other emotions, loss of quality of life and unpleasant experiences in their activities of daily life. The growing number of places struggling with the problem of overtourism suggests that brand new approaches are required to minimize the effects of excessive tourism. However, the impacts of overtourism are place-specific and a one-size-fits-all approach is inappropriate. Many destinations still have a considerable margin to manoeuvre but are nonetheless heading towards increasingly unsustainable levels of tourists per square kilometer. Such regions have time to take some pre-emptive measures based on principles of sustainable development using greener and energy-saving technologies. Over the past few decades, degrowth has arisen as an unorthodox approach based on principles of fairness and social and environmental justice. In certain areas, such as island economies, the economic dynamics remain largely dependent on the tourism sector, which forces the local actors to think and act differently. In this study, we analyze the strategies employed by Madeira to counter the negative effects of oversaturation in a pre-emptive way. The findings of this case study, based on the data at the county level, are enhanced by a panel data analysis of a number of relevant explanatory variables explaining the dispersion of tourists to the rural hinterland. The results suggest that the development of the rural hinterland has proven capable of exerting a progressively positive influence well beyond the borders of the rural hinterland by accommodating a growing share of the increasing numbers of tourists welcomed in the region in the 2002–2019 period, at the expense of the main capital city. This study confirms the importance and potential of the development of the rural hinterland to tackle overtourism in the main tourism areas. In terms of recommendations, it is suggested that local operators and policy-makers must develop efforts to research new ways to adopt energy-saving projects and develop tourisms products that incorporate eco-friendly behaviors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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17 pages, 2864 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Urban Soundscapes in the Imaginaries of Native Digital Users: Guidelines for Soundscape Design

by Jean-Dominique Polack, Philippe Taupin, Hyun In Jo and Jin Yong Jeon

Sustainability 2022, 14(2), 632; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020632 - 6 Jan 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2398

Abstract

We present an experiment run along the lines of a pilot experiment in China based on collages and narratives to illustrate the participants’ experience with urban sceneries. Its aim was to develop a conceptual model based on narrative analysis that linked objects of [...] Read more.

We present an experiment run along the lines of a pilot experiment in China based on collages and narratives to illustrate the participants’ experience with urban sceneries. Its aim was to develop a conceptual model based on narrative analysis that linked objects of the environment to the perceived properties of the soundscape. Participants in groups of two were free to clip any image they wanted from a selection of magazines—the same for all groups within each country—and free to add comments or drawings on their collages. Then, they had to present their collages to the other participants, and the presentations were recorded and transcribed. The structural semantic model that underlies the descriptions of the collages and narratives is presented. The results of the analysis were comparable with previous studies, since ideal urban environments should be calm, quiet and green, but urban environments should also promote cultural activities and the possibility to escape outside the city. The analysis also allowed for attaining the emotions created by soundscapes. Thus, the semantic model can be used as a conceptual model for a soundscape, from which guidelines for soundscape planning and design can be derived, as well as suggestions for innovative soundscapes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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16 pages, 2019 KiB  

Open AccessReview

The Ecosystem Services and Green Infrastructure: A Systematic Review and the Gap of Economic Valuation

by Merve Ersoy Mirici

Sustainability 2022, 14(1), 517; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010517 - 4 Jan 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5004

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine the trends at the intersection of studies made on green infrastructure and ecosystem services, which have frequently become preferred in establishing urban−green space relationships in global research. Green-related concepts have frequently been used from past to present [...] Read more.

This study was conducted to determine the trends at the intersection of studies made on green infrastructure and ecosystem services, which have frequently become preferred in establishing urban−green space relationships in global research. Green-related concepts have frequently been used from past to present in order to neutralise the increasing pressures on urban dynamics resulting from rapid urbanisation. Green corridor, green belt, green structure, and green finger/hand concepts have been used to provide recreational opportunities, protect nature, and keep urban sprawl under control. For the last decade, however, in addition to the traditional green concepts, green infrastructure (GI) and ecosystem services (ES) have been preferred in contemporary urban planning, as they enable the integration of the ecological concerns of the landscape and the socio-political perspective. The aim of this study is to detect the trends of the green infrastructure and ecosystem services association, and to reveal these trends in the common area with the bibliometric mapping method. The economic concept and its analysing use at the intersection of green infrastructure and ecosystem services were explored with VOSviewer using the Scopus^® database. Furthermore, the number of documents, which initially began with around 39,719 studies, was reduced by filtering through systematic reviews, to only three documents that met the economic valuation criteria. In this way, a lack of economic analyses, creating a serious research gap within the framework of green infrastructure and ecosystem services, was quantitatively determined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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21 pages, 6548 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Landscape Planning for Conservation: The Case of the Flora and Fauna Protection Area “Sierra de San Miguelito”, San Luis Potosi, Mexico

by Gerardo A. Hernández, Fernando A. Rosete, Lidia Salas, Luis F. Alvarado, Juan Martinez and José F. Sanchez

Diversity 2022, 14(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14010025 - 31 Dec 2021

Viewed by 2560

Abstract

A supporting study was developed to identify the priority elements for conservation in the region called “Sierra de San Miguelito” (SSM), in the San Luis Potosi State (SLP), Mexico, with the purpose of establishing a federal protected natural area (PNA). The methodological approach [...] Read more.

A supporting study was developed to identify the priority elements for conservation in the region called “Sierra de San Miguelito” (SSM), in the San Luis Potosi State (SLP), Mexico, with the purpose of establishing a federal protected natural area (PNA). The methodological approach used was the integral-spatial analysis applied in territorial planning processes. The study showed that the forests, xerophilous scrubland, and natural grasslands of the SSM present a high biodiversity, an abundance of endemism (27% of species are endemic to the country, n = 285), and protected species (5% of reported species). In addition, 32.74% of vertebrates and 18.32% of flora reported for SLP status is present in SSM, with an area that represents only 1.79% of the state territory. As a result of the study, an area of 109,638.95 ha was proposed to be declared a federally PNA. The area provides environmental services that favor the San Luis Potosí city (SLPc) and the surrounding population; therefore, its conservation will promote the preservation of natural, cultural, and landscape heritage, being a transversal axis for sustainable development in its area of influence. The result was the basis for starting the negotiation process, developed in 2021, for the creation of the PNA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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23 pages, 5332 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Examination of Local Plan Changes from a Value Capture Perspective: Istanbul Case

by Numan Kılınc and Sevkiye Sence Turk

Sustainability 2022, 14(1), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010329 - 29 Dec 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1924

Abstract

Local governments have an increasing tendency to capture the value increase occurring as a result of partial interventions into local plans. The basic acceptance behind this is that value definitely will increase as a result of partial interventions. However, all partial interventions always [...] Read more.

Local governments have an increasing tendency to capture the value increase occurring as a result of partial interventions into local plans. The basic acceptance behind this is that value definitely will increase as a result of partial interventions. However, all partial interventions always cannot lead to an increase in value. There can be also partial interventions in which the value does not change or even decreases. The aim of this study is to identify the value capture capacity of local plan changes as partial interventions, and to discuss this capacity in terms of the balance between betterment and compensation. Istanbul, which is one of the cities where the effects of neo-liberal policies are most intense and where local plan changes are common, was chosen as the study area. In the first stage of the study, the spatial distributions of 17,369 plan changes approved by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Council between 2009–2018 were examined. In the second stage, the value capture capacities of the plan changes grouped by subject, were determined by interviewing 46 people working in different areas of the planning discipline. The findings of the study demonstrate that although the plan changes are spread throughout the metropolitan area, they are concentrated in the central and secondary central districts where the accessibility value is high. The interviewees emphasized that the plan changes made as a result of private-sector demand and the plan change for the improvement of the infrastructure increase the value of the land and that the plan changes within this scope have value capture capacities. On the other hand, according to the findings of the study, some plan changes reduce the value of the land because of restricting the property rights on the land. Plan changes in this group are needed to be compensated fairly and equitably. Thus, the balance between betterment and compensation would be achieved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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13 pages, 21062 KiB  

Open AccessCase Report

Lessons from New York High Line Green Roof: Conserving Biodiversity and Reconnecting with Nature

by Kawar Salih, Zaid O. Saeed and Avar Almukhtar

Urban Sci. 2022, 6(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci6010002 - 28 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 8791

Abstract

The concept of sustainable urban design has appeared in different perspectives to minimize and reduce the negative impacts of urban expansion in terms of climatic and environmental drawbacks. One of the undeniable approaches of sustainable urban design is the adoption of green urban [...] Read more.

The concept of sustainable urban design has appeared in different perspectives to minimize and reduce the negative impacts of urban expansion in terms of climatic and environmental drawbacks. One of the undeniable approaches of sustainable urban design is the adoption of green urban roofs. Green roofs are seen to have a substantial role in addressing and resolving environmental issues in the context of climate change. Research investigations have indicated that green roofs have a remarkable impact on decreasing rainwater runoff, reducing the heat island effect in urban spaces, and increasing biodiversity. Nevertheless, green roofs in urban spaces as a competent alternative to nature remains a standing question. To what extent can green roofs mimic the biodiversity that is seen in nature? Moreover, to what level is this approach practical for achieving a tangible reconnection with nature, or so-called biophilia? This study attempts to discuss the essence and impact of green roofs in urban spaces based on a case study approach. The study reflected lessons from the New York High Line Green Roof regarding biophilia and biodiversity in this case study. It concludes with key lessons that can be transferred to other urban spaces with similar settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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13 pages, 1988 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Arts-Aided Recognition of Citizens’ Perceptions for Urban Open Space Management

by Sari Suomalainen, Helena Kahiluoto, Anne Pässilä, Allan Owens and Clive Holtham

Sustainability 2022, 14(1), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010135 - 23 Dec 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2650

Abstract

Urban open spaces of local natural environments can promote the health and well-being of both ecosystems and humans, and the management of the urban spaces can benefit from knowledge of individuals’/citizens’ perceptions of such environments. However, such knowledge is scarce and contemporary inquiries [...] Read more.

Urban open spaces of local natural environments can promote the health and well-being of both ecosystems and humans, and the management of the urban spaces can benefit from knowledge of individuals’/citizens’ perceptions of such environments. However, such knowledge is scarce and contemporary inquiries are often limited to cognitive observations and focused on built environmental elements rather than encouraged to recognize and communicate comprehensive perceptions. This paper investigates whether arts-based methods can facilitate recognition and understanding perceptions of urban open spaces. Two arts-based methods were used to capture perceptions: drifting, which is a walking method, and theatrical images, which is a still image method and three reflective methods to recognize and communicate the perceptions. The results show related sensations and perceptions enabled by arts-based methods comparing them to a sticker map method. The main findings were perceptions, which included information about human–environment interaction, about relations to other people and about ‘sense of place’ in urban open spaces. The hitherto unidentified perceptions about urban open space were associations, metaphors and memories. The methods used offer initial practical implications for future use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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24 pages, 10626 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

The Determination of Priority Areas for the Construction of Green Roofs with Use of the Urban Area Valorisation Method

by Kamila Pawłowska and Bartosz Jawecki

Sustainability 2021, 13(23), 13227; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313227 - 29 Nov 2021

Viewed by 2041

Abstract

The aim of the research was to valorise the analysed urbanized area in the direction of determining the hierarchy in the order of interventions aimed at increasing the share of biologically active area and natural field retention, the potential impact of green roofs [...] Read more.

The aim of the research was to valorise the analysed urbanized area in the direction of determining the hierarchy in the order of interventions aimed at increasing the share of biologically active area and natural field retention, the potential impact of green roofs on the valorisation of the studied urbanized areas. The research covered the Gajowice estate in Wrocław. The scope of the research included the division of the area into working cells, for which valorisation was carried out using the point method based on the criterion of the degree of covering the land with vegetation and the degree of covering the area with various types of buildings. The valorisation result was determined on the basis of a comparative matrix taking into account the results of the partial assessment of vegetation and building cover. The impact of green infrastructure (green roofs) on valorisation was simulated by proposing their location on buildings with the so-called big plate. The introduction of green roofs on selected buildings improved the valorisation result in some research cells, reducing the number of cells requiring intervention. This raised the valorisation assessment by even two classes, which resulted in a significant reduction in the number of critical areas, with too much hardened surface, and increased the number of areas with a satisfactory level of biologically active surfaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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15 pages, 2684 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Landscape Genetics of the Yellow-Bellied Toad (Bombina variegata) in the Northern Weser Hills of Germany

by Jasmin Kleißen, Niko Balkenhol and Heike Pröhl

Diversity 2021, 13(12), 623; https://doi.org/10.3390/d13120623 - 27 Nov 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2215

Abstract

Anthropogenic influences such as deforestation, increased infrastructure, and general urbanization has led to a continuous loss in biodiversity. Amphibians are especially affected by these landscape changes. This study focuses on the population genetics of the endangered yellow-bellied toad (Bombina variegata) in [...] Read more.

Anthropogenic influences such as deforestation, increased infrastructure, and general urbanization has led to a continuous loss in biodiversity. Amphibians are especially affected by these landscape changes. This study focuses on the population genetics of the endangered yellow-bellied toad (Bombina variegata) in the northern Weser Hills of Germany. Additionally, a landscape genetic analysis was conducted to evaluate the impact of eight different landscape elements on the genetic connectivity of the subpopulations in this area. Multiple individuals from 15 study sites were genotyped using 10 highly polymorphic species-specific microsatellites. Four genetic clusters were detected, with only two of them having considerable genetic exchange. The average genetic differentiation between populations was moderate (global F_ST = 0.1). The analyzed landscape elements showed significant correlations with the migration rates and genetic distances between populations. Overall, anthropogenic structures had the greatest negative impact on gene flow, whereas wetlands, grasslands, and forests imposed minimal barriers in the landscape. The most remarkable finding was the positive impact of the underpasses of the motorway A2. This element seems to be the reason why some study sites on either site of the A2 showed little genetic distance even though their habitat has been separated by a strong dispersal barrier. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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14 pages, 6887 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Wildness and Wild Spaces in Residential Yards: Changing Neighborhood Norms to Support Pollinator Populations

by Andrea K. Burr, Damon M. Hall and Nicole Schaeg

Sustainability 2021, 13(22), 12861; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212861 - 20 Nov 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3013

Abstract

Insect pollinator populations, critical to the global food supply, are declining. Research has found robust bee communities in cities, which are supported by diverse urban habitat and foraging resources. Accounting for 35–50% of urban green space, U.S. private residential yards can serve as [...] Read more.

Insect pollinator populations, critical to the global food supply, are declining. Research has found robust bee communities in cities, which are supported by diverse urban habitat and foraging resources. Accounting for 35–50% of urban green space, U.S. private residential yards can serve as important forage and nesting sources for pollinators. Incorporating wild attributes and wildness, such as native vegetation and less intensive yard-management practices, is key. However, urban vegetation, and its effects on local native bee populations, is shaped by social and cultural preferences, norms, aesthetics, values, and identities. The perfect lawn ideal of a highly manicured turfgrass yard dominates neighborhood landscapes and is often at odds with the habitat needs of pollinators. As part of a three-year study investigating the sociocultural drivers of residential vegetation choices in St. Louis, MO, USA, we interviewed 85 decisionmakers in order to understand choices about private residential yard maintenance. This paper presents an emergent finding concerning how residents conceptualize and talk about the urban-yard aesthetic, using the terms “wild” and “wildness”, which reflect a range of levels in the demand for urban wild spaces in their neighborhoods. The discourse of wildness offers a nontechnical route for understanding the connections between the ecological consequences of urbanization, with human attitudes towards nature that shape the biological functioning of human-generated habitats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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16 pages, 4485 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Cropland Reclamation on Ecological Security in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, China

by Feng Yin, Ting Zhou and Xinli Ke

Sustainability 2021, 13(22), 12735; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212735 - 18 Nov 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2075

Abstract

Ecological security is important both for maintaining the function of an ecosystem and for providing ecosystem services to the human wellbeing. The impact of land use change/cover on ecological security has attracted considerable attention, whereas the role of cropland reclamation remains unclear. The [...] Read more.

Ecological security is important both for maintaining the function of an ecosystem and for providing ecosystem services to the human wellbeing. The impact of land use change/cover on ecological security has attracted considerable attention, whereas the role of cropland reclamation remains unclear. The indirect loss of ecological land that occurs upon the request of cropland requisition-compensation policies offer further changes to ecological security. In order to ascertain the impact of cropland reclamation on ecological security, in this study three scenarios are established, addressing cropland returning to ecological lands without a slope limitation, with a slope <25°, and with a reclaimed cropland slope ≥25°. This study was conducted in the Yangtze River economic belt (YREB) due to its important contribution to ecological security in China. Land uses in different scenarios in 2030 are projected using the land use simulation model LANDSCAPE. Accordingly, ecological security in each scenario was evaluated using the contribution–vigour–organization–resilience framework, comprising the variables carbon storage, water purification, water yield, habitat quality, net primary productivity, mean patch area, Shannon’s diversity index, largest patch index and contagion, as well as the normalized difference vegetation index. The results indicate that about 62% of YREB land is projected to remain stable in terms of ecological security, while about 21% will deteriorate and 17% will improve between 2015–2030. Land where ecological security is projected to improve is concentrated in areas where broad and connected croplands are distributed. The fact that a higher proportion of areas will deteriorate than improve suggests that the negative impact of cropland change on ecological security should not be ignored. Comparing different scenarios, croplands returning to ecological lands pose a particularly significant impact on ecological security, particularly in the upper reaches of the YREB, where steep croplands are concentrated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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29 pages, 1801 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

The ‘Cod-Multiple’: Modes of Existence of Fish, Science and People

by Heike Schwermer, Alexandra M. Blöcker, Christian Möllmann and Martin Döring

Sustainability 2021, 13(21), 12229; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112229 - 5 Nov 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2957

Abstract

Fish represent a politically regulated, scientifically researched, industrially processed, commercially marketed and socially contested living marine resource. Related to this, the incorporation of resource users and stakeholders into fisheries management is particularly important. Such involvement has recently improved in terms of frequency, but [...] Read more.

Fish represent a politically regulated, scientifically researched, industrially processed, commercially marketed and socially contested living marine resource. Related to this, the incorporation of resource users and stakeholders into fisheries management is particularly important. Such involvement has recently improved in terms of frequency, but institutional frameworks often result in a lack of recognition and integration of the diverse ‘knowledges’ of stakeholders involved. Against this background, we aim to uncover the potentials of additional knowledge types for management purposes, paving the way toward a more collaborative management. We first conducted qualitative expert interviews with different stakeholder groups (e.g., commercial fisheries, eNGO and administration) to map various ‘knowledges’ about cod (Gadus morhua), a major resource species in the Western Baltic Sea to reveal the various experiences and epistemologies revolving around it. The second analytical step consisted of examining how these ‘knowledges’ structure, inform and often enter into conflict with perspectives on and assessments of fisheries management. Potentials were identified regarding enhanced stakeholder engagement in management processes that provide food for thought to seek change in sustainable management of fish stocks in the future. Our study is a pointer to the need to transform fisheries management in a more social and participatory way. We argue that sustainable natural resource management cannot be designed solely by integrating more ‘knowledges’ (knowledge sharing) but requires the creation of social contexts and institutions with stakeholder empowerment at the local level (power sharing) to sustainably manage natural resources such as commercially importance fish stocks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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18 pages, 2105 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Varieties Matter When Planning for Poverty Alleviation and Ecological Restoration in Karst Fruit Cultivation Areas

by Zhigang Zou, Fuping Zeng, Kelin Wang, Zhaoxia Zeng and Hao Zhang

Sustainability 2021, 13(21), 12211; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112211 - 5 Nov 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1401

Abstract

Landscapes are increasingly being managed to meet multiple objectives and balance social, economic, and environmental goals. The Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture in the Yunnan faulted Basin represent examples of areas with a range of concerns, including balancing farming with poverty alleviation, [...] Read more.

Landscapes are increasingly being managed to meet multiple objectives and balance social, economic, and environmental goals. The Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture in the Yunnan faulted Basin represent examples of areas with a range of concerns, including balancing farming with poverty alleviation, economic development, and ecological protection. Here, we set out four future land-use scenarios to quantify and map the values of key evidence-based, policy-relevant ecosystem services in three typical counties in this area. We found that implementing existing fruit-growing plans may increase the expected total value of ecosystem services due to increased acreage, but it does not actually increase the total value of ecosystem services per unit area. For example, total ecosystem service provision in Jianshui County decreased by 3% by 2023 under the current trend after the expansion of the planting area was subtracted. However, planting fruit trees with better ecological benefits in areas of greater degradation risk, can increase the delivery of ecosystem services by 10–20%. Thus, variety coordination based on detailed study of the geographical contexts and ecological-economic performance of different types of fruit cultivation can produce ecological-economic improvements beyond simple expansion and better inform county-scale policy, planning, and management interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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12 pages, 1191 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Visitors’ Perception of Landscape Heterogeneity in Urban Green Spaces

by Alice Meyer-GrandBastien, Françoise Burel, Emmanuelle Hellier and Benjamin Bergerot

Urban Sci. 2021, 5(4), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci5040086 - 4 Nov 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2954

Abstract

In the current context of global urbanization, interdisciplinary research is needed to identify planning and management practices in urban green spaces (UGS) that would enhance both biodiversity and visitors’ well-being. The perception of landscape heterogeneity, a core ecological concept, has been demonstrated to [...] Read more.

In the current context of global urbanization, interdisciplinary research is needed to identify planning and management practices in urban green spaces (UGS) that would enhance both biodiversity and visitors’ well-being. The perception of landscape heterogeneity, a core ecological concept, has been demonstrated to have a positive impact on visitors’ psychological restoration. In order to apply these findings within UGS to planning and management practices, we need to characterize visitors’ perception of landscape heterogeneity. We gathered data on 390 visitors’ perception of landscape heterogeneity. Our results highlighted that visitors perceive landscape heterogeneity through the mixing of different heights of three vegetation strata and flower areas. Planning and management practices should enhance this landscape aspect within UGS to simultaneously promote biodiversity and visitors’ psychological well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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19 pages, 1118 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

How Do Nature-Based Solutions Improve Environmental and Socio-Economic Resilience to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals? Reforestation and Afforestation Cases from the Republic of Korea

by Gaeun Kim, Jiwon Kim, Youngjin Ko, Olebogeng Thelma G. Eyman, Sarwat Chowdhury, Julie Adiwal, Wookyun Lee and Yowhan Son

Sustainability 2021, 13(21), 12171; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112171 - 4 Nov 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4528

Abstract

Industrial and technological development have contributed significantly to causing environmental crises, such as climate change and land degradation. To address these environmental challenges, nature-based solutions (NBS) have gained increased attention over conventional technical responses. This study derived conceptual linkages from NBS application to [...] Read more.

Industrial and technological development have contributed significantly to causing environmental crises, such as climate change and land degradation. To address these environmental challenges, nature-based solutions (NBS) have gained increased attention over conventional technical responses. This study derived conceptual linkages from NBS application to resilience promotion, and subsequently, to the achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs). The study was conducted to reveal that NBS activities are an essential approach that determines the balance between human development and nature conservation. In this paper, we compare four case studies, one domestic reforestation project and three international afforestation projects, all of which had forest-related NBS experiences and were conducted by the Republic of Korea. All four projects were found to have an impact on environmental and socio-economic resilience. These impacts were qualitatively assessed through resilience indicator evaluations. Subsequently, the resilience indicators were matched with the targets of the SDGs. NBS initiatives designed to include various natural and social elements promoted the resilience of ecosystems and society and address a broader spectrum of SDGs. Further efforts to establish region-specific promotional models, identify resilience indicators, and collect scientific data are recommended for quantitatively assessing the NBS initiatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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17 pages, 1321 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Destination Brand Experience: A Study Case in Touristic Context of the Peneda-Gerês National Park

by Hugo Martins, Paulo Carvalho and Nuno Almeida

Sustainability 2021, 13(21), 11569; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111569 - 20 Oct 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3175

Abstract

Based on the scientific literature, this paper emphasises the destination brand experience (DBE) (multidimensional construct and second-order factor) in order to analyse the implications it plays regarding visitors’ satisfaction, their intentions to revisit and their intentions to recommend it. In terms of methodology, [...] Read more.

Based on the scientific literature, this paper emphasises the destination brand experience (DBE) (multidimensional construct and second-order factor) in order to analyse the implications it plays regarding visitors’ satisfaction, their intentions to revisit and their intentions to recommend it. In terms of methodology, a confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the model and the research hypotheses. The sample was composed of 507 tourists who visited the Peneda-Gerês National Park in Northern Portugal. Results showed an acceptable fit. The items of each construct were very strong. Positive significant results were found for all the considered hypotheses, particularly regarding the association of sensory DBE and behavioural DBE (subdimensions of the DBE scale) with satisfaction. The sensory DBE and affective DBE subdimensions of the DBE scale were meaningfully associated with visitors’ intentions to recommend. Satisfaction was a strong mediator for sensory DBE impact on their intention to revisit and to recommend, and a less strong effect was found for satisfaction as a mediator for behavioural DBE impact on intentions to revisit and to recommend. The theoretical contribution of this study aimed to deepen the analysis of the DBE construct in its multidimensional aspect and its relationship with other constructs. The results are discussed in relation to their theoretical and practical relevance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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14 pages, 3246 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Implementation of Fire Policies in Brazil: An Assessment of Fire Dynamics in Brazilian Savanna

by Ananda Santa Rosa de Andrade, Rossano Marchetti Ramos, Edson Eyji Sano, Renata Libonati, Filippe Lemos Maia Santos, Julia Abrantes Rodrigues, Marcos Giongo, Rafael Rodrigues da Franca and Ruth Elias de Paula Laranja

Sustainability 2021, 13(20), 11532; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011532 - 19 Oct 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2518

Abstract

In 2012, the Brazilian government implemented the Federal Brigades Program (FBP), a fire policy strategy to hire and train firefighters to combat wildfires. This study analyzed the impact of this program on fire behavior before (2008–2012) and after (2013–2017) its implementation in the [...] Read more.

In 2012, the Brazilian government implemented the Federal Brigades Program (FBP), a fire policy strategy to hire and train firefighters to combat wildfires. This study analyzed the impact of this program on fire behavior before (2008–2012) and after (2013–2017) its implementation in the Parque do Araguaia Indigenous Land, the largest indigenous territory with the highest occurrence of fires in the Brazilian tropical savanna. We analyzed the annual pattern of fire incidence in the dry season, the fire impact per vegetation type, the recurrence, and the relationship between fire and precipitation. The datasets were based on active fire products derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), the Landsat and Resourcesat-based burned area products, and the records of the fire combat operations. Our results showed that FBP contributed to the reduction of the number of areas affected by fires and to the formation of a more heterogeneous environment composed of fire-resistant and fire-sensitive native vegetation fragments. On the other hand, after the implementation of the FBP, there was an increase in the recurrence of 3–4 years of fires. We concluded that the FBP is an important public policy capable of providing improvements in fire management activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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15 pages, 2026 KiB  

Open AccessReview

Urban Green Infrastructure and Sustainable Development: A Review

by Elie Hanna and Francisco A. Comín

Sustainability 2021, 13(20), 11498; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011498 - 18 Oct 2021

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 10865

Abstract

Urban green infrastructure (UGI) can alleviate many of the problems that the growing urban population is facing. This study performed a literature review about UGI and sustainable development (SD) using the Web of Science (WoS) and the software VOSviewer. Of 195 papers selected, [...] Read more.

Urban green infrastructure (UGI) can alleviate many of the problems that the growing urban population is facing. This study performed a literature review about UGI and sustainable development (SD) using the Web of Science (WoS) and the software VOSviewer. Of 195 papers selected, 89 are qualitative, focusing on theoretical approaches and design; equally, 89 are quantitative, dealing with metrics and spatial analysis and 17 combined both approaches. A high connectivity between “green infrastructure”, “ecosystem services”, “urban planning” and “sustainable development” was observed. Only 39 of the documents embrace environmental, social and economic aspects. Most of the papers are related to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11, “to make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable” and SDG 15, “protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems”. Further research integrating the three pillars of sustainability and relating UGI to all the SDGs is recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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18 pages, 711 KiB  

Open AccessReview

Psychological and Physical Health of Organic and Conventional Farmers: A Review

by Lucas David, Michaël Dambrun, Rosie Harrington, Michel Streith and Audrey Michaud

Sustainability 2021, 13(20), 11384; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011384 - 15 Oct 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2914

Abstract

Farmers’ health compared to the general population has been the object of some studies and reviews. Among all factors implied in psychological and physical health, the farming system (i.e., organic or conventional farming) was identified as one of the relevant factors to investigate. [...] Read more.

Farmers’ health compared to the general population has been the object of some studies and reviews. Among all factors implied in psychological and physical health, the farming system (i.e., organic or conventional farming) was identified as one of the relevant factors to investigate. This article aims to review the literature established on the comparison between organic and conventional farmers’ health and its correlates. Twenty-nine quantitative or qualitative articles were identified for inclusion (n = 29). Results showed that organic farmers had globally better psychological and physical health than conventional farmers. Effect sizes were small to large; they differed according to the target outcome. In addition, factors correlated with farmers’ health were usually psychological, social, financial, and agricultural. This review of literature encourages further research in this area, particularly on developing agricultural models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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27 pages, 2470 KiB  

Open AccessReview

Identification of Differences in Hunting Management in Poland and Selected European Countries in the Context of Sustainable Development

by Dominika Mesinger and Aneta Ocieczek

Sustainability 2021, 13(19), 11048; https://doi.org/10.3390/su131911048 - 6 Oct 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2223

Abstract

The purpose of this article was to identify significant differences in the hunting management process in Poland and selected European countries in the context of their impact on the preservation of biodiversity and the implementation of the idea of sustainable development. The goal [...] Read more.

The purpose of this article was to identify significant differences in the hunting management process in Poland and selected European countries in the context of their impact on the preservation of biodiversity and the implementation of the idea of sustainable development. The goal was achieved through the analysis of hunting management in selected European countries through the prism of the assumptions made by Aldo Leopold in 1933. Based on the analysis carried out, it was found that hunting management in relation to Leopold’s postulates has best been undertaken by France. Moreover, the wild game management process should be actively implemented and based on the still up-to-date, universal postulates of Leopold, which can be treated as a model approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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19 pages, 4235 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Ecosystem Service Values and Economic Benefits for Sustainable Land Use Management in Semi-Arid Regions in Northern China

by Honglei Jiang, Xia Xu, Lingfei Wang and Tong Zhang

Sustainability 2021, 13(18), 10431; https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810431 - 18 Sep 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2091

Abstract

Studies on land use structural optimization can support the sustainability of land resources. The Taipusi Banner lies in the arid and semiarid area of northern China, with rapid economic development and a vulnerable ecological condition. Taking the Taipusi Banner as a research case, [...] Read more.

Studies on land use structural optimization can support the sustainability of land resources. The Taipusi Banner lies in the arid and semiarid area of northern China, with rapid economic development and a vulnerable ecological condition. Taking the Taipusi Banner as a research case, we adopted a land use map and statistical data, and employed the ecosystem process model to establish five scenarios, including an economically optimal scenario, an ecologically optimal scenario, a comprehensively optimal scenario, a status quo, and a projected scenario. Based on multi-objective linear programming, the land use demand was optimized; then, the CLUE-S model and adaptability evaluation were adopted to establish spatial patterns. The ecological and economic benefits were then analyzed and policy suggestions are provided. The main results include the following: (1) The optimization outputs of various scenarios show that under optimization, cropland and forestland increased by 9.13% and 18.9%, respectively, and grassland decreased by 9.81%. (2) The land use optimization shows that comprehensive optimization aimed at achieving comprehensive benefits, ecological benefits, and economic benefits increased these benefits by 3.89%, 2.1%, and 6.2%, respectively. Compared with other scenarios, focusing on the comprehensive benefits of land use can result in the greatest increase in benefits to improve sustainability land resources. Land use optimization must consider not only the optimization of both the quantity and configuration but also the dimensions of both ecology and the economy. Land use should be based on a land suitability evaluation and optimization of the land use spatial configuration to update ineffective land uses and should gradually adjust both the ecological and engineering measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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23 pages, 5875 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

A Framework for Optimizing Green Infrastructure Networks Based on Landscape Connectivity and Ecosystem Services

by Xuemin Shi, Mingzhou Qin, Bin Li and Dan Zhang

Sustainability 2021, 13(18), 10053; https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810053 - 8 Sep 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3073

Abstract

Optimizing the layout of green infrastructure (GI) is an effective way to alleviate the fragmentation of urban landscapes, coordinate the relationship between urban development and urban ecosystem services, and ensure the sustainable development of cities. This study provides a new technical framework for [...] Read more.

Optimizing the layout of green infrastructure (GI) is an effective way to alleviate the fragmentation of urban landscapes, coordinate the relationship between urban development and urban ecosystem services, and ensure the sustainable development of cities. This study provides a new technical framework for optimizing GI networks based on a case study of Kaifeng, an exemplar of many ancient cities along the Yellow River in China. To do this, we used a morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA) methodology and combined it with Procedure for mAthematical aNalysis of lanDscape evOlution and equilibRium scenarios Assessment (PANDORA) model to determine the hubs of the GI network. Then we employed a least-cost path approach to simulate potential corridors linking the hubs. We further identify the key ‘pinch points’ of the GI network that need priority protection based on circuit theory. Altogether, this framework takes patches that have a high level of ecosystem services and are more important in maintaining overall connectivity as hubs, thereby improving the accuracy of hub identification. Moreover, it establishes a direct connection between GI construction and ecosystem services, and improves biodiversity conservation by optimizing the network structure of GI. The results of the case study show that this framework is suitable for GI planning and construction, and can provide effective technical support for the formulation of urban sustainable development strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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16 pages, 2815 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Pursuing Development behind Heterogeneous Ideologies: Review of Six Evolving Themes and Narratives of Rural Planning in China

by Tian Tian and Stijn Speelman

Sustainability 2021, 13(17), 9846; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179846 - 2 Sep 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2975

Abstract

Rural planning is in a state of flux, covering a range of topics. The objectives of planning have evolved over the years. To get an overview of the evolving themes and narratives on rural planning in China, a literature review is conducted here [...] Read more.

Rural planning is in a state of flux, covering a range of topics. The objectives of planning have evolved over the years. To get an overview of the evolving themes and narratives on rural planning in China, a literature review is conducted here using text mining considering 145 papers published in Web of Science. Attention is given to trends over time in terms of the topics covered. Six evolving themes are revealed, namely: providing affordable and decent life under industrialization and urbanization progress, national ecological programs and practices, building a new (socialist) countryside and rural−urban relationship in planning, land planning and restructuring, rural tourism planning and activities, and other themes. It is highlighted that strategies and knowledge of “development” are a common instructional epistemology among agro-industrialism, agro-ruralism, scientific rationalism, and “economy oriented” humanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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28 pages, 5669 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Time-Series Remote Sensing Study to Detect Surface Water Seasonality and Local Water Management at Upper Reaches of Southwestern Bengal Delta from 1972 to 2020

by Nazmul Huda, Toru Terao, Atsuko Nonomura and Yoshihiro Suenaga

Sustainability 2021, 13(17), 9798; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179798 - 31 Aug 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2659

Abstract

Bengal delta experiences immense seasonality of surface water due to its geographical position. This study aims to explore the extent and seasonality of surface water in the southwestern part of Bangladesh (SWB) where human intervention has been rapidly changing the land use for [...] Read more.

Bengal delta experiences immense seasonality of surface water due to its geographical position. This study aims to explore the extent and seasonality of surface water in the southwestern part of Bangladesh (SWB) where human intervention has been rapidly changing the land use for several decades. This explorative study relied on a total of 312 high-resolution Landsat images from 1972 to 2020 and interviews to present crucial months, seasons, and periods for surface water in SWB. The study uses a valid threshold point ‘0′ for Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) to extract water pixels and confirms that the NIR band has better efficacy to separate water pixels. On average, the SWB has faced around 5.5% of surface water between 1972–2001, which increased to 12.8% between 2002 and 2020. Based on the median value, around 6% of surface water was observed in the 1990s, which increased to 16% in the 2010s. The average surface water was detected around 6% and 7% in December and January between 1972 and 2001, which expanded to 18% and 19% between 2002 and 2020, mainly because of human interventions such as mix-cropping. The study strongly suggests considering December and January months for further land use and land class studies which focus on the southwestern part of Bangladesh. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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16 pages, 1817 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Factors Influencing the Level of Local Participation in Planning and Management of the Planned Salzburger Lungau & Kärntner Nockberge Biosphere Reserve in Austria

by Michael Huber and Arne Arnberger

Sustainability 2021, 13(17), 9685; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179685 - 28 Aug 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2397

Abstract

The participation of the local population in the planning and management of biosphere reserves is one of the preconditions for success. While numerous studies underpin its importance, few studies have addressed to what extent participation is desired by local residents and which factors [...] Read more.

The participation of the local population in the planning and management of biosphere reserves is one of the preconditions for success. While numerous studies underpin its importance, few studies have addressed to what extent participation is desired by local residents and which factors determine the level of participation. A postal survey among local residents (n = 449) explored factors influencing their willingness to participate in the planning and management of the Salzburger Lungau & Kärntner Nockberge Biosphere Reserve in Austria before it was officially recognised by UNESCO. By applying the “Theory of Planned Behaviour”, the study found a high willingness to be involved among the local population, but a considerable variance as to what extent. Regression models showed a strong influence of perceived behavioural control and the social environment, whereas the factors identified in previous studies were less relevant. The results show that the readiness to become active seems to be higher than expected by local bodies and more linked to the design of the participatory process or other barriers. The results support the biosphere reserve management in developing appropriate participatory approaches to maximise satisfaction with participation and management success. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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21 pages, 4932 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Urban Demolition: Application of Blight Elimination Programs and Flood Buyout Programs to the Italian Case

by Simone Rusci, Diego Altafini and Valerio Di Pinto

Sustainability 2021, 13(16), 9412; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169412 - 22 Aug 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1959

Abstract

In recent years, there has been a growing awareness that not all decommissioned and obsolete real-estate assets can be recovered and reused. After the paradigm of urban growth, and following the paradigm of regeneration, a new paradigm seems to be looming on the [...] Read more.

In recent years, there has been a growing awareness that not all decommissioned and obsolete real-estate assets can be recovered and reused. After the paradigm of urban growth, and following the paradigm of regeneration, a new paradigm seems to be looming on the horizon: the paradigm of shrinkage. Due to this change in perspective, discussions on the potential of demolition policies as an alternative to regeneration and reuse are gaining support in the debate about urban growth. In the United States, there are two on-going programs using demolition as their main tool for urban planning: the blight elimination programs and the flood buyout programs. The former foresees the demolition of abandoned and decayed real-estate assets, while the latter envisions the demolition and relocation of buildings within areas under flooding risks. Given their successful employment in the U.S., this paper evaluates the applicability of these programs to an Italian case, which is characterized by a different building heritage and different territorial conditions. Simulations of the programs’ application are made using two case studies: Lecce nei Marsi (Abruzzo) and Moncalieri (Piemonte). The results demonstrate the substantial feasibility of the blight elimination programs’ usage in Italy, while the flood buyout programs instead demonstrates major obstacles that may hinder its successful application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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14 pages, 24150 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Trade-Offs and Synergies of Ecosystem Services in the Pearl River Delta Urban Agglomeration

by Qiongrui Zhang, Xuechao Sun, Kebin Zhang, Zhenni Liao and Songjun Xu

Sustainability 2021, 13(16), 9155; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169155 - 16 Aug 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2603

Abstract

Since ecosystem services (ESs) have become effective tools for urban planning, spatiotemporal analysis of regional ESs and a deep understanding of the trade-offs among ESs are of great significance to regional governance. In this study, the spatial and temporal changes of four basic [...] Read more.

Since ecosystem services (ESs) have become effective tools for urban planning, spatiotemporal analysis of regional ESs and a deep understanding of the trade-offs among ESs are of great significance to regional governance. In this study, the spatial and temporal changes of four basic ESs were analyzed by combining statistical data with the InVEST model across the Pearl River Delta (PRD) urban agglomeration, China. The trade-offs among the related ESs were analyzed at the urban agglomeration scale and the city scale by correlation analysis. The results showed that: (1) Construction land increased by 6.78% from 2000 to 2018, while cultivated land and forest decreased. (2) Water yield showed an increasing trend, while carbon storage, food production, and habitat quality showed a downward trend from 2000 to 2018. (3) The four ecosystem services were significantly correlated, with synergies existing between water yield and food production, and between habitat quality and carbon storage, while other relationships are trade-offs. What is more, the scale has little influence on the direction of ES trade-off or synergy but influences the degree of the relationship. This empirical evidence on ES relationships in urban agglomerations can provide a reference for the sustainable development of ESs and efficient management of urban agglomerations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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15 pages, 9597 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Planning a Green Infrastructure Network from Theory to Practice: The Case Study of Setúbal, Portugal

by José C. Ferreira, Renato Monteiro and Vasco R. Silva

Sustainability 2021, 13(15), 8432; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158432 - 28 Jul 2021

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 6261

Abstract

Green infrastructure is a strategically planned network of natural and semi-natural areas that are designed and managed to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services. It incorporates green and blue spaces and other physical features in terrestrial and marine areas. Despite the increase [...] Read more.

Green infrastructure is a strategically planned network of natural and semi-natural areas that are designed and managed to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services. It incorporates green and blue spaces and other physical features in terrestrial and marine areas. Despite the increase of green infrastructure planning in several regions of the world, such as Europe and North America, there is still a complexity and diversity associated with the concept of green infrastructure that influences the variance in approaches of green infrastructure planning. This research proposed a multi-criteria method that was organized in four steps for designing a green infrastructure for the municipality of Setúbal (Portugal) that efficiently integrated the ecological and social components in the planning and policymaking processes, as well as green infrastructure planning principles. The results show a green infrastructure that comprised around 91% of the territory of the case study, organized into two systems: the fundamental green infrastructure, which was related to the areas whose ecological interests were more favorable, and the urban green infrastructure, which aimed to enhance and intensify ecological processes in built-up areas. This approach focused on the protection of ecological functions, the preservation of the cultural and natural heritage, and the prevention of risks at a local level; it also followed several green infrastructure planning principles, namely, connectivity, multifunctionality, diversity, integration, and applicability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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17 pages, 8423 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Slope Gradient and Aspect on Soil Organic Carbon Content in the Region of Niš, Serbia

by Snežana Jakšić, Jordana Ninkov, Stanko Milić, Jovica Vasin, Milorad Živanov, Darko Jakšić and Vedrana Komlen

Sustainability 2021, 13(15), 8332; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158332 - 26 Jul 2021

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 4190

Abstract

Topography-induced microclimate differences determine the local spatial variation of soil characteristics as topographic factors may play the most essential role in changing the climatic pattern. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) with respect [...] Read more.

Topography-induced microclimate differences determine the local spatial variation of soil characteristics as topographic factors may play the most essential role in changing the climatic pattern. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) with respect to the slope gradient and aspect, and to quantify their influence on SOC within different land use/cover classes. The study area is the Region of Niš in Serbia, which is characterized by complex topography with large variability in the spatial distribution of SOC. Soil samples at 0–30 cm and 30–60 cm were collected from different slope gradients and aspects in each of the three land use/cover classes. The results showed that the slope aspect significantly influenced the spatial distribution of SOC in the forest and vineyard soils, where N- and NW-facing soils had the highest level of organic carbon in the topsoil. There were no similar patterns in the uncultivated land. No significant differences were found in the subsoil. Organic carbon content was higher in the topsoil, regardless of the slope of the terrain. The mean SOC content in forest land decreased with increasing slope, but the difference was not statistically significant. In vineyards and uncultivated land, the SOC content was not predominantly determined by the slope gradient. No significant variations across slope gradients were found for all observed soil properties, except for available phosphorus and potassium. A positive correlation was observed between SOC and total nitrogen, clay, silt, and available phosphorus and potassium, while a negative correlation with coarse sand was detected. The slope aspect in relation to different land use/cover classes could provide an important reference for land management strategies in light of sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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19 pages, 9059 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Impact of Land Use Change on the Ecosystem Service Value in Yinchuan City from 1980 to 2018

by Bo Wang and Taibao Yang

Sustainability 2021, 13(15), 8311; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158311 - 26 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2247

Abstract

Accurate assessment and response analysis of land use and land cover change (LUCC), and ecosystem service values (ESV), are critical to regional ecological security and economic development. There is a lack of detailed reports on the impact of LUCC on the temporal and [...] Read more.

Accurate assessment and response analysis of land use and land cover change (LUCC), and ecosystem service values (ESV), are critical to regional ecological security and economic development. There is a lack of detailed reports on the impact of LUCC on the temporal and spatial evolution of ESV in Yinchuan City, which is inconsistent with the pilot urban design policy. This paper, using the LUCC data of Yinchuan City from 1980 to 2018, calculated the ESV, analyzed the temporal and spatial patterns of LUCC and ESV, and discussed the response of ESV to LUCC. The results show that, from 1980 to 2018, the building land increased significantly in Yinchuan City, as did the cultivated land. Meanwhile, grassland and bare land decreased, while forest and the water body remained stable. The spatial connectivity of the building land showed regular improvements, while the urban landscape developed in a regular and balanced direction. During the study period, the total ESV of Yinchuan City decreased by 0.75 × 10⁹ yuan. This was due to the decrease in grasslands and the increase in building area. The supply, regulation and support of three types of services have a high correlation with different land types. The prosperity and progress of culture reduces the ESV value of cultivated land to some extent, while the change in land use type leads to the significant loss of ESV in Yinchuan City. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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18 pages, 5759 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

A Synthetic Indicator for Sustainability Standards of Water Resources in Agriculture

by Carmelo Picone, Roberto Henke, Myriam Ruberto, Emilio Calligaris and Raffaella Zucaro

Sustainability 2021, 13(15), 8221; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158221 - 23 Jul 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2850

Abstract

The aim of this work is to evaluate the sustainability of water management for agriculture in a specific territory through the creation of a synthetic index resulting from the aggregation of multiple indices (environmental, economic, and social). The resulting synthetic index can be [...] Read more.

The aim of this work is to evaluate the sustainability of water management for agriculture in a specific territory through the creation of a synthetic index resulting from the aggregation of multiple indices (environmental, economic, and social). The resulting synthetic index can be used to set sustainability standards and to guide the choices mandated by the Common Agricultural Policy 2023–2027. In this work we intend to show how the Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) method facilitates a complex process such as establishing a degree of sustainability in a certain area and, therefore, provides support to national or regional policies and communities. The integration of MCDA and GIS increases the efficiency of the support activity. A case study is presented evaluating the level of sustainability in the Irrigation and Reclamation Consortium of Piacenza and Emilia Centrale, in the Emilia Romagna region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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18 pages, 5767 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Mapping Mangrove Opportunities with Open Access Data: A Case Study for Bangladesh

by Alejandra Gijón Mancheño, Peter M. J. Herman, Sebastiaan N. Jonkman, Swarna Kazi, Ignacio Urrutia and Mathijs van Ledden

Sustainability 2021, 13(15), 8212; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158212 - 22 Jul 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5730

Abstract

Mangroves protect coastal areas against hazards like storms or cyclones by attenuating waves and currents, and by trapping floating debris during extreme events. Bangladesh is a very vulnerable country to floods and cyclones, and part of its coastal system is thus being upgraded [...] Read more.

Mangroves protect coastal areas against hazards like storms or cyclones by attenuating waves and currents, and by trapping floating debris during extreme events. Bangladesh is a very vulnerable country to floods and cyclones, and part of its coastal system is thus being upgraded to a higher safety standard. These upgrades include embankment reinforcement and mangrove afforestation schemes seawards of the embankments. To further strengthen the implementation of combined green–grey infrastructure in future programs, identifying potential mangrove development sites near the polder systems is a necessary first step. We thus developed a tool to systematically identify mangrove sites throughout the coastal area based on open access data. This method identifies potential sites for mangrove development based on their distance from existing mangrove patches and suggests the required technique to implement the vegetation depending on the rate of coastline change. Our method showed that approximately 600 km of the coastal stretches placed seawards of embankments are within 10 km of existing mangroves, and could thus be potential sites for mangrove establishment. Out of those 600 km, we identified 140 km of coastline where the landwards polders are particularly vulnerable to flooding. The sites with highest restoration potential and priority are located in Galachipa, Hatiya, Bhola, Manpura, Khangona, and Boro Moheshkhali. More detailed data collection and local assessments are recommended prior to executing mangrove afforestation schemes. Nevertheless, this method could serve as a useful systematic tool for feasibility studies that identify mangrove opportunities in data-scarce areas and help to prioritize data collection at the sites of highest interest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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18 pages, 4703 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Prioritization and Analysis of Watershed: A Study Applied to Municipal Solid Waste

by Juan Antonio Araiza-Aguilar, María Neftalí Rojas-Valencia, Hugo Alejandro Nájera-Aguilar, Rubén Fernando Gutiérrez-Hernández, Rebeca Isabel Martínez-Salinas and Carlos Manuel García-Lara

Sustainability 2021, 13(15), 8152; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158152 - 21 Jul 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2183

Abstract

This paper shows a watershed prioritization analysis applied to municipal solid waste. The study area was the macrowatershed “Cañón del Sumidero”, in the state of Chiapas, Mexico. Geographic information systems, multi-criteria evaluation techniques, as well as several geomorphometric, land use, vegetation and waste [...] Read more.

This paper shows a watershed prioritization analysis applied to municipal solid waste. The study area was the macrowatershed “Cañón del Sumidero”, in the state of Chiapas, Mexico. Geographic information systems, multi-criteria evaluation techniques, as well as several geomorphometric, land use, vegetation and waste management variables were used. The results indicate that, of the set of watersheds analyzed (4 subwatersheds and 80 microwatersheds), only 14 (2 subwatersheds and 12 microwatersheds) have high priority, since they are severely affected by the mismanagement of solid waste. This is also due to the major presence of urban settlements, which are places with different dynamics in terms of population growth, migration, as well as access to infrastructure and services, such as collection and final disposal of waste. Additionally, the incidence of certain biophysical and geomorphometric variables, such as steep slopes, high rainfall and high drainage density, among others, exacerbate the waste-related problems. The remaining watersheds (2 subwatersheds and 68 microwatersheds) showed moderate or low prioritization values because of the low amount of solid waste produced there. Finally, this work concludes that the regionalization of municipalities and the management of solid waste through decentralized operating agencies can help solve solid waste management problems since this approach would permit to delegate non-primary activities from watershed operating agencies to other specialized waste agencies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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15 pages, 2061 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Geological Approach for Landfill Site Selection: A Case Study of Vršac Municipality, Serbia

by Ivana Carević, Mikica Sibinović, Sanja Manojlović, Natalija Batoćanin, Aleksandar S. Petrović and Tanja Srejić

Sustainability 2021, 13(14), 7810; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147810 - 13 Jul 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4119

Abstract

One of the biggest problems of environmental protection in Serbia is landfills. It is often a case that the economic interests are predominant in the landfill sitting; thus, most landfills are not located according to standards. This study shows that detailed geological data [...] Read more.

One of the biggest problems of environmental protection in Serbia is landfills. It is often a case that the economic interests are predominant in the landfill sitting; thus, most landfills are not located according to standards. This study shows that detailed geological data assets combined with geographical modeling represents a reliable way to define and locate the landfill site. Geological evaluation is discussed in detail with regard to bedrock lithology, quaternary geology, geological structure, hydrogeology, surface runoff patterns, and topography. An approach combining geographical modeling and geology is presented for determining the sites suitable for landfill selection with respect to their geologic favorability. As opposed to numerous research papers on this topic, in the methodological procedure, special importance is devoted to the analysis of the geological criteria. In this way, it is significantly easier to determine the landfill area with the best characteristics due to geological structure and lithology which unequivocally and precisely indicates inadequate territories for candidate sites. The multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) is based on geological criteria upgraded with road (primary, residential, secondary, and tertiary), settlements network, railway, airport, infrastructure, land use, hypsometry aquifer, wetland, and surface water. The score values are divided into four classes, i.e., restricted areas, suitable but avoid, suitable, and most suitable. Combining geographical modeling with geology led to the recognition of two locations to be most favorable for landfill site located in the most suitable area, which represents 25.3% of the study area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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18 pages, 4102 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

How Social Networks Affect the Spatiotemporal Planning of Smart Tourism: Evidence from Shanghai

by Song Liu and Xiaoyan Ma

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7394; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137394 - 1 Jul 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2265

Abstract

Scenic tourism route plans are usually generated by combining scenic Points of Interest (PoIs) and the scenic road network. Traditional algorithms map the road networks linking the PoIs into a route collection and build a corresponding graph model. However, a single PoI description [...] Read more.

Scenic tourism route plans are usually generated by combining scenic Points of Interest (PoIs) and the scenic road network. Traditional algorithms map the road networks linking the PoIs into a route collection and build a corresponding graph model. However, a single PoI description mechanism for scenic spots with multiple entrances and exits is significantly different from the actual tour route, which has multiple entrances and exits. Furthermore, the preferences and needs of tourists are not considered in attraction selection in existing algorithms. In this study, we propose a double-weighted graph model that considers the multiple entrances and exits of the PoI and identifies the tourists’ preferences using social network data. According to tourists’ different preferences and demands, different optimized tourist routes closer to the actual optimal paths were generated through an ant colony algorithm based on the proposed double-weighted graph model. To address the efficiency of the proposed model, we applied it in Shanghai and compared it with the traditional model through the 2bulu app, which can record three-dimensional (3D) trajectories of tourists. The comparison results show that the proposed model using social network data is closer to the actual 3D trajectory than the traditional model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Landscape Planning, Sustainability and Diversity in Human–Nature Interactions)

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