Immunology and Disease Prevention and Control in Aquatic Animals

Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

Aquaculture plays a crucial role in supplying the global population with high-quality animal protein. Currently, the leading aquaculture species include fish, shrimp, crabs, shellfish, and sea cucumbers. In recent years, the demand for aquatic products has been increasing. Driven by profits, the density of aquaculture is rising, and the pressure on the aquaculture environment is intensifying, which leads to frequent outbreaks of diseases among aquatic animals. Research on the immunology of aquatic animals significantly contributes to resolving disease-related issues. Disease outbreaks typically arise from an imbalance between the host, pathogen, and environment.

In response, various products, such as Chinese herbs, beneficial microorganisms, immune enhancers, and feed additives, have been developed to prevent and control diseases in aquaculture. These technologies have demonstrated some success in disease prevention and control. Additionally, the development of fish vaccines is of great importance, as it reduces the reliance on antibiotics and improves the quality and safety of aquatic products. Breeding for disease resistance has emerged as an effective strategy for disease prevention and control in aquaculture.

However, the pathogenesis of many emerging and common pathogens remains poorly understood. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying aquatic animal immunity against infections are still being elucidated. Moreover, the role of pathogen–host–environment interactions in disease occurrence and the mechanisms driving these interactions require further investigation.

We welcome prospective authors to contribute Original Research, Review, and Perspective articles covering, but not limited to, the following subtopics:

1. The mechanisms of the pathogen–host–environment interactions;
2. Molecular mechanisms underlying host immunity responses to infection;
3. Escape mechanism of pathogen avoidance innate immunity;
4. New therapeutic strategies for pathogen infections in aquatic animals;
5. Research on epidemic disease prevention, control, and immunity regulation in aquatic animals.

Dr. Hongliang Zuo
Prof. Dr. Jiejie Sun
Dr. Linwei Yang
Topic Editors

Keywords

Participating Journals

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Animals animals	2.7	5.2	2011	17.7 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
Antioxidants antioxidants	6.6	12.4	2012	17.4 Days	CHF 2900	Submit
Fishes fishes	2.4	3.0	2016	20.9 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Biology biology	3.5	7.4	2012	17.4 Days	CHF 2700	Submit

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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All Animals Antioxidants Fishes Biology

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Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression Profiles of TLR Genes in Darkbarbel Catfish (Pelteobagrus vachelli) Following Aeromonas hydrophila Infection

by Zhengyong Wen, Lisha Guo, Jianchao Chen, Qiyu Chen, Yanping Li, Yunyun Lv, Qiong Shi and Shengtao Guo

Biology 2025, 14(12), 1724; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14121724 - 1 Dec 2025

Viewed by 231

Abstract

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are central to pathogen recognition in teleost innate immunity. In this study, we surveyed 41 genomes from four representative teleost orders (i.e., Cypriniformes, Siluriformes, Perciformes, and Pleuronectiformes) for 15 TLR genes (TLR1–9, 12, 13, 18, 20–22) revealed a [...] Read more.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are central to pathogen recognition in teleost innate immunity. In this study, we surveyed 41 genomes from four representative teleost orders (i.e., Cypriniformes, Siluriformes, Perciformes, and Pleuronectiformes) for 15 TLR genes (TLR1–9, 12, 13, 18, 20–22) revealed a conserved core (TLR2/3/7 in nearly all examined species) alongside lineage-specific losses (TLR4/9/18/20/21/22), indicating both strong conservation and dynamic diversification of the TLR repertoire. We further identified and characterized 12 TLR genes in economically important darkbarbel catfish (Pelteobagrus vachellii). Corresponding cDNAs span 2089–4456 bp and encode proteins of 789–1,087 aa, with canonical extracellular LRR arrays and C-terminal TIR domains but notable “non-classical” features (such as absence of signal peptides in TLR1/13; no transmembrane segment in TLR7; multiple transmembranes in TLR3/8/13/18/22), suggesting subcellular and functional heterogeneity of various TLR genes. Subsequent gene-structure comparisons uncovered gene-specific exon–intron organizations and variable UTR lengths, implicating differential post-transcriptional regulation. Predicted 3D structures retain the traditional hallmark LRR horseshoe fold with subtle variations potentially tuning ligand specificity. Genomic synteny with Pseudobagrus ussuriensi and Pangasianodon hypophthalmus reveals conserved chromosomal organization, and phylogeny construction resolves each TLR subtype into well-supported monophyletic clades, which underscore evolutionary stability. Functionally, exogenous Aeromonas hydrophila challenge triggered rapid, tissue-dependent TLR up-regulation in the kidney, liver, and especially gill (with some transcripts > 1000-fold), highlighting coordinated mucosal and systemic surveillance in darkbarbel catfish. Taken together, these valuable data provide a comprehensive framework for the structural, evolutionary, and inducible expression landscape of catfish TLRs and establish a foundation for in-depth studies on antibacterial immunity in diverse teleost species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Immunology and Disease Prevention and Control in Aquatic Animals)

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8 pages, 14570 KB  

Open AccessBrief Report

Effects of High Concentrations of Flumequine on CYP Gene Expression and Histopathology in Olive Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

by Gi Baeg Lee, Hyeon Ju Na, Ji-Min Jeong, Mun-Gyeong Kwon, Seong Don Hwang and Jung Soo Seo

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3125; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213125 - 28 Oct 2025

Viewed by 338

Abstract

Flumequine is an antibiotic that is used to treat bacterial diseases in aquaculture. Fish express drug-metabolizing genes in response to antibiotic exposure. However, studies on the effects of high flumequine concentrations on drug metabolism genes and histopathology of the olive flounder are limited. [...] Read more.

Flumequine is an antibiotic that is used to treat bacterial diseases in aquaculture. Fish express drug-metabolizing genes in response to antibiotic exposure. However, studies on the effects of high flumequine concentrations on drug metabolism genes and histopathology of the olive flounder are limited. To investigate the response of olive flounder to flumequine, we administered it at different concentrations. We analyzed the expression of drug metabolism genes (CYP) in the liver and histopathological lesions in the liver, spleen, and kidneys. The gene expression levels of CYP were higher at the highest flumequine concentration tested (4×) than at the lowest flumequine concentration (1×). The highest CYP gene expression level was observed for CYP2B4 (46.6-fold) at 4× flumequine compared to that in the control group. Hepatic atrophy, lymphocytic infiltration, and hematopoiesis were observed in the liver, spleen, and kidney at 4× flumequine between 3 and 24 h compared to 1× flumequine, respectively. These results contribute to a better understanding of drug metabolism and the general toxicity of pharmaceutical exposure in olive flounder. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Immunology and Disease Prevention and Control in Aquatic Animals)

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19 pages, 41841 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Evidence of Bacterial Co-Infection in Endangered Yangtze Sturgeon (Acipenser dabryanus)

by Senyue Liu, Yang Feng, Zhipeng Huang, Chengyan Mou, Qiang Li and Yongqiang Deng

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1498; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111498 - 27 Oct 2025

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Abstract

The Yangtze sturgeon (Acipenser dabryanus) is designated as critically endangered in the IUCN Red List and is a first-class protected species in China. During the summer of 2024, it suffered lethal disease outbreaks. Comprehensive pathological and microbiological analyses were conducted to [...] Read more.

The Yangtze sturgeon (Acipenser dabryanus) is designated as critically endangered in the IUCN Red List and is a first-class protected species in China. During the summer of 2024, it suffered lethal disease outbreaks. Comprehensive pathological and microbiological analyses were conducted to clarify the etiology. Clinically, infected sturgeon exhibited systemic manifestations including cutaneous ulcers, hemorrhagic septicemia, and diffuse necrosis in liver, kidney and heart tissues. Histopathologically, infected sturgeon showed liver hepatocyte vacuolation/necrosis, renal glomerular atrophy, and cardiac epicardial thickening with lymphocyte/eosinophil infiltration; Gram staining revealed co-localized Gram-positive/negative bacteria in lesions, and TEM identified diverse bacterial morphotypes. Through isolation and molecular identification, four bacterial pathogens were characterized: Streptococcus iniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Edwardsiella tarda, and Bacillus cereus. Bacterial load detection revealed the presence of these pathogens in lesion tissues. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing indicated multidrug resistance to florfenicol, tetracycline, and ampicillin (commonly used antibiotics in aquaculture), while high sensitivity to ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin was observed. Thus, we infer that sustained high-temperature stress triggered bacterial co-infection is closely related to this large-scale death incident. This is the first evidence of polymicrobial infection in the Yangtze sturgeon, emphasizing the significance of shifting from a single-pathogen perspective to a multi-pathogen framework, and highlighting the urgency of implementing ecological prevention strategies for this species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Immunology and Disease Prevention and Control in Aquatic Animals)

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21 pages, 4695 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Proteomics Analysis Reveals Differential Immune Responses of Paralichthys olivaceus to Edwardsiella tarda Infection Under High and Low Temperature

by Xiaojuan Chen, Lejia Luo, Beibei Zhang, Xiaowei Zhou, Kaipeng Zhang, Panpan Zhang and Bin Sun

Biology 2025, 14(10), 1417; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14101417 - 15 Oct 2025

Viewed by 514

Abstract

Fluctuating water temperatures and bacterial pathogens such as Edwardsiella tarda pose a serious threat to mariculture, resulting in significant economic losses within the flounder industry. A previous study revealed that elevated temperature enhanced E. tarda dissemination in flounder tissues. However, the underlying mechanism [...] Read more.

Fluctuating water temperatures and bacterial pathogens such as Edwardsiella tarda pose a serious threat to mariculture, resulting in significant economic losses within the flounder industry. A previous study revealed that elevated temperature enhanced E. tarda dissemination in flounder tissues. However, the underlying mechanism has not been fully explained, especially the changes in protein level. In this study, label-free proteomics was utilized to investigate the impact of high temperature (23 °C) and low temperature (15 °C) on flounder immune response to E. tarda infection. Our results identified 317 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) in the low-temperature group (LI-LC) and 302 DAPs in the high-temperature group (HI-HC). GO and KEGG analyses of DAPs revealed numerous immune-related proteins and pathways. Twenty-six key DAPs in the LI-LC group and twenty-seven key DAPs in the HI-HC group were further identified and formed extensive interaction networks, respectively. Through the analysis of key immune-related DAPs that were specifically identified in both groups via Venn diagram analysis, we demonstrated that the endocytosis capacity and complement activity were enhanced in the HI-HC group, while histone abundance and RNA transport function were, respectively, increased and severely interfered with in the LI-LC group. These findings highlight a clear divergence in the immune response of flounder to E. tarda infection between 15 °C and 23 °C, providing valuable insights into how temperature variation influences antibacterial immunity in fish. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Immunology and Disease Prevention and Control in Aquatic Animals)

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26 pages, 14425 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Biochemical Effect of Enrofloxacin on American Shad (Alosa sapidissima) Infected with Aeromonas hydrophila

by Yao Zheng, Jiajia Li, Xiaofei Wang, Kai Chen, Bingwen Xi, Julin Yuan and Gangchun Xu

Animals 2025, 15(20), 2962; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202962 - 13 Oct 2025

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Abstract

In order to find the biochemical effects of Aeromonas hydrophila and its therapeutic chemical, enrofloxacin (ENR), on American shad (Alosa sapidissima A. Wilson), four groups were set up: a control group (C), an A. hydrophila group (A), an A. hydrophila + 70 [...] Read more.

In order to find the biochemical effects of Aeromonas hydrophila and its therapeutic chemical, enrofloxacin (ENR), on American shad (Alosa sapidissima A. Wilson), four groups were set up: a control group (C), an A. hydrophila group (A), an A. hydrophila + 70 mg·L⁻¹ enrofloxacin (ENR) group (E1), and an A. hydrophila + 140 mg·L⁻¹ ENR group (E2). Histological, enzymatic activities, transcriptome, and proteomics have been performed. MDA, PPO, AKP, TNF-α, and AMPK were significantly increased, while AhR and EROD were decreased in the liver of American shad after treatment with A. hydrophila. AhR and EROD showed a significant decrease in E1 group; MDA, PPO, AKP, and AMPK were significantly increased, while AhR and EROD decreased in E2 group. A. hydrophila significantly increased ferroptosis, TGF-β signaling pathway, etc. Ferroptosis, pyrimidine metabolism, and glycerolipid metabolism significantly increased in E1 group, while protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum significantly increased in E2 group. A total of 126 shared metabolites were found in the comparisons of A vs. C and E2 vs. C, and the main enriched pathway were organic oxygen compounds, lipids, and lipid-like molecules. Except for fluorobenzoate degradation, the pathways of ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism significantly increased in A and E2 groups, which further resulted in vacuolization, cell shedding, and necrosis in the liver. A. hydrophila led to a significant decrease in lipid metabolism, leading to oxidative stress and energy expenditure. The addition of ENR in aquaculture significantly enhanced liver metabolic abnormalities caused by A. hydrophila. Excessive use of ENR leads to oxidative stress in American shad, affecting its immune system as well as lipid, carbohydrate, and energy metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Immunology and Disease Prevention and Control in Aquatic Animals)

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14 pages, 3871 KB  

Open AccessArticle

fliC Mediates Pseudomonas plecoglossicida’s Hijack of Inflammatory Immunity and Glucose Metabolism in the Large Yellow Croaker

by Xizhi Peng, Yujia Sun, Huanjiao Tan, Huanying Pang, Caiyuan Zhao and Qingpi Yan

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1189; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101189 - 28 Sep 2025

Viewed by 746

Abstract

The bacterial flagellum plays a crucial role in pathogenesis. However, the mechanism by which the flagellum interferes with host energy metabolism remains unclear. In this study, we confirmed that deletion of the fliC gene resulted in a 30% reduction in the virulence of [...] Read more.

The bacterial flagellum plays a crucial role in pathogenesis. However, the mechanism by which the flagellum interferes with host energy metabolism remains unclear. In this study, we confirmed that deletion of the fliC gene resulted in a 30% reduction in the virulence of Pseudomonas plecoglossicida against the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). Compared to the wild-type strain (WT) infection group, the ΔfliC infection group exhibited a 29.54% decrease in the number of vacuolar degeneration hepatocytes and a 50.83% higher liver glycogen content. Furthermore, infection led to decreased mitochondrial complex V activity, a reduced NAD+/NADH ratio, lower levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), and increased lipid peroxide levels; however, these metabolic perturbations were significantly ameliorated in the ΔfliC group compared to the WT group. Proteomic analysis revealed that the dysregulation of the complement cascade and core carbon metabolic pathways observed in the WT infection group liver was significantly alleviated in the ΔfliC infection group. Additionally, in the ΔfliC infection group, pro-inflammatory genes (such as Tlr5, Tnfα, and Il1β) were downregulated, while lipid metabolism-related genes (such as Acox1, Cpt1a, and Pparα) were upregulated, suggesting the suppression of the Tlr5/NF-κB immune signaling axis and enhanced fatty acid β-oxidation. Collectively, fliC may mediate the disruption of host glucose and lipid metabolism homeostasis through a Tlr5-triggered immunometabolic regulatory axis. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that bacterial flagella modulate host energy metabolism, expanding our understanding of flagellum-mediated pathogenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Immunology and Disease Prevention and Control in Aquatic Animals)

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24 pages, 3034 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Rhodotorula mucilaginosa Supplementation Could Significantly Affect the Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Function, and Intestinal Health in Red Claw Crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus)

by Qin Zhang, Yuguan Liang, Jiqing Li, Luoqing Li, Liuqing Meng, Qinghui Zeng, Dapeng Wang, Rui Wang, Tong Tong, Yongqiang Liu and Huizan Yang

Biology 2025, 14(9), 1164; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14091164 - 1 Sep 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 874

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of dietary Rhodotorula mucilaginosa supplementation with different concentrations (0.0 g/kg, 0.1 g/kg, 1.0 g/kg, 10.0 g/kg) on red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus). Four groups were established: control group (CK, 0.0 g/kg), low-dose group (HL, 0.1 g/kg), [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of dietary Rhodotorula mucilaginosa supplementation with different concentrations (0.0 g/kg, 0.1 g/kg, 1.0 g/kg, 10.0 g/kg) on red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus). Four groups were established: control group (CK, 0.0 g/kg), low-dose group (HL, 0.1 g/kg), medium-dose group (HM, 1.0 g/kg), and high-dose group (HH, 10.0 g/kg). The feeding trial lasted for 56 days. The results showed that, compared with the control group, all supplementation groups exhibited significantly reduced feed conversion ratios (p < 0.05). The HM and HH groups demonstrated significant increases in body length growth rate, specific growth rate, weight gain rate, hepatosomatic index, and survival rate (p < 0.05). All supplemented groups showed significantly enhanced trypsin and lipase activities in intestines and trypsin activity in the hepatopancreas (p < 0.05). The HM and HH groups exhibited elevated α-amylase activity in the hepatopancreas (p < 0.05). Compared with the control group, marine red yeast supplementation reduced colonization of potential pathogens while increasing probiotic abundance, effectively improving intestinal microbiota structure. The HM group significantly improved intestinal villus length, width, and muscular thickness (p < 0.05). All supplemented groups showed considerable upregulation of hepatopancreatic genes related to immunity (heat shock protein 70, down syndrome cell adhesion molecule, crustacean antibacterial peptide, serine proteinase inhibitors, crustacean hyperglycemic hormone, anti-lipopolysaccharide factor, lysozyme, and alkaline phosphatase) and antioxidant defense (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione, and catalase) (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that R. mucilaginosa can significantly enhance digestive enzyme activity, maintain intestinal health, improve antioxidant and immune-related gene expression, and promote growth performance in red claw crayfish, with the HM group (1.0 g/kg R. mucilaginosa) showing optimal promotion effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Immunology and Disease Prevention and Control in Aquatic Animals)

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21 pages, 12098 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Hsp70 Gene Family of Procambarus clarkii Reveals Its Immune Role in Response to Bacterial Challenge After Non-Lethal Heat Shock

by Xin Zhang, Xiuhong Cai, Shirui Yue, Zhangxuan Chen, Yulong Sun, Lei Cheng, Yewen Xi and Shunchang Wang

Animals 2025, 15(14), 2150; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142150 - 21 Jul 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 932

Abstract

Water temperature significantly affects the physiological balance of aquatic organisms like crustaceans, and heat shock proteins (HSPs) are crucial for stress resistance and pathogen defense. This study conducted a genome-wide analysis to explore the functional characteristics of the Hsp70 gene family in Procambarus [...] Read more.

Water temperature significantly affects the physiological balance of aquatic organisms like crustaceans, and heat shock proteins (HSPs) are crucial for stress resistance and pathogen defense. This study conducted a genome-wide analysis to explore the functional characteristics of the Hsp70 gene family in Procambarus clarkii. Fifteen Hsp70 family members were identified, with several genes showing upregulation under non-lethal heat shock (NLHS) and pathogen challenges. RNA-Seq and qPCR analyses confirmed increased expression of certain PcHsp70s during NLHS, indicating NLHS activation of the Hsp70 family to enhance immune regulation. dsRNA-mediated silencing of Hsp70 led to downregulation of TLR pathway genes (e.g., TLR1, TLR6), suggesting Hsp70 regulates the TLR signaling pathway for immune responses. These findings reveal that NLHS-induced Hsp70 upregulation improves pathogen resistance, offering insights for addressing temperature fluctuations and disease outbreaks in aquaculture to optimize management practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Immunology and Disease Prevention and Control in Aquatic Animals)

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12 pages, 3285 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Tolerance of Spotted Longbarbel Catfish as a Candidate Species for Aquaculture to Ammonia Nitrogen Exposure

by Song Guo, Linwei Yang and Xiaopeng Xu

Animals 2025, 15(14), 2035; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142035 - 10 Jul 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 511

Abstract

The spotted longbarbel catfish, Hemibagrus guttatus, a nationally protected Class II species in China, faces increasing threats from habitat degradation. Recently, the spotted longbarbel catfish has gained attention as a promising aquaculture species, not only for its premium flesh quality but also [...] Read more.

The spotted longbarbel catfish, Hemibagrus guttatus, a nationally protected Class II species in China, faces increasing threats from habitat degradation. Recently, the spotted longbarbel catfish has gained attention as a promising aquaculture species, not only for its premium flesh quality but also for its potential role in conservation through sustainable captive breeding programs. Ammonia nitrogen (ammonia-N) is a ubiquitous byproduct of intensive farming and serves as the primary environmental stressor confronting aquatic species. Elucidating the ammonia-N tolerance of spotted longbarbel catfish constitutes a critical prerequisite for its successful domestication, which is the aim of this study. We demonstrate that ammonia-N stress significantly decreases the survival rate of spotted longbarbel catfish and induces tissue damage, including gill lamella proliferation, hepatocyte blurring, and renal necrosis. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that ammonia-N stress promotes the expression of genes related to endoplasmic reticulum stress, heat-shock proteins, immune response, and apoptosis, while inhibiting antioxidant-related genes and Wnt-related genes. Enzymatic assays indicate that ammonia-N stress inhibits the activities of multiple antioxidant enzymes, including SOD, CAT, GSH, GSH-Px, and T-AOC. Microbiome analysis showed that ammonia-N stress altered the intestinal microbial community by increasing harmful bacteria (e.g., Vibrio and Aeromonas) and suppressing beneficial bacteria (e.g., Cetobacterium and Lactococcus). These findings highlight the comprehensive negative impacts of ammonia-N on the health of the spotted longbarbel catfish and provide a theoretical basis for optimizing aquaculture conditions to support the sustainable protection and domestication of the spotted longbarbel catfish. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Immunology and Disease Prevention and Control in Aquatic Animals)

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