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26 pages, 1533 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Agricultural and Urban BMPs to Meet Phosphorus and Sediment Loading Targets in the Upper Soldier Creek, Kansas, USA
by Naomi E. Detenbeck, Christopher P. Weaver, Alyssa M. Le, Philip E. Morefield, Samuel Ennett and Marilyn R. ten Brink
Water 2025, 17(15), 2265; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17152265 - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 213
Abstract
This study was developed to identify the optimal (most cost-effective) strategies to reduce sediment and phosphorus loadings in the Upper Soldier Creek, Kansas, USA, watershed using the Watershed Management Optimization Support Tool (WMOST) suite of programs. Under average precipitation, loading targets for upland [...] Read more.
This study was developed to identify the optimal (most cost-effective) strategies to reduce sediment and phosphorus loadings in the Upper Soldier Creek, Kansas, USA, watershed using the Watershed Management Optimization Support Tool (WMOST) suite of programs. Under average precipitation, loading targets for upland total phosphorus (TP) could be met with use of grassed swales for treating urban area runoff and of contouring for agricultural runoff. For a wet year, the same target could be met, but with use of a sand filter with underdrain for the urban runoff. Both annual and daily TP loading targets from Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) were exceeded in simulations of best management practice (BMP) solutions for 14 alternative future climate scenarios. We expanded the set of BMPs to include stream bank stabilization (physical plus riparian restoration) and two-stage channel designs, but upland loading targets could not be met for either TP or total suspended solids (TSS) under any precipitation conditions. An optimization scenario that simulated the routing of flows in excess of those treated by the upland BMPs to an off-channel treatment wetland allowed TMDLs to be met for an average precipitation year. WMOST can optimize cost-effectiveness of BMPs across multiple scales and climate scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization-Simulation Modeling of Sustainable Water Resource)
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19 pages, 914 KiB  
Review
The Incorporation of Adsorbents with Contrasting Properties into the Soil Substrate for the Removal of Multiple Pollutants in Stormwater Treatment for the Reuse of Water—A Review
by Paripurnanda Loganathan, Jaya Kandasamy, Harsha Ratnaweera and Saravanamuthu Vigneswaran
Water 2025, 17(13), 2007; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17132007 - 3 Jul 2025
Viewed by 398
Abstract
Stormwater carries significant amounts of pollutants—including metals, microorganisms, organic micropollutants, and nutrients—from land surfaces into nearby water bodies, leading to water quality deterioration and threats to both human health and ecosystems. The removal of these contaminants is essential not only for environmental protection, [...] Read more.
Stormwater carries significant amounts of pollutants—including metals, microorganisms, organic micropollutants, and nutrients—from land surfaces into nearby water bodies, leading to water quality deterioration and threats to both human health and ecosystems. The removal of these contaminants is essential not only for environmental protection, but also to enable the reuse of treated water for various beneficial applications. Common treatment methods include bioretention systems, biofiltration, constructed wetlands, rain gardens, swales, and permeable pavements. To improve pollutant removal efficiency, adsorbent materials are often incorporated into the soil substrate of these treatment devices. However, most research on adsorbents has focused on their effectiveness against one or two specific pollutants and has been conducted under static, short-term laboratory conditions rather than dynamic, field-relevant scenarios. Column-based dynamic filtration type studies, which are more informative for field applications, are limited. In one study, a combination of two or more adsorbents with contrasting properties that matched the affinity preferences of the different pollutants to the substrate media removed 77–100% of several heavy metals that occur in real stormwater compared to 38–73% removal with only one adsorbent. In another study, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon removal with zeolite was only 30–50%, but increased to >99% with 0.3% granular activated carbon addition. Long-term dynamic column-based filtration experiments and field studies using real stormwater, which contains a wide range of pollutants, are recommended to better evaluate the performances of the combined adsorbent systems. Full article
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18 pages, 8570 KiB  
Article
Exploring Urban Water Management Solutions for Mitigating Water Cycle Issues: Application to Bogotá, Colombia
by Yoonkyung Park, Inkyeong Sim, Changyeon Won, Jongpyo Park and Reeho Kim
Water 2025, 17(13), 1992; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17131992 - 2 Jul 2025
Viewed by 342
Abstract
Urbanization and climate change have disrupted natural water circulation by increasing impervious surfaces and altering rainfall patterns, leading to reduced groundwater infiltration, deteriorating water quality, and heightened flood risks. This study investigates the application of Low Impact Development (LID) and flood control facilities [...] Read more.
Urbanization and climate change have disrupted natural water circulation by increasing impervious surfaces and altering rainfall patterns, leading to reduced groundwater infiltration, deteriorating water quality, and heightened flood risks. This study investigates the application of Low Impact Development (LID) and flood control facilities as structural measures to address these challenges in the upper watershed of the Fucha River in Bogotá, Colombia. The methodology involved analyzing watershed characteristics, defining circulation problems, setting hydrological targets, selecting facility types and locations, evaluating performance, and conducting an economic analysis. To manage the target rainfall of 26.5mm under normal conditions, LID facilities such as vegetated swales, rain gardens, infiltration channels, and porous pavements were applied, managing approximately 2362 m3 of runoff. For flood control, five detention tanks were proposed, resulting in a 31.8% reduction in peak flow and a 7.3% decrease in total runoff volume. The flooded area downstream was reduced by 46.8ha, and the benefit–cost ratio was calculated at 1.02. These findings confirm that strategic application of LID and detention facilities can contribute to effective urban water cycle management and disaster risk reduction. While the current disaster management approach in Bogotá primarily focuses on post-event response, this study highlights the necessity of transitioning toward proactive disaster preparedness. In particular, the introduction and expansion of flood forecasting and warning systems are recommended as non-structural measures, especially in urban areas with complex infrastructure and climate-sensitive hydrology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Water Management: Challenges and Prospects)
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22 pages, 2787 KiB  
Article
SWAT-Based Characterization of and Control Measures for Composite Non-Point Source Pollution in Yapu Port Basin, China
by Lina Chen, Yimiao Sun, Junyi Tan and Wenshuo Zhang
Water 2025, 17(12), 1759; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17121759 - 12 Jun 2025
Viewed by 428
Abstract
The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was utilized to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of composite non-point source pollution in the Yapu Port Basin, China, and to quantify the pollutant load contributions from various sources. Scenario-based simulations were designed to assess the [...] Read more.
The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was utilized to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of composite non-point source pollution in the Yapu Port Basin, China, and to quantify the pollutant load contributions from various sources. Scenario-based simulations were designed to assess the effectiveness of different mitigation strategies, focusing on both agricultural and urban non-point source pollution control. The watershed was divided into 39 sub-watersheds and 106 hydrologic response units (HRUs). Model calibration and validation were conducted using the observed data on runoff, total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN). The results demonstrate good model performance, with coefficients of determination (R2) ≥ 0.85 and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiencies (NSEs) ≥ 0.84, indicating its applicability to the study area. Temporally, pollutant loads exhibited a positive correlation with precipitation, with peak values observed during the annual flood season. Spatially, pollution intensity increased from upstream to downstream, with the western region of the watershed showing higher loss intensity. Pollution was predominantly concentrated in the downstream region. Based on the composite source analysis, a series of management measures were designed targeting both agricultural and urban non-point source pollution. Among individual measures, fertilizer reduction in agricultural fields and the establishment of vegetative buffer strips demonstrated the highest effectiveness. Combined management strategies significantly enhanced pollution control, with average TN and TP load reductions of 22.18% and 22.70%, respectively. The most effective scenario combined fertilizer reduction, improved urban stormwater utilization, vegetative buffer strips, and grassed swales in both farmland and orchards, resulting in TN and TP reductions of 67.2% and 56.2%, respectively. Full article
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22 pages, 2748 KiB  
Article
Effects of Green Infrastructure Practices on Runoff and Water Quality in the Arroyo Colorado Watershed, Texas
by Pamela Mugisha and Tushar Sinha
Water 2025, 17(11), 1565; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17111565 - 22 May 2025
Viewed by 669
Abstract
Continuous use of agricultural chemicals and fertilizers, sporadic sewer overflow events, and an increase in urbanization have led to significant nutrient/pollutant loadings into the semi-arid Arroyo Colorado River basin, which is located in South Texas, U.S. Priority nutrients that require reduction include phosphorus [...] Read more.
Continuous use of agricultural chemicals and fertilizers, sporadic sewer overflow events, and an increase in urbanization have led to significant nutrient/pollutant loadings into the semi-arid Arroyo Colorado River basin, which is located in South Texas, U.S. Priority nutrients that require reduction include phosphorus and nitrogen and to mitigate issues of low dissolved oxygen, in some of its river segments. Consequently, the river’s potential to support aquatic life has been significantly reduced, thus highlighting the need for restoration. To achieve this restoration, a watershed protection plan was developed, comprising several preventive mitigation measures, including installing green infrastructure (GI) practices. However, for effective reduction of excessive nutrient loadings, there is a need to study the effects of different combinations of GI practices under current and future land use scenarios to guide decisions in implementing the cost-effective infrastructure while considering factors such as the existing drainage system, topography, land use, and streamflow. Therefore, this study coupled the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model with the System for Urban Stormwater Treatment and Analysis Integration (SUSTAIN) model to determine the effects of different combinations of GI practices on the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus under changing land use conditions in three selected Arroyo Colorado subwatersheds. Two land use maps from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Forecasting Scenarios of land use (FORE-SCE) model for 2050, namely, A1B and B1, were implemented in the coupled SWAT-SUSTAIN model in this study, where the urban area is projected to increase by 6% and 4%, respectively, with respect to the 2018 land use scenario. As expected, runoff, phosphorus, and nitrogen slightly increased with imperviousness. The modeling results showed that implementing either vegetated swales or wet ponds reduces flow and nutrients to meet the Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) targets, which cost about USD 1.5 million under current land use (2018). Under the 2050 future projected land use changes (A1B scenario), the cost-effective GI practice was implemented in vegetated swales at USD 1.5 million. In contrast, bioretention cells occupied the least land area to achieve the TMDL targets at USD 2 million. Under the B1 scenario of 2050 projected land use, porous pavements were most cost effective at USD 1.5 million to meet the TMDL requirements. This research emphasizes the need for collaboration between stakeholders at the watershed and farm levels to achieve TMDL targets. This study informs decision-makers, city planners, watershed managers, and other stakeholders involved in restoration efforts in the Arroyo Colorado basin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Stormwater Control, Utilization, and Treatment)
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12 pages, 4494 KiB  
Article
Visualization of Coastal Carbonate Lithosomes: Color-Intensity Patterns and Georadar Imaging of a Semi-Lithified Strandplain, Eleuthera Island, The Bahamas
by Ilya V. Buynevich, Michael Savarese and H. Allen Curran
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 950; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050950 - 14 May 2025
Viewed by 551
Abstract
Quaternary carbonate strandplains serve as archives of land–sea interaction, including the impacts of storms and tsunamis. Incipient lithification, especially of compound beach/dune ridges within the action zone of salt spray, presents challenges to geological research, which is often limited to exposures. This study [...] Read more.
Quaternary carbonate strandplains serve as archives of land–sea interaction, including the impacts of storms and tsunamis. Incipient lithification, especially of compound beach/dune ridges within the action zone of salt spray, presents challenges to geological research, which is often limited to exposures. This study combines aerial image analysis with geophysical datasets to assess the morphostratigraphy and internal structure of the Freedom Beach Strandplain along southern Eleuthera Island, The Bahamas. Color-intensity analysis of field photographs and satellite images revealed general patterns that can be used to distinguish between areas with different grayscale parameters (sand-covered surfaces, lithified ridges, vegetation, etc.). Cross-shore (dip-section) high-resolution (800 MHz) georadar images across ten ridges (A-J) documented the internal architecture of swash-aligned ridge–swale sets. Signatures attributed to storms include truncations in shore-normal radargrams, scour features in alongshore (strike-section) images, and an extensive accumulation of large mollusk shells along one of the oldest ridges (ridge J). Preliminary radiocarbon dating yielded ages of up to 600 years, suggesting intense storms with 50–60-year periodicity as a possible mechanism for ridge formation. Full article
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20 pages, 5116 KiB  
Review
Assessment of the Hydrological Performance of Grass Swales for Urban Stormwater Management: A Bibliometric Review from 2000 to 2023
by Xuefei Wang, Run Zhang, Qi Hu, Chuanhao Sun, Rana Muhammad Adnan Ikram, Mo Wang and Guo Cheng
Water 2025, 17(10), 1425; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17101425 - 9 May 2025
Viewed by 732
Abstract
Grass swales have emerged as a cost-effective and sustainable stormwater management solution, addressing the increasing challenges of urbanization, flooding, and water pollution. This study conducted a bibliometric analysis of 224 publications to assess research trends, key contributors, and knowledge gaps in grass swale [...] Read more.
Grass swales have emerged as a cost-effective and sustainable stormwater management solution, addressing the increasing challenges of urbanization, flooding, and water pollution. This study conducted a bibliometric analysis of 224 publications to assess research trends, key contributors, and knowledge gaps in grass swale applications. Findings highlighted the growing emphasis on optimizing hydrological performance, particularly in response to intensifying climate change and urban flood risks. Experimental and simulation-based studies have demonstrated that grass swale efficiency is influenced by multiple design factors, including vegetation type, substrate composition, hydraulic retention time, and slope gradient. Notably, pollutant removal efficiency varies significantly, with total suspended solids (TSS) reduced by 34.09–89.90%, chemical oxygen demand (COD) by 7.75–56.71%, and total nitrogen (TN) by 32.37–56.71%. Additionally, studies utilizing the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and TRAVA models have demonstrated that integrating grass swales into urban drainage systems can result in a 17% reduction in total runoff volume and peak flow attenuation. Despite these advancements, key research gaps remain, including cost-effective design strategies, long-term maintenance protocols, and integration with other green infrastructure systems. Future research should focus on developing innovative, low-cost swale designs, refining optimal vegetation selection, and assessing seasonal variations in performance. Addressing these challenges will enhance the scientific foundation for grass swale implementation, ensuring their sustainable integration into climate-resilient urban planning. Full article
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18 pages, 6302 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Low-Impact Development (LID) Parameters Using SWMM and Response Surface Methodology at the Community Scale
by Ersong Wang, Guojun Li, Yan Li, Peng Chen, Ge Meng and Yongwei Gong
Water 2025, 17(8), 1165; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17081165 - 14 Apr 2025
Viewed by 597
Abstract
The parameters of Low-Impact Development (LID) facilities significantly influence their operational performance and runoff control effectiveness at the site. Despite extensive research on LID effectiveness, limited studies have focused on optimizing design parameters at a community-wide scale, integrating both hydrological and statistical methodologies. [...] Read more.
The parameters of Low-Impact Development (LID) facilities significantly influence their operational performance and runoff control effectiveness at the site. Despite extensive research on LID effectiveness, limited studies have focused on optimizing design parameters at a community-wide scale, integrating both hydrological and statistical methodologies. A novel approach to optimizing LID design parameters was presented in this study. This study established a community-scale SWMM model, identified the key parameters by the Morris screening method, and determined the reasonable parameter ranges based on runoff control effects. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the key parameters under different return periods and impervious area ratios. The results showed that key LID parameters for runoff volume control were the berm height of the surface layer of sunken greenbelt (SG_Surface_H), the conductivity of the soil layer of sunken greenbelt (SG_Soil_I), the permeability of the pavement layer of permeable pavement (PP_Pavement_I), and the thickness of the storage layer of permeable pavement (PP_Storage_T). The reasonable ranges were 50–265 mm, 5–80 mm/h, 50–140 mm/h, and 100–165 mm, respectively. The key LID parameters for peak flow reduction were SG_Surface_H, SG_Soil_I, PP_Pavement_I, and the berm height of the surface layer of vegetated swale (VS_Surface_H). The reasonable ranges were 50–260 mm, 5–50 mm/h, 50–195 mm/h, and 50–145 mm, respectively. The optimization results of LID parameters showed that for the runoff volume control rate, the optimization strategy involved increasing SG_Surface_H as the return period increased and when the impervious area ratio was large, especially in the rehabilitation of old communities. Meanwhile, the optimal value of SG_Soil_I for runoff volume control was greater than that for peak flow reduction. In contrast, the optimal value of PP_Pavement_I was larger for peak flow reduction. This study provides a significant reference for LID planning and design by emphasizing the optimization of LID design parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Water Management: Challenges and Prospects)
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28 pages, 882 KiB  
Review
Sustainable Stormwater Management and Bioretention: An Overview of Reviews of the Last 10 Years
by Livia Bonciarelli, Fabio Orlandi, Desirée Muscas and Marco Fornaciari
Land 2025, 14(4), 736; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14040736 - 29 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1022
Abstract
Extreme rainfalls caused by climate change are a growing worldwide threat to the urban environment. Nature-based solutions (NBS) employ soil and vegetation to manage and treat stormwater while ensuring extensive ecosystem services. In the last decades, these solutions, such as Rain Gardens, Green [...] Read more.
Extreme rainfalls caused by climate change are a growing worldwide threat to the urban environment. Nature-based solutions (NBS) employ soil and vegetation to manage and treat stormwater while ensuring extensive ecosystem services. In the last decades, these solutions, such as Rain Gardens, Green Roofs, Vegetated Swales, and Constructed Wetlands, have been implemented worldwide under different names. This study is a systematic overview of reviews focusing on the last 10 years of sustainable stormwater management literature. First, a general bibliometric and topic analysis highlights trends and core themes addressed by the reviews. Then, the article delves into bioretention, analyzing water quantity and quality regulation as a function of design choices on media and vegetation. Including an internal water storage zone and using amendments such as biochar and water treatment residuals are relevant, sustainable features to target water pollution and hydrologic functioning. Vegetation, too, has a prominent role. Nevertheless, only the most recent reviews address the species’ selection, highlighting a significant research gap. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Urban Contexts and Urban-Rural Interactions)
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29 pages, 5493 KiB  
Article
Effectiveness of Water-Sensitive Urban Design Techniques on Stormwater Quantity Management at a Residential Allotment Scale
by Samira Rashetnia, Ashok K. Sharma, Anthony R. Ladson, Dale Browne and Ehsan Yaghoubi
Water 2025, 17(6), 899; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17060899 - 20 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1284
Abstract
Rapid population growth and urbanization are transforming natural landscapes into built environments, resulting in increased stormwater runoff, which poses significant challenges for local governments to manage. Water-Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) techniques have been implemented to enhance urban stormwater quality, but their effectiveness in [...] Read more.
Rapid population growth and urbanization are transforming natural landscapes into built environments, resulting in increased stormwater runoff, which poses significant challenges for local governments to manage. Water-Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) techniques have been implemented to enhance urban stormwater quality, but their effectiveness in managing stormwater quantity and quality across different scales remains uncertain. This study examines the capacity of various WSUD approaches to reduce stormwater runoff volume and peak flow rates in a residential allotment transitioning from a single dwelling to a redeveloped condition with two dwellings. The tested techniques included a rainwater tank, infiltration trench, rain garden, vegetated swale, and permeable pavement. For storm events with a 1-in-5-year Annual Recurrence Interval (ARI)—aligning with typical piped drainage design standards—peak flow rates were reduced by 90% in the redeveloped scenario. Smaller storm events, up to a 1-in-1-year ARI, were frequently eliminated, thereby minimizing disturbances to waterways caused by frequent runoff discharges. Among the tested techniques, the combination of a rainwater tank, rain garden, and infiltration trench demonstrated the greatest effectiveness in reducing stormwater runoff volume and peak flow rates despite considerations of life cycle costs. These findings highlight the potential of integrated WSUD techniques in addressing urban stormwater management challenges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Extreme Hydrological Events Modeling)
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21 pages, 3385 KiB  
Article
Retention of Copper and Zinc from Traffic Area Runoff by Topsoil of Vegetated Infiltration Swales Amended with Recycled Demolition Waste
by Sebastian Knoll, Janna Moritz, Philipp Stinshoff and Brigitte Helmreich
Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 1048; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031048 - 27 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 899
Abstract
Infiltration swales are a prospective key component of water-sensitive urban planning. The utilization of appropriate soil amendments is intended to facilitate the retention of pollutants from the stormwater runoff of traffic areas. Little is known about the possibility of utilizing processed construction and [...] Read more.
Infiltration swales are a prospective key component of water-sensitive urban planning. The utilization of appropriate soil amendments is intended to facilitate the retention of pollutants from the stormwater runoff of traffic areas. Little is known about the possibility of utilizing processed construction and demolition waste (CDW) as an amendment to improve pollutant retention. We conducted batch and field tests to investigate (i) the leaching of metals and other elements from soil substrates containing CDW and (ii) their retention potential for copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) when charged with real traffic area runoff. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the chemical interactions, we (iii) employed sequential extractions using an optimized protocol from treated and untreated soil substrates. In batch tests, the potential of vanadium leaching from technosols amended with brick-dominated CDW was apparent. When charged with traffic area runoff, the retentions of Cu and Zn in the technosols were comparable to those of the control soil without CDW. However, the simulation of high rainfall intensities reduced Cu and Zn retention in the technosols and the control. The results from the subsequent sequential extraction of Cu and Zn imply shifts in the chemical binding in the technosols compared to the control. Full article
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23 pages, 5265 KiB  
Article
High-Resolution Flow and Phosphorus Forecasting Using ANN Models, Catering for Extremes in the Case of the River Swale (UK)
by Elisabeta Cristina Timis, Horia Hangan, Vasile Mircea Cristea, Norbert Botond Mihaly and Michael George Hutchins
Hydrology 2025, 12(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology12020020 - 21 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1216
Abstract
The forecasting of river flows and pollutant concentrations is essential in supporting mitigation measures for anthropogenic and climate change effects on rivers and their environment. This paper addresses two aspects receiving little attention in the literature: high-resolution (sub-daily) data-driven modeling and the prediction [...] Read more.
The forecasting of river flows and pollutant concentrations is essential in supporting mitigation measures for anthropogenic and climate change effects on rivers and their environment. This paper addresses two aspects receiving little attention in the literature: high-resolution (sub-daily) data-driven modeling and the prediction of phosphorus compounds. It presents a series of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to forecast flows and the concentrations of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and total phosphorus (TP) under a wide range of conditions, including low flows and storm events (0.74 to 484 m3/s). Results show correct forecast along a stretch of the River Swale (UK) with an anticipation of up to 15 h, at resolutions of up to 3 h. The concentration prediction is improved compared to a previous application of an advection–dispersion model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrodynamics and Water Quality of Rivers and Lakes)
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17 pages, 842 KiB  
Review
High Rate Stormwater Treatment for Water Reuse and Conservation—Review
by Saravanamuthu Vigneswaran, Jaya Kandasamy and Harsha Ratnaweera
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 590; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020590 - 9 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1788
Abstract
Effective stormwater management is increasingly vital due to climate change impacts, such as intensified rainfall and flooding. Urban expansion, water scarcity, and intensified agriculture demand innovative solutions like Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI), including vegetated biofilters, green roofs, wetlands, bioretention systems, and high-rate filtration. [...] Read more.
Effective stormwater management is increasingly vital due to climate change impacts, such as intensified rainfall and flooding. Urban expansion, water scarcity, and intensified agriculture demand innovative solutions like Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI), including vegetated biofilters, green roofs, wetlands, bioretention systems, and high-rate filtration. These systems, enhanced by natural and engineered filter materials, improve contaminant removal across diverse contexts. Modern practices prioritize retention, infiltration, and groundwater recharge over traditional rapid drainage, reframing stormwater as a resource amid rising extreme weather events. In water-scarce regions, stormwater management offers dual-use potential for drinking and non-drinking applications, addressing freshwater scarcity exacerbated by population growth and climate change. Targeting the “first flush” of pollutants after rainfall allows for more efficient, cost-effective treatment. This paper identifies three key objectives: addressing GSI limitations and exploring new technologies, evaluating treatment train combinations for cost-effective reuse, and advancing urban stormwater treatment research. Various filter media, such as those in green roofs, bioretention systems, and swales, effectively remove pollutants like nutrients, heavy metals, PAHs, and micropollutants. Granular activated carbon (GAC) filters excel at reducing heavy metals and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), with pre-screening via anthracite filters to extend GAC lifespan by trapping sediments and pollutants. Managing emerging contaminants and microplastics remains underexplored and requires further investigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathways for Water Conservation)
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19 pages, 7664 KiB  
Article
Semi-Automated Classification of Side-Scan Sonar Data for Mapping Sabellaria spinulosa Reefs in the Brown Bank, Dutch Continental Shelf
by Timo Constantin Gaida, Bas Binnerts and Oscar Bos
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010074 - 3 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1506
Abstract
Biogenic reefs support marine biodiversity and play a key role in a healthy marine environment. Protecting and enhancing reef-building species, such as Sabellaria spinulosa, require mapping and monitoring strategies. A multi-scale and multi-sensor mapping campaign, including a multi-beam echosounder, side-scan sonar (SSS), [...] Read more.
Biogenic reefs support marine biodiversity and play a key role in a healthy marine environment. Protecting and enhancing reef-building species, such as Sabellaria spinulosa, require mapping and monitoring strategies. A multi-scale and multi-sensor mapping campaign, including a multi-beam echosounder, side-scan sonar (SSS), box corer and ROV with an attached video camera, has been carried out in the northern Brown Bank (Dutch Continental Shelf) in August 2023. A semi-automated classification workflow, based on a support vector machine (machine learning), was developed to map Sabellaria reefs using SSS and video data. Elevated Sabellaria reefs were classified with a precision and sensitivity of 52% and 49%, respectively. The classified SSS images were merged into full-coverage percentage maps of Sabellaria reef coverage. Located between the swales of the tidal ridges, it was estimated that the reefs cover an area of 3.8 to 5.7% within the surveyed areas. The maps indicate (1) on the large-scale a preference of Sabellaria spinulosa for settlement to the east of the deepest part of the swale and (2) on the small-scale a preference for the troughs towards the stoss side of the megaripples. The employed survey strategy and the developed classification workflow can be extended to other environmental areas and further developed into a standard monitoring procedure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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28 pages, 15052 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Low-Impact Development Best Management Practices on Reducing Stormwater Caused by Land Use Changes in Urban Areas: A Case Study of Tehran City, Iran
by Sajedeh Rostamzadeh, Bahram Malekmohammadi, Fatemeh Mashhadimohammadzadehvazifeh and Jamal Jokar Arsanjani
Land 2025, 14(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14010028 - 27 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1152
Abstract
Urbanization growth and climate change have increased the frequency and severity of floods in urban areas. One of the effective methods for reducing stormwater volume and managing urban floods is the low-impact development best management practice (LID-BMP). This study aims to mitigate flood [...] Read more.
Urbanization growth and climate change have increased the frequency and severity of floods in urban areas. One of the effective methods for reducing stormwater volume and managing urban floods is the low-impact development best management practice (LID-BMP). This study aims to mitigate flood volume and peak discharge caused by land use changes in the Darabad basin located in Tehran, Iran, using LID-BMPs. For this purpose, land use maps were extracted for a period of 23 years from 2000 to 2022 using Landsat satellite images. Then, by using a combination of geographic information system-based multi-criteria decision analysis (GIS-MCDA) method and spatial criteria, four types of LID-BMPs, including bioretention basin, green roof, grass swale, and porous pavement, were located in the study area. Next, rainfall–runoff modeling was applied to calculate the changes in the mentioned criteria due to land use changes and the application of LID-BMPs in the area using soil conservation service curve number (SCS-CN) method. The simulation results showed that the rise in built-up land use from 43.49 to 56.51 percent between the period has increased the flood volume and peak discharge of 25-year return period by approximately 60 percent. The simulation results also indicated that the combined use of the four selected types of LID-BMPs will lead to a greater decrease in stormwater volume and peak discharge. According to the results, LID-BMPs perform better in shorter return periods in a way that the average percentage of flood volume and peak discharge reduction in a 2-year return period were 36.75 and 34.96 percent, while they were 31.37 and 26.5 percent in a 100-year return period. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Planning for Urban Sustainability)
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