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Search Results (5,802)

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Keywords = wind-turbine

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22 pages, 3730 KiB  
Article
Support-Vector-Regression-Based Intelligent Control Strategy for DFIG Wind Turbine Systems
by Farhat Nasim, Shahida Khatoon, Ibraheem Nasiruddin, Mohammad Shahid, Shabana Urooj and Basel Bilal
Machines 2025, 13(8), 687; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13080687 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
Achieving sustainable energy goals requires efficient integration of renewables like wind energy. Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbine systems (WTSs) operate efficiently across a range of speeds, making them well-suited for modern renewable energy systems. However, sudden wind speed variations can cause [...] Read more.
Achieving sustainable energy goals requires efficient integration of renewables like wind energy. Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbine systems (WTSs) operate efficiently across a range of speeds, making them well-suited for modern renewable energy systems. However, sudden wind speed variations can cause power oscillations, rotor speed fluctuations, and voltage instability. Traditional proportional–integral (PI) controllers struggle with such nonlinear, rapidly changing scenarios. A control approach utilizing support vector regression (SVR) is proposed for the DFIG wind turbine system. The SVR controller manages both active and reactive power by simultaneously controlling the rotor- and grid-side converters (RSC and GSC). Simulations under a sudden wind speed variation from 10 to 12 m per second show the SVR approach reduces settling time significantly (up to 70.3%), suppresses oscillations in rotor speed, torque, and power output, and maintains over 97% DC-link voltage stability. These improvements enhance power quality, reliability, and system performance, demonstrating the SVR controller’s superiority over conventional PI methods for variable-speed wind energy systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Design and Optimization of Wind Turbines)
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30 pages, 9435 KiB  
Article
Intelligent Fault Warning Method for Wind Turbine Gear Transmission System Driven by Digital Twin and Multi-Source Data Fusion
by Tiantian Xu, Xuedong Zhang and Wenlei Sun
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8655; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158655 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
To meet the demands for real-time and accurate fault warning of wind turbine gear transmission systems, this study proposes an innovative intelligent warning method based on the integration of digital twin and multi-source data fusion. A digital twin system architecture is developed, comprising [...] Read more.
To meet the demands for real-time and accurate fault warning of wind turbine gear transmission systems, this study proposes an innovative intelligent warning method based on the integration of digital twin and multi-source data fusion. A digital twin system architecture is developed, comprising a high-precision geometric model and a dynamic mechanism model, enabling real-time interaction and data fusion between the physical transmission system and its virtual model. At the algorithmic level, a CNN-LSTM-Attention fault prediction model is proposed, which innovatively integrates the spatial feature extraction capabilities of a convolutional neural network (CNN), the temporal modeling advantages of long short-term memory (LSTM), and the key information-focusing characteristics of an attention mechanism. Experimental validation shows that this model outperforms traditional methods in prediction accuracy. Specifically, it achieves average improvements of 0.3945, 0.546 and 0.061 in Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), and R-squared (R2) metrics, respectively. Building on the above findings, a monitoring and early warning platform for the wind turbine transmission system was developed, integrating digital twin visualization with intelligent prediction functions. This platform enables a fully intelligent process from data acquisition and status evaluation to fault warning, providing an innovative solution for the predictive maintenance of wind turbines. Full article
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25 pages, 3418 KiB  
Review
Review on the Theoretical and Practical Applications of Symmetry in Thermal Sciences, Fluid Dynamics, and Energy
by Nattan Roberto Caetano
Symmetry 2025, 17(8), 1240; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17081240 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
This literature review explores the role of symmetry in thermal sciences, fluid dynamics, and energy applications, emphasizing the theoretical and practical implications. Symmetry is a fundamental tool for simplifying complex problems, enhancing computational efficiency, and improving system design across multiple engineering and physics [...] Read more.
This literature review explores the role of symmetry in thermal sciences, fluid dynamics, and energy applications, emphasizing the theoretical and practical implications. Symmetry is a fundamental tool for simplifying complex problems, enhancing computational efficiency, and improving system design across multiple engineering and physics domains. Thermal and fluid processes are applied in several modern energy use technologies, essentially involving the complex, multidimensional interaction of fluid mechanics and thermodynamics, such as renewable energy applications, combustion diagnostics, or Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)-based optimization, where symmetry is highly considered to simplify geometric parameters. Indeed, the interconnection between experimental analysis and the numerical simulation of processes is an important field. Symmetry operates as a unifying principle, its presence determining everything from the stability of turbulent flows to the efficiency of nuclear reactors, revealing hidden patterns that transcend scales and disciplines. Rotational invariance in pipelines; rotors of hydraulic, thermal, and wind turbines, and in many other cases, for instance, not only lowers computational cost but also guarantees that solutions validated in the laboratory can be effectively scaled up to industrial applications, demonstrating its crucial role in bridging theoretical concepts and real-world implementation. Thus, a wide range of symmetry solutions is exhibited in this research area, the results of which contribute to the development of science and fast information for decision making in industry. In this review, essential findings from prominent research were synthesized, highlighting how symmetry has been conceptualized and applied in these contexts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Thermal Fluid Sciences and Energy Applications)
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20 pages, 3248 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study on the Hydrodynamic Analysis of a Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Under Focused Wave Conditions
by Hanbo Zhai, Chaojun Yan, Wei Shi, Lixian Zhang, Xinmeng Zeng, Xu Han and Constantine Michailides
Energies 2025, 18(15), 4140; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154140 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
The strong nonlinearity of shallow-water waves significantly affects the dynamic response of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs), introducing additional complexity in motion behavior. This study presents a series of 1:80-scale experiments conducted on a 5 MW FOWT at a 50 m water depth, [...] Read more.
The strong nonlinearity of shallow-water waves significantly affects the dynamic response of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs), introducing additional complexity in motion behavior. This study presents a series of 1:80-scale experiments conducted on a 5 MW FOWT at a 50 m water depth, under regular, irregular, and focused wave conditions. The tests were conducted under regular, irregular, and focused wave conditions. The results show that, under both regular and irregular wave conditions, the platform’s motion and mooring tension increased as the wave period became longer, indicating a greater energy transfer and stronger coupling effects at lower wave frequencies. Specifically, in irregular seas, mooring tension increased by 16% between moderate and high sea states, with pronounced surge–pitch coupling near the natural frequency. Under focused wave conditions, the platform experienced significant surge displacement due to the impact of large wave crests, followed by free-decay behavior. Meanwhile, the pitch amplitude increased by up to 27%, and mooring line tension rose by 16% as the wave steepness intensified. These findings provide valuable insights for the design and optimization of FOWTs in complex marine environments, particularly under extreme wave conditions. Additionally, they contribute to the refinement of relevant numerical simulation methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy Technologies in China)
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33 pages, 6561 KiB  
Article
Optimization Study of the Electrical Microgrid for a Hybrid PV–Wind–Diesel–Storage System in an Island Environment
by Fahad Maoulida, Kassim Mohamed Aboudou, Rabah Djedjig and Mohammed El Ganaoui
Solar 2025, 5(3), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/solar5030039 - 4 Aug 2025
Abstract
The Union of the Comoros, located in the Indian Ocean, faces persistent energy challenges due to its geographic isolation, heavy dependence on imported fossil fuels, and underdeveloped electricity infrastructure. This study investigates the techno-economic optimization of a hybrid microgrid designed to supply electricity [...] Read more.
The Union of the Comoros, located in the Indian Ocean, faces persistent energy challenges due to its geographic isolation, heavy dependence on imported fossil fuels, and underdeveloped electricity infrastructure. This study investigates the techno-economic optimization of a hybrid microgrid designed to supply electricity to a rural village in Grande Comore. The proposed system integrates photovoltaic (PV) panels, wind turbines, a diesel generator, and battery storage. Detailed modeling and simulation were conducted using HOMER Energy, accompanied by a sensitivity analysis on solar irradiance, wind speed, and diesel price. The results indicate that the optimal configuration consists solely of PV and battery storage, meeting 100% of the annual electricity demand with a competitive levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of 0.563 USD/kWh and zero greenhouse gas emissions. Solar PV contributes over 99% of the total energy production, while wind and diesel components remain unused under optimal conditions. Furthermore, the system generates a substantial energy surplus of 63.7%, which could be leveraged for community applications such as water pumping, public lighting, or future system expansion. This study highlights the technical viability, economic competitiveness, and environmental sustainability of 100% solar microgrids for non-interconnected island territories. The approach provides a practical and replicable decision-support framework for decentralized energy planning in remote and vulnerable regions. Full article
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25 pages, 7087 KiB  
Article
Production of Anisotropic NdFeB Permanent Magnets with In Situ Magnetic Particle Alignment Using Powder Extrusion
by Stefan Rathfelder, Stephan Schuschnigg, Christian Kukla, Clemens Holzer, Dieter Suess and Carlo Burkhardt
Materials 2025, 18(15), 3668; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18153668 - 4 Aug 2025
Abstract
This study investigates the sustainable production of NdFeB permanent magnets using powder extrusion molding (PEM) with in situ magnetic alignment, utilizing recycled powder from an end-of-life (Eol) wind turbine magnet obtained via hydrogen processing of magnetic scrap (HPMS). Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations [...] Read more.
This study investigates the sustainable production of NdFeB permanent magnets using powder extrusion molding (PEM) with in situ magnetic alignment, utilizing recycled powder from an end-of-life (Eol) wind turbine magnet obtained via hydrogen processing of magnetic scrap (HPMS). Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations were conducted to design and optimize alignment tool geometries and magnetic field parameters. A key challenge in the PEM process is achieving effective particle alignment while the continuous strand moves through the magnetic field during extrusion. To address this, extrusion experiments were performed using three different alignment tool geometries and varying magnetic field strengths to determine the optimal configuration for particle alignment. The experimental results demonstrate a high degree of alignment (Br/Js = 0.95), exceeding the values obtained with PEM without an external magnetic field (0.78). The study confirms that optimizing the alignment tool geometry and applying sufficiently strong magnetic fields during extrusion enable the production of anisotropic NdFeB permanent magnets without post-machining, providing a scalable route for permanent magnet recycling and manufacturing. Moreover, PEM with in situ magnetic particle alignment allows for the continuous fabrication of near-net-shape strands with customizable cross-sections, making it a scalable approach for permanent magnet recycling and industrial manufacturing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Processing Technologies)
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18 pages, 1156 KiB  
Review
Increased Velocity (INVELOX) Wind Delivery System: A Review of Performance Enhancement Advances
by Anesu Godfrey Chitura, Patrick Mukumba and Ngwarai Shambira
Wind 2025, 5(3), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/wind5030019 - 4 Aug 2025
Abstract
Residential areas are characterized by closely packed buildings which disturb wind flow resulting in low wind speeds (below 2 m/s) with a high turbulence intensity (above 20%). In order to interface between off-the-shelf wind turbines and low-quality wind, the Increased velocity (INVELOX) wind [...] Read more.
Residential areas are characterized by closely packed buildings which disturb wind flow resulting in low wind speeds (below 2 m/s) with a high turbulence intensity (above 20%). In order to interface between off-the-shelf wind turbines and low-quality wind, the Increased velocity (INVELOX) wind delivery system is an attractive wind augmentation option for such regions. The INVELOX setup can harness more energy than conventional bare wind turbines under the same incident wind conditions. However, these systems also have drawbacks and challenges that they face in their operation, which amplify the need to review, understand, and expose gaps and flaws in pursuit of increased power production in low wind quality environments. This paper seeks to review and simplify the advances done by various scholars towards improving the INVELOX delivery system. It provides the mathematical foundation on which these advances are rooted and gives an understanding of how the improvements better the geometric properties of INVELOX. The article concludes by proposing future research directions. Full article
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42 pages, 9817 KiB  
Article
Simulation Analysis of Onshore and Offshore Wind Farms’ Generation Potential for Polish Climatic Conditions
by Martyna Kubiak, Artur Bugała, Dorota Bugała and Wojciech Czekała
Energies 2025, 18(15), 4087; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154087 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 110
Abstract
Currently, Poland is witnessing a dynamic development of the offshore wind energy sector, which will be a key component of the national energy mix. While many international studies have addressed wind energy deployment, there is a lack of research that compares the energy [...] Read more.
Currently, Poland is witnessing a dynamic development of the offshore wind energy sector, which will be a key component of the national energy mix. While many international studies have addressed wind energy deployment, there is a lack of research that compares the energy and economic performance of both onshore and offshore wind farms under Polish climatic and spatial conditions, especially in relation to turbine spacing optimization. This study addresses that gap by performing a computer-based simulation analysis of three onshore spacing variants (3D, 4D, 5D) and four offshore variants (5D, 6D, 7D, 9D), located in central Poland (Stęszew, Okonek, Gostyń) and the Baltic Sea, respectively. The efficiency of wind farms was assessed in both energy and economic terms, using WAsP Bundle software and standard profitability evaluation metrics (NPV, MNPV, IRR). The results show that the highest NPV and MNPV values among onshore configurations were obtained for the 3D spacing variant, where the energy yield leads to nearly double the annual revenue compared to the 5D variant. IRR values indicate project profitability, averaging 14.5% for onshore and 11.9% for offshore wind farms. Offshore turbines demonstrated higher capacity factors (36–53%) compared to onshore (28–39%), with 4–7 times higher annual energy output. The study provides new insight into wind farm layout optimization under Polish conditions and supports spatial planning and investment decision making in line with national energy policy goals. Full article
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18 pages, 7321 KiB  
Article
Fault Diagnosis of Wind Turbine Gearbox Based on Mel Spectrogram and Improved ResNeXt50 Model
by Xiaojuan Zhang, Feixiang Jia and Yayu Chen
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8563; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158563 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 107
Abstract
In response to the problem of complex and variable loads on wind turbine gearbox bearing in working conditions, as well as the limited amount of sound data making fault identification difficult, this study focuses on sound signals and proposes an intelligent diagnostic method [...] Read more.
In response to the problem of complex and variable loads on wind turbine gearbox bearing in working conditions, as well as the limited amount of sound data making fault identification difficult, this study focuses on sound signals and proposes an intelligent diagnostic method using deep learning. By adding the CBAM module in ResNeXt to enhance the model’s attention to important features and combining it with the Arcloss loss function to make the model learn more discriminative features, the generalization ability of the model is strengthened. We used a fine-tuning transfer learning strategy, transferring pre-trained model parameters to the CBAM-ResNeXt50-ArcLoss model and training with an extracted Mel spectrogram of sound signals to extract and classify audio features of the wind turbine gearbox. Experimental validation of the proposed method on collected sound signals showed its effectiveness and superiority. Compared to CNN, ResNet50, ResNeXt50, and CBAM-ResNet50 methods, the CBAM-ResNeXt50-ArcLoss model achieved improvements of 13.3, 3.6, 2.4, and 1.3, respectively. Through comparison with classical algorithms, we demonstrated that the research method proposed in this study exhibits better diagnostic capability in classifying wind turbine gearbox sound signals. Full article
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32 pages, 1970 KiB  
Review
A Review of New Technologies in the Design and Application of Wind Turbine Generators
by Pawel Prajzendanc and Christian Kreischer
Energies 2025, 18(15), 4082; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154082 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 143
Abstract
The growing global demand for electricity, driven by the development of electromobility, data centers, and smart technologies, necessitates innovative approaches to energy generation. Wind power, as a clean and renewable energy source, plays a pivotal role in the global transition towards low-carbon power [...] Read more.
The growing global demand for electricity, driven by the development of electromobility, data centers, and smart technologies, necessitates innovative approaches to energy generation. Wind power, as a clean and renewable energy source, plays a pivotal role in the global transition towards low-carbon power systems. This paper presents a comprehensive review of generator technologies used in wind turbine applications, ranging from conventional synchronous and asynchronous machines to advanced concepts such as low-speed direct-drive (DD) generators, axial-flux topologies, and superconducting generators utilizing low-temperature superconductors (LTS) and high-temperature superconductors (HTS). The advantages and limitations of each design are discussed in the context of efficiency, weight, reliability, scalability, and suitability for offshore deployment. Special attention is given to HTS-based generator systems, which offer superior power density and reduced losses, along with challenges related to cryogenic cooling and materials engineering. Furthermore, the paper analyzes selected modern generator designs to provide references for enhancing the performance of grid-synchronized hybrid microgrids integrating solar PV, wind, battery energy storage, and HTS-enhanced generators. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and engineers developing next-generation wind energy technologies with improved efficiency and integration potential. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Marine Renewable Energy and Hybridization Prospects)
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14 pages, 2796 KiB  
Article
Obtaining Rotational Stiffness of Wind Turbine Foundation from Acceleration and Wind Speed SCADA Data
by Jiazhi Dai, Mario Rotea and Nasser Kehtarnavaz
Sensors 2025, 25(15), 4756; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25154756 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 174
Abstract
Monitoring the health of wind turbine foundations is essential for ensuring their operational safety. This paper presents a cost-effective approach to obtain rotational stiffness of wind turbine foundations by using only acceleration and wind speed data that are part of SCADA data, thus [...] Read more.
Monitoring the health of wind turbine foundations is essential for ensuring their operational safety. This paper presents a cost-effective approach to obtain rotational stiffness of wind turbine foundations by using only acceleration and wind speed data that are part of SCADA data, thus lowering the use of moment and tilt sensors that are currently being used for obtaining foundation stiffness. First, a convolutional neural network model is applied to map acceleration and wind speed data within a moving window to corresponding moment and tilt values. Rotational stiffness of the foundation is then estimated by fitting a line in the moment-tilt plane. The results obtained indicate that such a mapping model can provide stiffness values that are within 7% of ground truth stiffness values on average. Second, the developed mapping model is re-trained by using synthetic acceleration and wind speed data that are generated by an autoencoder generative AI network. The results obtained indicate that although the exact amount of stiffness drop cannot be determined, the drops themselves can be detected. This mapping model can be used not only to lower the cost associated with obtaining foundation rotational stiffness but also to sound an alarm when a foundation starts deteriorating. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors Technology Applied in Power Systems and Energy Management)
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20 pages, 3380 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Airfoil Geometry Variation on the Efficiency of a Small Wind Turbine
by José Rafael Dorrego Portela, Orlando Lastres Danguillecurt, Víctor Iván Moreno Oliva, Eduardo Torres Moreno, Cristofer Aguilar Jimenez, Liliana Hechavarría Difur, Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo and Jesus Alejandro Franco
Technologies 2025, 13(8), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13080328 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 144
Abstract
This study analyzes the impact of geometric variations induced by the manufacturing process on the aerodynamic efficiency of an airfoil used in the design of a 3 kW wind turbine blade. For this purpose, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was implemented, and [...] Read more.
This study analyzes the impact of geometric variations induced by the manufacturing process on the aerodynamic efficiency of an airfoil used in the design of a 3 kW wind turbine blade. For this purpose, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was implemented, and the results were compared with those obtained using QBlade software. After blade fabrication, experimental evaluation was performed using the laser triangulation technique, enabling the reconstruction of the deformed airfoils and their comparison with the original geometry. Additional CFD simulations were carried out on the manufactured airfoil to quantify the loss of aerodynamic efficiency due to geometrical deformations. The results show that the geometric deviations significantly affect the aerodynamic coefficients, generating a decrease in the lift coefficient and an increase in the drag coefficient, which negatively impacts the airfoil aerodynamic efficiency. A 14.9% reduction in the rotor power coefficient was observed with the deformed airfoils compared to the original design. This study emphasizes the importance of quality control in wind turbine blade manufacturing processes and its impact on turbine power performance. In addition, the findings can contribute to the development of design compensation strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of geometric imperfections on the aerodynamic performance of wind turbines. Full article
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21 pages, 4761 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Dynamic Game Method for Offshore Wind Turbine Airfoil Optimization Design
by Rui Meng, Jintao Song, Xueqing Ren and Xuhui Chen
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(8), 1481; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13081481 - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 156
Abstract
The novel enhanced dynamic game method (EDGM) is proposed to advance game-based design approaches, with a focus on enhancing solution distribution, precision, and the ability to reveal the dynamic influence sensitivity of design variables on objective functions. An integrated mathematical model is developed [...] Read more.
The novel enhanced dynamic game method (EDGM) is proposed to advance game-based design approaches, with a focus on enhancing solution distribution, precision, and the ability to reveal the dynamic influence sensitivity of design variables on objective functions. An integrated mathematical model is developed by combining EDGM with PARSEC and CST parameterization methods, forming a systematic framework for offshore wind turbine airfoil optimization. Targeting airfoils with approximately 30% and 35% thickness, the study aims to improve annual energy production (AEP) and optimize the polar moment of inertia. Redesigned airfoils using the EDGM-integrated model exhibit significant enhancements in aerodynamic performance and anti-flutter capability compared to baseline airfoils DU97W300 and DU99W350. The methodology’s superiority is validated through analyses of pressure distributions, lift-to-drag ratios, and streamline patterns, as well as comparative evaluations using HV and Spacing metrics, demonstrating EDGM’s potential for broader engineering applications in complex multi-objective optimization scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)
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24 pages, 4217 KiB  
Article
Contact Load Measurement and Validation for Tapered Rollers in Wind Turbine Main Bearing
by Zhenggang Guo, Jingqi Yu, Wanxiu Hao and Yuming Niu
Sensors 2025, 25(15), 4726; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25154726 - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 213
Abstract
Addressing the need for contact load detection in wind turbine main bearings during service, a roller contact load measurement method is proposed. An analytical model characterizes the contact load-to-inner bore strain mapping relationship. To overcome the inherent low sensitivity of direct bore strain [...] Read more.
Addressing the need for contact load detection in wind turbine main bearings during service, a roller contact load measurement method is proposed. An analytical model characterizes the contact load-to-inner bore strain mapping relationship. To overcome the inherent low sensitivity of direct bore strain measurement, bore-to-measurement-point sensitivity analysis was optimized. Multiple structurally optimized sensor brackets were designed to enhance strain measurement sensitivity, and their performance was comparatively evaluated via simulation. To mitigate sensitivity fluctuations caused by roller rotation phase variations, a strain–phase–load calculation method incorporating real-time phase compensation was developed and verified through simulation analysis. A dedicated roller contact load testing system was constructed and experimental validation was conducted. Results demonstrate 95% accuracy in contact load acquisition. This method accurately obtains roller contact loads in wind turbine main bearings, proving crucial for studying bearing mechanical behavior, predicting fatigue life, optimizing structural design, and enhancing reliability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Fault Diagnosis & Sensors)
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28 pages, 13030 KiB  
Article
Meta-Heuristic Optimization for Hybrid Renewable Energy System in Durgapur: Performance Comparison of GWO, TLBO, and MOPSO
by Sudip Chowdhury, Aashish Kumar Bohre and Akshay Kumar Saha
Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 6954; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156954 - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 159
Abstract
This paper aims to find an efficient optimization algorithm to bring down the cost function without compromising the stability of the system and respect the operational constraints of the Hybrid Renewable Energy System. To accomplish this, MATLAB simulations were carried out using three [...] Read more.
This paper aims to find an efficient optimization algorithm to bring down the cost function without compromising the stability of the system and respect the operational constraints of the Hybrid Renewable Energy System. To accomplish this, MATLAB simulations were carried out using three optimization techniques: Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO), Teaching–Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO), and Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO). The study compared their outcomes to identify which method yielded the most effective performance. The research included a statistical analysis to evaluate how consistently and stably each optimization method performed. The analysis revealed optimal values for the output power of photovoltaic systems (PVs), wind turbines (WTs), diesel generator capacity (DGs), and battery storage (BS). A one-year period was used to confirm the optimized configuration through the analysis of capital investment and fuel consumption. Among the three methods, GWO achieved the best fitness value of 0.24593 with an LPSP of 0.12528, indicating high system reliability. MOPSO exhibited the fastest convergence behaviour. TLBO yielded the lowest Net Present Cost (NPC) of 213,440 and a Cost of Energy (COE) of 1.91446/kW, though with a comparatively higher fitness value of 0.26628. The analysis suggests that GWO is suitable for applications requiring high reliability, TLBO is preferable for cost-sensitive solutions, and MOPSO is advantageous for obtaining quick, approximate results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Technology, Power Systems and Sustainability)
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