Search Results (124)

Background/Objectives: Increasing levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have recently been observed at the human–domestic animal–wildlife interface. Wild birds have been identified as carriers of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and serve as excellent biomarkers for epidemiological studies. This study assessed the current AMR presence in Eastern Spain’s commensal Escherichia coli isolated from free-ranging Bonelli’s eagles (Aquila fasciata). Methods: Nestlings and their nests were intensively sampled between 2022 and 2024 to determine their AMR profile and characterize E. coli. AMR testing was conducted using the broth microdilution method, following the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing guidelines. Additionally, the presence of eaeA (intimin gene) and stx-1 and stx-2 (shiga toxins) was analyzed by real-time PCR to classify E. coli strains into enteropathogenic (EPEC) and Shiga-toxigenic (STEC) pathotypes. Results: Of all E. coli isolates, 41.7% were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, and 30% were multidrug-resistant. Only two strains were classified as EPEC and none as STEC. The highest resistance rates were observed for amoxicillin and tetracycline (19.6% each). Alarmingly, resistance to colistin and meropenem, last-resort antibiotics in human medicine, was also detected. Conclusions: Although the mechanisms of resistance acquisition remain unclear, transmission is likely to occur through the food chain, with synanthropic prey acting as intermediary vectors. These results highlight the role of Bonelli’s eagles as essential sentinels of environmental AMR dissemination, even in remote ecosystems. Strengthening One Health-based surveillance is necessary to address AMR’s ecological and public health risks in wildlife. Full article

A water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) was rescued following a vehicle collision and presented with suspected hip injury. Radiographic examination confirmed coxofemoral luxation, and a femoral head ostectomy (FHO) was performed to restore functional mobility. Postoperatively, the water deer underwent intensive rehabilitation, including controlled movement and physical therapy, to enhance limb function. Following successful recovery, the water deer was equipped with a GPS collar and released into its natural habitat. GPS tracking data were collected to evaluate the water deer’s post-release adaptation and movement patterns. The Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) method was used to determine the home range, showing an overall home range (MCP 95%) of 8.03 km² and a core habitat (MCP 50%) of 6.967 km². These results indicate a successful post-surgery outcome, with the water deer demonstrating mobility comparable to healthy individuals. This case demonstrates the clinical feasibility of an FHO in managing hip luxation in water deer and underscores the critical role of post-release monitoring in evaluating functional rehabilitation success in wildlife medicine. This study underscores the importance of integrating surgical intervention, structured rehabilitation, and post-release monitoring to ensure the successful reintroduction of injured wildlife. GPS tracking provides valuable insights into long-term adaptation and mobility, contributing to evidence-based conservation medicine. Full article

Background: The illegal trade in wildlife remains a critical threat to biodiversity, prompting the development of international regulatory frameworks such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). One of the key challenges in enforcement is the detection of CITES-listed species in highly processed consumer goods. Methods: This study investigates the use of molecular techniques to detect animal DNA in two selected commercially available medicinal products—a balm and a gel—marketed with ingredients suggestive of protected species such as the brown bear (Ursus arctos) and the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis). Results: Although DNA from these target species was not detected, the analysis revealed the presence of genetic material from the American mink (Neovison vison) and domestic pig (Sus scrofa), indicating the undeclared use of animal-derived substances. While limited in scope, these findings suggest potential ethical and transparency concerns, particularly for consumers adhering to vegetarian, vegan, or religious dietary practices. Conclusions: The study illustrates the feasibility of applying DNA-based screening methods in complex, degraded matrices and their potential as supportive tools in consumer product assessment. However, broader studies are necessary before drawing general regulatory or conservation conclusions. Full article

Most infectious diseases affecting humans are zoonotic in origin, with mammals serving as the main reservoirs. Frequent interactions between humans and animals, especially in the context of their use for food, medicine, and other purposes, pose significant public health risks, as recently demonstrated by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. In traditional medicine, many species—some of which are also used as food—are valued for their therapeutic versatility, that is, the diversity of medicinal uses attributed to each species. This study investigates the role of zoonotic potential in the selection of mammals used in traditional medicine at a global scale. We compiled data on 411 wild mammal species across 17 orders, identifying 5.146 associated pathogens, of which 2.778 (53.9%) also infect humans. Most diseases transmitted by these species are caused by viruses (33.4%), bacteria (23.3%), and helminths (22.3%). These mammals are used to treat at least 500 diseases or symptoms, and 4.3% of the species show high therapeutic versatility (RI > 1). Our results indicate that species selection is shaped by both biological and cultural factors, with zoonotic potential being the most influential: species with a higher risk of disease transmission tend to be less used. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating zoonotic risk into research and policies regarding the medicinal use of wildlife. Full article

A series of incidents involving damage to vehicle speed sensor cables occurred in an urban area in Japan. At the request of the police, DNA analysis was conducted to identify the animal species responsible. Swab samples collected from the damaged sections of the cables were subjected to PCR testing using mtDNA fragments. Sequencing analysis with universal primers (SCPH02500, SCPL02981) detected DNA from the Japanese marten (Martes melampus). A comprehensive examination that included morphological analysis of the cable damage and consideration of the ecological characteristics of the Japanese martens suggested that the damage was likely caused by this species. DNA analysis using mtDNA markers is a valuable tool for species identification in wildlife forensic veterinary investigations and serves as important scientific evidence in criminal cases involving animals. The findings from this case may contribute to future investigations in forensic veterinary science and ecological research and may also inform measures to prevent human–wildlife conflicts involving animals. Full article

Forest ecosystems represent a natural repository of biodiversity, bioenergy, food, timber, water, medicine, wildlife shelter, and pollution control. In many countries, forests offer great potential to provide biogenic resources that could be utilized for large-scale biotechnological synthesis and products. The evolving nanotechnology could be an excellent platform for the transformation of forest products into value-added nanoparticles (NPs). It also serves as a tool for commercial production, placing the forest at the heart of conservation and sustainable management strategies. NPs are groups of atoms with a size ranging from 1 to 100 nm. This review analyzes the scholarly articles published over the last 25 years on the forest and woody plant-based green synthesis of NPs, highlighting the plant parts and applications discussed. The biosynthesis of nanomaterials from plant extracts provides inexpensiveness, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and environmental nontoxicity to the resultant NPs. The leaf is the most critical organ in woody plants, and it is widely used in NP biosynthesis, perhaps due to its central functions of bioactive metabolite production and storage. Most biosynthesized NPs from tree species have been used and tested for medical applications. For sustainable advancements in forest-based nanotechnology, broader species coverage, expanded applications, and interdisciplinary collaboration are essential. Full article

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in animals, a multifactorial gastrointestinal disorder marked by chronic inflammation, has increasingly been linked to Clostridioides difficile infections. Recognized for its pathogenic role in human pseudomembranous colitis, C. difficile is now emerging as a critical agent in veterinary medicine, particularly in livestock (e.g., cattle, pigs), companion animals (dogs, cats), and wildlife. Over the past five years, evidence has highlighted its association with IBD-like syndromes in animals, driven by toxin-mediated mechanisms (TcdA/TcdB), antibiotic-induced dysbiosis, and environmental spore transmission. This opinion article synthesizes recent findings on C. difficile’s zoonotic potential, diagnostic ambiguities (e.g., distinguishing colonization from active infection), and therapeutic challenges, including antibiotic resistance. We emphasize the urgent need for integrated One Health strategies to mitigate risks to animal and human health, advocating for improved surveillance, novel therapies, and interdisciplinary research. Full article

In Nigeria, Chromolaena odorata poses significant threats to agriculture by disrupting ecosystem structure and function, thereby altering ecosystem services. However, our understanding of its impact, potential uses, and control measures, particularly from the perspective of local communities who interact directly with the plant, presents opportunities for a balanced approach to sustainable management. The aim of this study was to document the knowledge and perceptions of the introduction and spread of C. odorata, its ethnopharmacological applications, and its effects on crops, livestock, and wildlife, as well as discuss control strategies. Using participatory rural appraisal techniques, we administered semi-structured questionnaires to 150 respondents across six villages in Edo State, Nigeria. The findings reveal that C. odorata is a well-recognized invasive species that has been present for several decades and is commonly referred to by its local name, “Awolowo weed”. Although many respondents were unsure of the reasons behind its introduction, most were familiar with its mode of dispersal. A significant proportion of respondents view the weed as a serious threat to agriculture and a major hindrance to human movement by foot to and from their farmlands where C odorata is dominant. However, many also reported its relative ease of management. Interestingly, 92.7% acknowledged the medicinal value of C. odorata, citing its use in treating fever, wounds, and stomach aches, while 84% reported its ability to enhance soil fertility. Most respondents did not perceive the plant as harmful to livestock or wildlife. Though many believe that the plant has continued to spread, 83.8% oppose its complete eradication. Instead, they highlighted Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) as a more problematic weed that requires immediate intervention. In summary, exploring the local benefits of C. odorata highlights the importance of leveraging local knowledge and practices to develop a robust, integrated approach for its sustainable long-term management. Full article

Globally, due to climate change, urbanization, and the intensification of interactions between humans and animals, tick populations have increased, and areas where these arthropod vectors can develop and transmit diseases have expanded. Ixodidae ticks infect a wide variety of species and serve as major vectors for zoonotic pathogens of veterinary importance. This study aimed to identify and map ticks collected from boar tails in six Romanian counties. A total of 141 ticks were identified and differentiated on the basis of their morphological characteristics via stereomicroscopy and electron microscopy. Among the 141 ticks examined, five species, Ixodes ricinus, Haemaphysalis concinna, Haemaphysalis erinacei, Dermacentor reticulatus, and Dermacentor marginatus, were identified. The identification and mapping of ticks present on wild boars is beneficial for both veterinary and human medicine due to the pathogens they can transmit. The results of our study indicate that parasitism with different tick species in wildlife—in this case, wild boar—is present in the Romanian counties under study. This is one of the most recent tick identification and mapping studies. Tick parasitism represents a threat to the health of wild/domestic animals, and frequent monitoring is necessary. Full article

Clausena lenis Drake, a valuable medicinal plant in the Rutaceae family, faces threats from wildlife predation, overharvesting, and climate change. In the wild, C. lenis primarily propagates through seeds; however, their rapid loss of viability poses challenges for long-term storage and germplasm conservation. Plant tissue culture offers a practical solution for both its conservation and large-scale production. This study examines seed sterilization, callus induction, shoot multiplication, and root induction protocols for C. lenis. Seeds attained a 100% sterilization rate using 0.2% (w/v) HgCl₂ for 20 min without compromising germination. When cultured on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D, seed, stem-node, and 1-week-old seedling explants produced abundant callus. A 2.0 mg/L BA treatment achieved 100% shoot induction, with stem-node explants yielding the highest shoot proliferation (3.90 ± 0.31 shoots/explant), followed by 1-week-old seedlings (2.30 ± 0.21 shoots/explant) and seed explants (1.60 ± 0.16 shoots/explant). Rooting was most effective on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 20.0 mg/L IBA, producing an average of 4.30 ± 0.83 roots per shoot in shoot-tip-deprived explants. The rooted plantlets successfully acclimatized, attaining a 100% survival rate in a 1:1:1 mixture of sterile soil, cocopeat, and vermiculite. These findings provide a robust platform for the sustainable propagation and conservation of C. lenis in response to its growing vulnerabilities. Full article

For nearly three decades, interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iSCNT) has been explored as a potential tool for cloning, regenerative medicine, and wildlife conservation. However, developmental inefficiencies remain a major challenge, largely due to persistent barriers in nucleocytoplasmic transport, mitonuclear communication, and epigenome crosstalk. This review synthesized peer-reviewed English articles from PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, spanning nearly three decades, using relevant keywords to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying iSCNT inefficiencies and potential improvement strategies. We highlight recent findings deepening the understanding of interspecies barriers in iSCNT, emphasizing their interconnected complexities, including the following: (1) nucleocytoplasmic incompatibility may disrupt nuclear pore complex (NPC) assembly and maturation, impairing the nuclear transport of essential transcription factors (TFs), embryonic genome activation (EGA), and nuclear reprogramming; (2) mitonuclear incompatibility could lead to nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (nDNA-mtDNA) mismatches, affecting electron transport chain (ETC) assembly, oxidative phosphorylation, and energy metabolism; (3) these interrelated incompatibilities can further influence epigenetic regulation, potentially leading to incomplete epigenetic reprogramming in iSCNT embryos. Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted, species-specific approach that balances multiple incompatibilities rather than isolating a single factor. Gaining insight into the molecular interactions between the donor nucleus and recipient cytoplast, coupled with optimizing strategies tailored to specific pairings, could significantly enhance iSCNT efficiency, ultimately transforming experimental breakthroughs into real-world applications in reproductive biotechnology, regenerative medicine, and species conservation. Full article

The commercial wildlife trade involves billions of animals each year, consumed for various purposes, including food, fashion, entertainment, traditional medicine, and pets. The experiences of the animals involved vary widely, with negative welfare states being commonplace. To highlight the broad scope of animal welfare impacts across the commercial wildlife trade, we present ten case studies featuring a range of species traded globally for different purposes: (1) Ball pythons captured and farmed to serve as pets; (2) Zebrafish captive bred to serve as pets; (3) African Grey Parrots taken from the wild for the pet industry; (4) Sharks de-finned for traditional medicine; (5) Pangolins hunted for traditional medicine; (6) Crickets farmed for food and feed; (7) Frogs wild-caught for the frog-leg trade; (8) Crocodilians killed for their skins; (9) Lions farmed and killed for tourism; and (10) Elephants held captive for tourism. The case studies demonstrate that wild animals commercially traded can suffer from negative welfare states ranging from chronic stress and depression to frustration and extreme hunger. The individuals involved range from hundreds to billions, and their suffering can last a lifetime. Given the welfare issues identified and the growing recognition and scientific evidence for animal sentience, we propose reducing and redirecting consumer demand for these consumptive wildlife practices that negatively impact animals. Full article

With avian malaria threatening populations of wild birds, this study was conducted to determine its prevalence among wild birds rescued in Jeonbuk state in the Republic of Korea. A total of 1043 wild birds were included in this study from 2017 to 2022. Both quantitative polymerase chain reaction and conventional polymerase chain reaction were used. Plasmodium spp. were detected in 75 of the 1043 (7.19%) wild birds. Plasmodium spp. were detected every year, and their prevalence was significantly higher in winter and winter migratory birds (p < 0.05). The Plasmodium spp. detected in wild birds were confirmed to have 30 different lineages. The most frequently detected species was Plasmodium circumflexum (cytochrome b lineage SW5 and TURDUS1), which is known to prefer cold. In this study, the Plasmodium spp. detected in the Republic of Korea were found to contain a high proportion of species preferring colder climates. This suggested that the monitoring of Plasmodium spp. in the Republic of Korea should be conducted year round, with a focus on monitoring migratory birds coming from colder climates. Ongoing monitoring and research are needed to understand the impact of Plasmodium spp. on wild bird populations. Full article

Imported, non-native honey bees and bumble bees threaten native pollinators by spreading pathogens (disease and parasites) and outcompeting native pollinators for nectar and pollen. We reviewed Canadian federal, provincial/territorial, and municipal legislation to find governance requirements that potentially reduce these threats. We classified the requirements as follows: tracking the number and location of honey bee hives (registry); controlling the spread of pathogens (registry with inspections, quarantines, and cleaning regimes); controlling the competition with native pollinators (limiting shared use of space); and making regulations applicable to all domesticated bees in addition to honey bees. Policies and regulations to control the competition from honey bees are generally lacking. So, we propose the concept of “foraging leases” to manage the location and duration of honey bee apiaries on public lands. Based on the identified requirements, we recommend amendments to the legislation in Yukon Territory, a jurisdiction that still has healthy native pollinator communities that pollinate various human food and medicine crops. Recommendations include tracking hives and their pathogen status with beekeeping regulations enabled by the Animal Health Act, controlling the use of imported bumble bees with changes to the Animal Protection and Control Act and/or the Wildlife Act, and restricting use of public lands for apiaries with the Public Lands Act. Full article

Wildlife Rehabilitation Centres emerged with the purpose of recovering individuals, as a tool for environmental education and monitoring the balance of ecosystems. The White Stork (Ciconia ciconia) is one of the many species that are admitted to rehabilitation centres all around the world, due to traumatic amputations. This work presents the development of 3D-printed orthopedic prostheses aimed at partially restoring biomechanical function and enabling the reintegration of amputated birds into their natural habitat. Conducted at the Green Balkans Wildlife Rehabilitation and Breeding Center in Bulgaria, three prosthetic prototypes were created using epoxy resin, polylactic acid (PLA), and polyamide, based on detailed anatomical measurements. The process involved 3D Computer-Aided Design (CAD), biomechanical analysis, and performance evaluation, focusing on locomotion, feeding, and flight. Results showed improved prosthetic efficacy, with birds adapting within 1–5 days, resuming normal behaviours, and regaining flight. Of the 12 birds analyzed, 3 were released into the wild, with 1 tracked via GPS, marking the first documented case of an amputated bird with a prosthesis monitored post-release, covering over 470 km in 15 days. This study highlights the potential of 3D printing in conservation medicine, offering alternatives to euthanasia and open new perspectives in the global context of biodiversity preservation. Full article