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Keywords = total harmonic distortion (THD)

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23 pages, 11587 KiB  
Article
Robust Sensorless Active Damping of LCL Resonance in EV Battery Grid-Tied Converters Using μ-Synthesis Control
by Nabeel Khan, Wang Cheng, Muhammad Yasir Ali Khan and Danish Khan
World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(8), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16080422 - 27 Jul 2025
Viewed by 253
Abstract
LCL (inductor–capacitor–inductor) filters are widely used in grid-connected inverters, particularly in electric vehicle (EV) battery-to-grid systems, for harmonic suppression but introduce resonance issues that compromise stability. This study presents a novel sensorless active damping strategy based on μ-synthesis control for EV batteries connected [...] Read more.
LCL (inductor–capacitor–inductor) filters are widely used in grid-connected inverters, particularly in electric vehicle (EV) battery-to-grid systems, for harmonic suppression but introduce resonance issues that compromise stability. This study presents a novel sensorless active damping strategy based on μ-synthesis control for EV batteries connected to the grid via LCL filters, eliminating the need for additional current sensors while preserving harmonic attenuation. A comprehensive state–space and process noise model enables accurate capacitor current estimation using only grid current and point-of-common-coupling (PCC) voltage measurements. The proposed method maintains robust performance under ±60% LCL parameter variations and integrates a proportional-resonant (PR) current controller for resonance suppression. Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) validation demonstrates enhanced stability in dynamic grid conditions, with total harmonic distortion (THD) below 5% (IEEE 1547-compliant) and current tracking error < 0.06 A. Full article
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27 pages, 5499 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Fault Ride-Through and Power Quality in Wind Energy Systems Using Dynamic Voltage Restorer and Battery Energy Storage System
by Ahmed Muthanna Nori, Ali Kadhim Abdulabbs, Abdullrahman A. Al-Shammaa and Hassan M. Hussein Farh
Electronics 2025, 14(14), 2760; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14142760 - 9 Jul 2025
Viewed by 390
Abstract
Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)-based Wind Energy Systems (WESs) have become increasingly prominent in the global energy sector, owing to their superior efficiency and operational flexibility. Nevertheless, DFIGs are notably vulnerable to fluctuations in the grid, which can result in power quality issues—including [...] Read more.
Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)-based Wind Energy Systems (WESs) have become increasingly prominent in the global energy sector, owing to their superior efficiency and operational flexibility. Nevertheless, DFIGs are notably vulnerable to fluctuations in the grid, which can result in power quality issues—including voltage swells, sags, harmonic distortion, and flicker—while also posing difficulties in complying with Fault Ride-Through (FRT) standards established by grid regulations. To address the previously mentioned challenges, this paper develops an integrated approach utilizing a Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) in conjunction with a Lithium-ion storage system. The DVR is coupled in series with the WES terminal, while the storage system is coupled in parallel with the DC link of the DFIG through a DC/DC converter, enabling rapid voltage compensation and bidirectional energy exchange. Simulation results for a 2 MW WES employing DFIG modeled in MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed system. The approach maintains terminal voltage stability, reduces Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) to below 0.73% during voltage sags and below 0.42% during swells, and limits DC-link voltage oscillations within permissible limits. The system also successfully mitigates voltage flicker (THD reduced to 0.41%) and harmonics (THD reduced to 0.4%), ensuring compliance with IEEE Standard 519. These results highlight the proposed system’s ability to enhance both PQ and FRT capabilities, ensuring uninterrupted wind power generation under various grid disturbances. Full article
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25 pages, 7875 KiB  
Article
A Comparative Study of Direct Power Control Strategies for STATCOM Using Three-Level and Five-Level Diode-Clamped Inverters
by Diyaa Mustaf Mohammed, Raaed Faleh Hassan, Naseer M. Yasin, Mohammed Alruwaili and Moustafa Ahmed Ibrahim
Energies 2025, 18(13), 3582; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18133582 - 7 Jul 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 390
Abstract
For power electronic interfaces, Direct Power Control (DPC) has emerged as a leading control technique, especially in applications such as synchronous motors, induction motors, and other electric drives; renewable energy sources (such as photovoltaic inverters and wind turbines); and converters that are grid-connected, [...] Read more.
For power electronic interfaces, Direct Power Control (DPC) has emerged as a leading control technique, especially in applications such as synchronous motors, induction motors, and other electric drives; renewable energy sources (such as photovoltaic inverters and wind turbines); and converters that are grid-connected, such as Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG) and Static Compensator (STATCOM) configurations. DPC accomplishes several significant goals by avoiding the inner current control loops and doing away with coordinating transformations. The application of STATCOM based on three- and five-level diode-clamped inverters is covered in this work. The study checks the abilities of DPC during power control adjustments during diverse grid operation scenarios while detailing how multilevel inverters affect system stability and power reliability. Proportional Integral (PI) controllers are used to control active and reactive power levels as part of the control approach. This study shows that combining DPC with Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) increases the system’s overall electromagnetic performance and control accuracy. The performance of STATCOM systems in power distribution and transient response under realistic operating conditions is assessed using simulation tools applied to three-level and five-level inverter topologies. In addition to providing improved voltage quality and accurate reactive power control, the five-level inverter structure surpasses other topologies by maintaining a total harmonic distortion (THD) below 5%, according to the main findings. The three-level inverter operates efficiently under typical grid conditions because of its straightforward design, which uses less processing power and computational complexity. Full article
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18 pages, 8267 KiB  
Article
Discontinuous Multilevel Pulse Width Modulation Technique for Grid Voltage Quality Improvement and Inverter Loss Reduction in Photovoltaic Systems
by Juan-Ramon Heredia-Larrubia, Francisco M. Perez-Hidalgo, Antonio Ruiz-Gonzalez and Mario Jesus Meco-Gutierrez
Electronics 2025, 14(13), 2695; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14132695 - 3 Jul 2025
Viewed by 240
Abstract
In the last decade, countries have experienced increased solar radiation, leading to an increase in the use of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems to boost renewable energy generation. However, the high solar penetration into these systems can disrupt the normal operation of the distribution [...] Read more.
In the last decade, countries have experienced increased solar radiation, leading to an increase in the use of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems to boost renewable energy generation. However, the high solar penetration into these systems can disrupt the normal operation of the distribution grid. Thus, a major concern is the impact of these units on power quality indices. To improve these units, one approach is to design more efficient power inverters. This study introduces a pulse width modulation (PWM) technique for multilevel power inverters, employing a sine wave as the carrier wave and an amplitude over-modulated triangular wave as the modulator (PSTM-PWM). The proposed technique improves the waveform quality and increases the AC voltage output of the multilevel inverter compared with that from conventional PWM techniques. In addition, it ensures compliance with the EN50160 standard. These improvements are achieved with a lower modulation order than that used in traditional techniques, resulting in reduced losses in multilevel power inverters. The proposed approach is then implemented using a five-level cascaded H-bridge inverter. In addition, a comparative analysis of the efficiency of multilevel power inverters was performed, contrasting classical modulation techniques with the proposed approach for various modulation orders. The results demonstrate a significant improvement in both total harmonic distortion (THD) and power inverter efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Pulsed-Power and High-Power Electronics)
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40 pages, 3694 KiB  
Article
AI-Enhanced MPPT Control for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems Using ANFIS-PSO Optimization
by Mahmood Yaseen Mohammed Aldulaimi and Mesut Çevik
Electronics 2025, 14(13), 2649; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14132649 - 30 Jun 2025
Viewed by 534
Abstract
This paper presents an adaptive Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) strategy for grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems that uses an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) optimized by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to enhance energy extraction efficiency under diverse environmental conditions. The proposed ANFIS-PSO-based MPPT [...] Read more.
This paper presents an adaptive Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) strategy for grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems that uses an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) optimized by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to enhance energy extraction efficiency under diverse environmental conditions. The proposed ANFIS-PSO-based MPPT controller performs dynamic adjustment Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) switching to minimize Total Harmonic Distortion (THD); this will ensure rapid convergence to the maximum power point (MPP). Unlike conventional Perturb and Observe (P&O) and Incremental Conductance (INC) methods, which struggle with tracking delays and local maxima in partial shading scenarios, the proposed approach efficiently identifies the Global Maximum Power Point (GMPP), improving energy harvesting capabilities. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink R2023a demonstrate that under stable irradiance conditions (1000 W/m2, 25 °C), the controller was able to achieve an MPPT efficiency of 99.2%, with THD reduced to 2.1%, ensuring grid compliance with IEEE 519 standards. In dynamic irradiance conditions, where sunlight varies linearly between 200 W/m2 and 1000 W/m2, the controller maintains an MPPT efficiency of 98.7%, with a response time of less than 200 ms, outperforming traditional MPPT algorithms. In the partial shading case, the proposed method effectively avoids local power maxima and successfully tracks the Global Maximum Power Point (GMPP), resulting in a power output of 138 W. In contrast, conventional techniques such as P&O and INC typically fail to escape local maxima under similar conditions, leading to significantly lower power output, often falling well below the true GMPP. This performance disparity underscores the superior tracking capability of the proposed ANFIS-PSO approach in complex irradiance scenarios, where traditional algorithms exhibit substantial energy loss due to their limited global search behavior. The novelty of this work lies in the integration of ANFIS with PSO optimization, enabling an intelligent self-adaptive MPPT strategy that enhances both tracking speed and accuracy while maintaining low computational complexity. This hybrid approach ensures real-time adaptation to environmental fluctuations, making it an optimal solution for grid-connected PV systems requiring high power quality and stability. The proposed controller significantly improves energy harvesting efficiency, minimizes grid disturbances, and enhances overall system robustness, demonstrating its potential for next-generation smart PV systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI Applications for Smart Grid)
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23 pages, 1420 KiB  
Article
Utilising Smart-Meter Harmonic Data for Low-Voltage Network Topology Identification
by Ali Othman, Neville R. Watson, Andrew Lapthorn and Radnya Mukhedkar
Energies 2025, 18(13), 3333; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18133333 - 25 Jun 2025
Viewed by 358
Abstract
Identifying the topology of low-voltage (LV) networks is becoming increasingly important. Having precise and accurate topology information is crucial for future network operations and network modelling. Topology identification approaches based on smart-meter data typically rely on Root Mean Square (RMS) voltage, current, and [...] Read more.
Identifying the topology of low-voltage (LV) networks is becoming increasingly important. Having precise and accurate topology information is crucial for future network operations and network modelling. Topology identification approaches based on smart-meter data typically rely on Root Mean Square (RMS) voltage, current, and power measurements, which are limited in accuracy due to factors such as time resolution, measurement intervals, and instrument errors. This paper presents a novel methodology for identifying distribution network topologies through the utilisation of smart-meter harmonic data. The methodology introduces, for the first time, the application of voltage Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and individual harmonic components (V2V20) as topology identifiers. The proposed approach leverages the unique properties of harmonic distortion to improve the accuracy of topology identification. This paper first analyses the influential factors affecting topology identification, establishing that harmonic distortion propagation patterns offer superior discrimination compared to RMS voltage. Through systematic investigation, the findings demonstrate the potential of harmonic-based analysis as a more effective alternative for topology identification in modern power distribution systems. Full article
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19 pages, 4849 KiB  
Article
Optimal Design for Torque Ripple Reduction in a Traction Motor for Electric Propulsion Vessels
by Gi-haeng Lee and Yong-min You
Actuators 2025, 14(7), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/act14070314 - 24 Jun 2025
Viewed by 277
Abstract
Recently, as carbon emission regulations enforced by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) have become stricter and pressure from the World Trade Organization (WTO) to abolish tax-free fuel subsidies has increased, the demand for electric propulsion systems in the marine sector has grown. Most [...] Read more.
Recently, as carbon emission regulations enforced by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) have become stricter and pressure from the World Trade Organization (WTO) to abolish tax-free fuel subsidies has increased, the demand for electric propulsion systems in the marine sector has grown. Most small domestic fishing vessels rely on tax-free fuel and have limited cruising ranges and constant-speed operation, which makes them well-suited for electric propulsion. This paper proposes replacing the internal combustion engine system of such vessels with an electric propulsion system. Based on real operating conditions, an Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (IPMSM) was designed and optimized. The Savitsky method was used to calculate total resistance at a typical cruising speed, from which the required torque and output were determined. To reduce torque ripple, an asymmetric dummy slot structure was proposed, with two dummy slots of different widths and depths placed in each stator slot. These dimensions, along with the magnet angle, were set as optimization parameters, and a metamodel-based optimal design was carried out. As a result, while meeting the design constraints, torque ripple decreased by 2.91% and the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the back-EMF was lowered by 1.32%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Actuators for Surface Vehicles)
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27 pages, 14919 KiB  
Article
A Super-Twisting Sliding-Mode Control Strategy for a Heaving Point Absorber Wave Energy Converter
by Zhongfeng Li, Lixian Wang, Lidong Wang, Xiaoping Liu, Zhongyi Wang and Lei Liu
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(7), 1214; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13071214 - 23 Jun 2025
Viewed by 299
Abstract
This paper proposes a super-twisting sliding-mode control (STSMC) strategy to enhance the efficiency and stability of a heaving point absorber wave energy converter (PAWEC) system equipped with a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). In particular, the STSMC is designed to address both generator-side [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a super-twisting sliding-mode control (STSMC) strategy to enhance the efficiency and stability of a heaving point absorber wave energy converter (PAWEC) system equipped with a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). In particular, the STSMC is designed to address both generator-side and grid-side control challenges by ensuring precise regulation under varying wave conditions. A dynamical model of the PAWEC is developed to describe system responses, while the power take-off (PTO) mechanism is tailored to maintain consistent generator speed and efficient energy conversion. Lyapunov stability theory is employed to verify the stability of the proposed controller. Simulation studies and tests on a small-scale experimental setup with a 500 W PAWEC model under regular and irregular waves demonstrate that STSMC improves generator speed regulation and power output by more than 30% compared to field-oriented control (FOC), nonlinear adaptive backstepping (NAB), and first-order sliding-mode control (FOSMC). The proposed approach also manages grid-side total harmonic distortion (THD) effectively, keeping it below 5%. These results indicate that STSMC can substantially improve the dynamic performance and energy efficiency of wave energy systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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28 pages, 9836 KiB  
Article
Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Converter Topology for a PV Connected to a Medium-Voltage Grid
by Hammad Alnuman, Essam Hussain, Mokhtar Aly, Emad M. Ahmed and Ahmed Alshahir
Machines 2025, 13(7), 540; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13070540 - 21 Jun 2025
Viewed by 405
Abstract
When connecting a renewable energy source to a medium-voltage grid, it has to fulfil grid codes and be able to work in a medium-voltage range (>10 kV). Multilevel converters (MLCs) are recognized for their low total harmonic distortion (THD) and ability to work [...] Read more.
When connecting a renewable energy source to a medium-voltage grid, it has to fulfil grid codes and be able to work in a medium-voltage range (>10 kV). Multilevel converters (MLCs) are recognized for their low total harmonic distortion (THD) and ability to work at high voltage compared to other converter types, making them ideal for applications connected to medium-voltage grids whilst being compliant with grid codes and voltage ratings. Cascaded H-bridge multilevel converters (CHBs-MLC) are a type of MLC topology, and they does not need any capacitors or diodes for clamping like other MLC topologies. One of the problems in these types of converters involves the double-frequency harmonics in the DC linking voltage and power, which can increase the size of the capacitors and converters. The use of line frequency transformers for isolation is another factor that increases the system’s size. This paper proposes an isolated CHBs-MLC topology that effectively overcomes double-line frequency harmonics and offers isolation. In the proposed topology, each DC source (renewable energy source) supplies a three-phase load rather than a single-phase load that is seen in conventional MLCs. This is achieved by employing a multi-winding high-frequency transformer (HFT). The primary winding consists of a winding connected to the DC sources. The secondary windings consist of three windings, each supplying one phase of the load. This configuration reduces the DC voltage link ripples, thus improving the power quality. Photovoltaic (PV) renewable energy sources are considered as the DC sources. A case study of a 1.0 MW and 13.8 kV photovoltaic (PV) system is presented, considering two scenarios: variations in solar irradiation and 25% partial panel shedding. The simulations and design results show the benefits of the proposed topology, including a seven-fold reduction in capacitor volume, a 2.7-fold reduction in transformer core volume, a 50% decrease in the current THD, and a 30% reduction in the voltage THD compared to conventional MLCs. The main challenge of the proposed topology is the use of more switches compared to conventional MLCs. However, with advancing technology, the cost is expected to decrease over time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Converters: Topology, Control, Reliability, and Applications)
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24 pages, 7962 KiB  
Article
A Novel Multilevel Inverter Topology Generating a 19-Level Output Regulated by the PD-PWM Method
by Sofia Lemssaddak, Abdelhafid Ait Elmahjoub, Mohamed Tabaa, Adnane El-Alami and Mourad Zegrari
Energies 2025, 18(13), 3227; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18133227 - 20 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 502
Abstract
Traditional multilevel inverter topologies, such FC, NPC, and CHB, have a few significant disadvantages. They need a great number of parts, which raises the complexity, expense, and switching losses. Furthermore, their intricate control schemes make voltage balancing and synchronization challenging. Lastly, under some [...] Read more.
Traditional multilevel inverter topologies, such FC, NPC, and CHB, have a few significant disadvantages. They need a great number of parts, which raises the complexity, expense, and switching losses. Furthermore, their intricate control schemes make voltage balancing and synchronization challenging. Lastly, under some circumstances, they experience severe harmonic distortion, necessitating the inclusion of expensive filters to enhance signal quality. This paper proposes a novel multilevel converter topology that uses the phase-disposition PWM (PD-PWM) technique to control a 19-level output. This new configuration maintains performance comparable to the CHB-MLI reference while using fewer switches, simplifying control, and reducing costs. Our approach is based on extensive simulations conducted in the MATLAB Simulink environment, with results compared to the CHB-MLI. A low-pass filter is added to improve the output voltage quality, reducing the THD% to 1.33%. This strategy offers several advantages, including simpler control, lower costs, increased reliability, and higher-quality output. The system was replicated using MATLAB Simulink and validated through hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing. The HIL method ensures real-world testing without causing damage to the hardware. The integrated system includes sensors and necessary hardware for a comprehensive energy management solution. Full article
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29 pages, 8083 KiB  
Article
DC-Link Voltage Stabilization and Capacitor Size Reduction in Active Neutral-Point-Clamped Inverters Using an Advanced Control Method
by Ahmet Yuksel, Ibrahim Sefa and Necmi Altin
Energies 2025, 18(12), 3143; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18123143 - 15 Jun 2025
Viewed by 630
Abstract
This study examines the impact of midpoint voltage fluctuations on the performance of multilevel converters and proposes an advanced control strategy to reduce the required DC bus capacitance while maintaining system stability. The research demonstrates that active voltage imbalance control in active neutral-point-clamped [...] Read more.
This study examines the impact of midpoint voltage fluctuations on the performance of multilevel converters and proposes an advanced control strategy to reduce the required DC bus capacitance while maintaining system stability. The research demonstrates that active voltage imbalance control in active neutral-point-clamped (ANPC) topologies allows for stable operation with significantly reduced capacitor values. A hybrid control approach, combining fuzzy logic control and third-harmonic injection PWM (THIPWM), is developed to enhance voltage balancing, and modulation techniques are systematically optimized. Both simulation and experimental analyses confirm the efficacy of the proposed method, which achieves superior voltage regulation compared to conventional PI-based control schemes. Specifically, experimental results show a reduction in peak-to-peak DC-link voltage fluctuation from 116 V to just 4 V, and the phase current THD is reduced from 3.6% to 0.8%. The results indicate a substantial reduction in voltage fluctuations, contributing to a total harmonic distortion (THD) as low as 0.8%. Furthermore, the proposed strategy facilitates an approximate 26-fold decrease in DC bus capacitor size without compromising system stability. The reduction in capacitance not only lowers the overall system costs and hardware complexity but also improves reliability. The inverter was tested at a rated power of 62.5 kW using 0.3 mF capacitors instead of the theoretically required 7.8 mF. This work advances power electronics by presenting an efficient voltage balancing methodology, offering a cost-effective and robust solution for multilevel converter applications. The findings are validated through comprehensive simulations and experimental tests, ensuring practical applicability. Full article
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31 pages, 7507 KiB  
Article
A Neural Network-Based Model Predictive Control for a Grid-Connected Photovoltaic–Battery System with Vehicle-to-Grid and Grid-to-Vehicle Operations
by Ossama Dankar, Mohamad Tarnini, Abdallah El Ghaly, Nazih Moubayed and Khaled Chahine
Electricity 2025, 6(2), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity6020032 - 6 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1235
Abstract
The growing integration of photovoltaic (PV) energy systems and electric vehicles (EVs) introduces new challenges in managing energy flow within smart grid environments. The intermittent nature of solar energy and the variable charging demands of EVs complicate reliable and efficient power management. Existing [...] Read more.
The growing integration of photovoltaic (PV) energy systems and electric vehicles (EVs) introduces new challenges in managing energy flow within smart grid environments. The intermittent nature of solar energy and the variable charging demands of EVs complicate reliable and efficient power management. Existing strategies for grid-connected PV–battery systems often fail to effectively handle bidirectional power flow between EVs and the grid, particularly in scenarios requiring seamless transitions between vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and grid-to-vehicle (G2V) operations. This paper presents a novel neural network-based model predictive control (NN-MPC) approach for optimizing energy management in a grid-connected PV–battery–EV system. The proposed method combines neural networks for forecasting PV generation, EV load demand, and grid conditions with a model predictive control framework that optimizes real-time power flow under various constraints. This integration enables intelligent, adaptive, and dynamic decision making across multiple objectives, including maximizing renewable energy usage, minimizing grid dependency, reducing transient responses, and extending battery life. Unlike conventional methods that treat V2G and G2V separately, the NN-MPC framework supports seamless mode switching based on real-time system status and user requirements. Simulation results demonstrate a 12.9% improvement in V2G power delivery, an 8% increase in renewable energy utilization, and a 50% reduction in total harmonic distortion (THD) compared to PI control. The results highlight the practical effectiveness and robustness of NN-MPC, making it an effective solution for future smart grids that require bidirectional energy management between distributed energy resources and electric vehicles. Full article
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22 pages, 4847 KiB  
Article
Design and Implementation of a Comparative Study of Fractional-Order Fuzzy Logic and Conventional PI Controller for Optimizing Stand-Alone DFIG Performance in Wind Energy Systems
by Fella Boucetta, Mohamed Toufik Benchouia, Amel Benmouna, Mohamed Chebani, Amar Golea, Mohamed Becherif and Mohammed Saci Chabani
Sci 2025, 7(2), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7020080 - 5 Jun 2025
Viewed by 601
Abstract
This paper introduces a novel fractional-order fuzzy logic controller (FOFLC) designed for stator voltage control in standalone doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) systems used in wind energy applications. Unlike traditional fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs), which are limited by integer-order dynamics, the FOFLC leverages [...] Read more.
This paper introduces a novel fractional-order fuzzy logic controller (FOFLC) designed for stator voltage control in standalone doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) systems used in wind energy applications. Unlike traditional fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs), which are limited by integer-order dynamics, the FOFLC leverages the advanced principles of fractional-order (FO) calculus. By integrating fuzzy logic with fractional-order operators, the FOFLC enhances system precision, adaptability, and interpretability while addressing the inherent limitations of conventional proportional-integral (PI) controllers and integer-order FLCs. A key innovation of the FOFLC is its dual-mode architecture, enabling it to operate seamlessly as either a traditional FLC or a fractional-order FOFLC controller. This versatility allows for independent tuning of fractional parameters, optimizing the system’s response to transients, steady-state errors, and disturbances. The controller’s flexibility makes it particularly well-suited for nonlinear and dynamically complex stand-alone renewable energy systems. The FOFLC is experimentally validated on a 3-kW DFIG test bench using the dSPACE-1104 platform under various operating conditions. Compared to a conventional PI controller, the FOFLC demonstrated superior performance, achieving 80% reduction in response time, eliminating voltage overshoot and undershoot, reducing stator power and torque ripples by over 46%, and decreasing total harmonic distortion (THD) of both stator voltage and current by more than 50%. These results confirm the FOFLC’s potential as a robust and adaptive control solution for stand-alone renewable energy systems, ensuring high-quality power output and reliable operation. Full article
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17 pages, 4065 KiB  
Article
Evaluating Effects of Electric Vehicle Chargers on Residential Power Infrastructure
by Pathomthat Chiradeja, Orawan Chuadmee, Santipont Ananwattanaporn, Chayanut Sottiyaphai and Atthapol Ngaopitakkul
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 5997; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15115997 - 26 May 2025
Viewed by 567
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of electric vehicle (EV) chargers on residential electrical systems through a real-world case study in a condominium located in Bangkok, Thailand. A two-week field measurement was conducted to analyze load profiles, current and voltage behavior, phase symmetry, and [...] Read more.
This study investigated the impact of electric vehicle (EV) chargers on residential electrical systems through a real-world case study in a condominium located in Bangkok, Thailand. A two-week field measurement was conducted to analyze load profiles, current and voltage behavior, phase symmetry, and harmonic distortion during EV charger operation. The results show that single-phase charging dominated usage patterns, leading to phase imbalance and significant neutral current flow. Voltage unbalance was quantified using the maximum deviation method, with an average value of 0.535 percent and a peak of 2.18 percent observed during charging activity. A harmonic distortion analysis revealed a substantial increase in current total harmonic distortion (THD) during active charging, with values rising to between 15 and 20 percent. These findings highlight nonlinear loading effects that may reduce power quality and pose risks to electrical equipment and system stability. In retrofitted electrical infrastructures, these effects are often exacerbated by design limitations and the absence of coordinated load management. This study’s findings offer practical insights for engineers, facility managers, and policymakers in designing EV-ready residential systems that are both efficient and resilient. Full article
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19 pages, 5580 KiB  
Article
Stand-Alone Operation of Multi-Phase Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Supplied by SiC-Based Current Source Converter
by Łukasz Sienkiewicz, Filip Wilczyński and Szymon Racewicz
Energies 2025, 18(11), 2753; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18112753 - 26 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 407
Abstract
This paper investigates the performance of a five-phase silicon carbide (SiC)-based current-source converter (CSC) integrated with a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) for wind energy applications. The study explores both healthy and faulty operation, focusing on system behavior under transient conditions and various [...] Read more.
This paper investigates the performance of a five-phase silicon carbide (SiC)-based current-source converter (CSC) integrated with a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) for wind energy applications. The study explores both healthy and faulty operation, focusing on system behavior under transient conditions and various load scenarios in stand-alone mode. A novel five-phase space vector PWM strategy in dual coordinate planes is introduced, which enables stable control during normal and open-phase fault conditions. Experimental results demonstrate improved stator voltage and current quality, particularly in terms of reduced Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), compared to traditional voltage-source converter-based systems. Furthermore, the system maintains operational stability under a single-phase open fault, despite increased oscillations in stator quantities. The results highlight the potential of five-phase CSC-DFIG systems as a robust and efficient alternative for wind power plants, particularly in configurations involving long cable connections and requiring low generator losses. Future work will focus on enhancing fault-tolerant capabilities and expanding control strategies for improved performance under different operating conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Control and Optimization of Wind Power Systems)
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