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Keywords = supply and demand of reclaimed water

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15 pages, 4860 KiB  
Article
Estimation of Reclaimed Water Utilization Benefits in a Typical Coastal River Network
by Lei Fu, Rongxiang Hu, Junmin Wang, Qiaoqiao Jin, Shiwu Wang and Chao Jiang
Water 2025, 17(9), 1270; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17091270 - 24 Apr 2025
Viewed by 346
Abstract
Nowadays, reclaimed water is widely acknowledged as a convincing alternative to fresh water resources, with it also recognized as an important material in water diversion projects around the world. As a typical coastal area, Taizhou city, located in southeast China, is close to [...] Read more.
Nowadays, reclaimed water is widely acknowledged as a convincing alternative to fresh water resources, with it also recognized as an important material in water diversion projects around the world. As a typical coastal area, Taizhou city, located in southeast China, is close to the East China Sea. In this study, the benefits of reclaimed water utilization in a water diversion project are estimated, and both field monitoring and numerical simulation are executed to demonstrate the improvements in the local plain river network water quantity and quality. The highly developed domestic society and economy have led to a huge contradiction between water supply and demand. As a result, the coastal plain river network in Taizhou city is always plagued by low flow velocity and poor water quality. The utilization of reclaimed water in Taizhou city has been proven to be efficient and effective for the local development and environment in this study, and it will be a good tool for the coastal plain river network in improving both the water quantity and quality in the future for those cities close to the shore area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Quality, Wastewater Treatment and Water Recycling)
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6 pages, 779 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Techno-Economic Performance Assessment of Malt Dust Derived Biochar Application for Municipal Wastewater Treatment: A Water Reuse Strategy
by Pelin Soyertaş Yapıcıoğlu and Mehmet İrfan Yeşilnacar
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032012 - 19 Mar 2025
Viewed by 386
Abstract
Wastewater is a sustainable water supply which uses reclamation and reuse processes to protect freshwater resources. Biochar application is considered an efficient and low-cost wastewater reclamation and reuse technique in recent years. From this perspective, this paper mainly aimed to obtain reclaimed water [...] Read more.
Wastewater is a sustainable water supply which uses reclamation and reuse processes to protect freshwater resources. Biochar application is considered an efficient and low-cost wastewater reclamation and reuse technique in recent years. From this perspective, this paper mainly aimed to obtain reclaimed water using biochar application, with an aim of contributing to a circular economy. The major aim of this study was to assess the quality and reuse potential of treated water through the biochar adsorption process. The assessment was based on the EU (741/2020) wastewater reuse legislation. Turbidity, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), and E. coli analyses were performed to determine the effluent quality. In the end of the biochar adsorption process, a Class B reclaimed water quality according to EU legislation was obtained. This study validated that malt-dust-derived biochar is an efficient and low-cost adsorbent and can achieve a high quality of reclaimed water. An average reduction of 31.3% in operational costs was reported compared to an activated sludge system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)
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22 pages, 4788 KiB  
Article
City Residents Play a Pivotal Role in Managing Global Food Security While Improving Human Health and Minimizing Environmental Footprints
by Jan-Olof Drangert
Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 4176; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234176 - 30 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1702
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Improved global data allow for a new understanding of what impact the food we produce, eat and dispose of has on the environment, human health and Nature’s resources. The overall goal is to guide decision-makers and individuals by providing in-depth knowledge about [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Improved global data allow for a new understanding of what impact the food we produce, eat and dispose of has on the environment, human health and Nature’s resources. The overall goal is to guide decision-makers and individuals by providing in-depth knowledge about the effects of their dietary preferences on human and environmental health. Methods: The method is to investigate ways to reduce environmental degradation and to secure healthy food supplies in an urbanizing world, and to quantify the options. Results: Reviewed articles show that by eating less meat-based food and more plant-based and soilless food, as well as reducing food waste and recycling urban-disposed nutrients as fertilizers, we could reduce agriculture’s land requirement by 50% to 70% while still securing a healthy food supply. Less land under cultivation and pasture would reduce global emissions to air and water to a similar extent, and allow Nature to reclaim freed areas in order to catch more carbon and rejuvenate biodiversity. Thus, we could avoid further environmental degradation such as the current clearing of new fields needed under a business-as-usual regime. Presently, some 17 million people die each year due to poor diets, which is more than double the 7 million deaths since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. A return to more plant-based diets with unchanged intake of proteins but less calories, sugar, salt and fat combined with less red meat and ultra-processed food would reduce foremost non-communicable diseases by up to 20% and prolong life. The article suggests that the international focus has gradually turned to the food sector’s big contribution to climate change, biodiversity loss and harmful chemicals as well as to poor human health. It argues that this century’s rapid population growth and urbanization give urban residents a pivotal role in food’s impact on agricultural areas, which today cover half of the globe’s inhabitable areas. Their food demand, rather than the activities of farmers, fishermen or loggers, will guide remedial measures to be taken by individuals, industry and the public sector. A tool to calculate the potential environmental footprints of individual or societal measures is presented. Conclusions: Measures to make the agrifood sector more sustainable are still pending full recognition in international fora such as the UN COP Summits. Smart cities fitted with infrastructures to recycle macro- and micro-nutrients and organic matter have the potential to ameliorate human-induced impacts such as emissions to air and water bodies, crossing planetary boundaries, and polluting extraction of N (nitrogen), P (phosphorus) and K (potassium). Rapid results are within reach since dietary change and the turn-around time of nutrients in food is short compared to decades or centuries for recycled materials in cars or buildings. Full article
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25 pages, 5651 KiB  
Article
Study on Optimal Allocation of Water Resources Based on Uncertain Multi-Objective Fuzzy Model: A Case of Pingliang City, China
by Yun Zhao, Rui Zhang, Heping Shu, Zhi Xu, Shangbin Fan, Qiang Wang, Yaxian Li and Yapeng An
Water 2024, 16(15), 2099; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16152099 - 25 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1331
Abstract
Water shortages are serious in northwest China due to the level of social and economic development, engineering, resource shortages, and other factors being restricted, so the conflict between supply and demand for water resources is prominent in different regions and different water use [...] Read more.
Water shortages are serious in northwest China due to the level of social and economic development, engineering, resource shortages, and other factors being restricted, so the conflict between supply and demand for water resources is prominent in different regions and different water use sectors. Therefore, Pingliang City was selected as the research object in this study. The membership function was introduced, and an interactive algorithm to correct model parameters based on the fairness constraint was derived. An uncertain multi-objective fuzzy programming model was also established. The results show that the optimal allocation of water will be 38,051.9~40,740 × 104 m3 and 39,938.4~41,317.5 × 104 m3 under a normal year (p = 50%) and a dry year (p = 75%) in 2025, respectively, and the corresponding water shortage rates will be 4.2% and 6.7%. In 2035, the optimal water allocation will be 45,644.1~49,245.9 × 104 m3 and 46,442.4~50,044.2 × 104 m3 and the water shortage rates will be 7.0% and 7.0%, respectively. The proportion of groundwater supply will decrease by 8.8% and 13.8% in 2025 and 2035 after the optimal allocation, the proportion of surface water supply will increase by 9.6% and 12.2%, and the proportion of reclaimed water will increase by −0.78% and 2.1%, respectively. The results can provide a technical reference for the development and utilization of water resources in other cities and similar areas in semi-arid regions. Full article
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17 pages, 5577 KiB  
Article
Game Theory Applications in Equilibrium Water Pricing of Multiple Regional Sources and Users
by Shiwu Wang, Shangbin Liu, Shuiping Yao, Xi Guo, Shan-e-hyder Soomro, Chaojie Niu, Liyu Quan and Caihong Hu
Water 2024, 16(13), 1845; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131845 - 28 Jun 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1968
Abstract
China has been facing a contradiction between its water supply and demand for a long time, and it is urgent that it builds a “water-saving society”. Previous research on water pricing mainly focused on the policy level, only considering the supply and demand [...] Read more.
China has been facing a contradiction between its water supply and demand for a long time, and it is urgent that it builds a “water-saving society”. Previous research on water pricing mainly focused on the policy level, only considering the supply and demand sides and ignoring the participation of local governments. Due to the inconsistent approval mechanisms, different times of cost formation, and lack of a scientific pricing relationship between multiple water sources and multiple users, with the current water pricing in China, it is difficult to solve the complex problem of water resource allocation. This study aimed to promote the qualitative supply of water and the reuse of reclaimed water, achieve a high-quality and low-cost water supply, and explore the role of water-pricing mechanisms in the regulation of multi-source water supply configurations. The mechanism of regulation is constructed for the complex, multi-source, multi-user water resource system, and a three-party game model is established among local governments, water supply enterprises, and water users. A reasonable pricing system with a rational price relationship is obtained, and Pinghu City in Zhejiang Province is taken as the research area. The prices of the external water supply to residential users, non-resident users, and special users are 4.48 CNY/m3, 6.28 CNY/m3, and 7.12 CNY/m3. The external supply prices for resident users, non-resident users, and special users are 3.81 CNY/m3, 5.25 CNY/m3, and 6.05 CNY/m3. The external supply price for non-resident users is 2.62 CNY/m3 for reclaimed water. The results of the study showed that when the government’s contribution did not exceed the amount that it would have been without the inclusion of recycled water and the annual payment of water users did not exceed their ability to pay, the income of water suppliers increased by 69%. The three balanced objectives of rational water resource configuration by the local government, reasonable profit for the water supply enterprise, and reasonable payment by water users have been achieved. This study provides theoretical and methodological support for the implementation of water pricing for multi-source and multi-user water supplies in water-scarce areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrology and Water Resources Management)
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21 pages, 2402 KiB  
Article
Carbon Emission Reduction of Reclaimed Water Use Substitution for Inter-Basin Water Transfer and Sustainability of Urban Water Supply in Valley Area
by Nian Ma and Yongxin Xu
Water 2024, 16(12), 1733; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16121733 - 19 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1741
Abstract
Urbanization confronts the dual challenges of water scarcity and environmental degradation, prompting the exploration of diverse water sources for mitigating these impacts. Inter-basin water transfer (IBWT) has emerged as a solution to balance urban water demand and supply in areas with local water [...] Read more.
Urbanization confronts the dual challenges of water scarcity and environmental degradation, prompting the exploration of diverse water sources for mitigating these impacts. Inter-basin water transfer (IBWT) has emerged as a solution to balance urban water demand and supply in areas with local water shortages. While IBWT can deliver high-quality water over long distances, it is costly, often contributing significantly to carbon emissions. Reclaimed water use (RWU) presents a promising alternative to address this dilemma. In this paper, a valley region of Chongqing municipality in Southwest China, which is confronted with water and environmental risks resulting from rapid urbanization, was explored and discussed as a case study to assess the potential impact of RWU on reducing carbon emissions as compared to IBWT. A method of accumulative accounting was adapted to calculate and sum up carbon emission intensities at various stages, revealing that the operational carbon emission intensities of IBWT and RWU are 0.7447 KgCO2/m3 and 0.1880 KgCO2/m3, respectively. This indicates that RWU substitution can reduce carbon emissions by 0.5567 KgCO2/m3 or 75%. This paper further elucidates the mechanism behind carbon emission reduction, highlighting the energy-saving benefits of using reclaimed water locally without recourse to extensive transportation or elevation changes. Additionally, this result presents three scenarios of reclaimed water use, including urban miscellaneous water, river flow replenishment, and agricultural irrigation in relation to their substitution effects and environmental impacts. Estimates of carbon emission reductions from reclaimed water use were projected at the planned scale, with the maximum potential of reclaimed water utilization predicted. Finally, this paper proposes an enhanced strategy to identify and prioritize factors affecting reclaimed water utilization and the effect of carbon emission reduction. This paper aims to facilitate the establishment of a robust legal, institutional, and managerial framework while fostering interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral cooperation mechanisms in valley urban areas. The methodology employed can be universally applied to other regions grappling with severe water stress, thereby facilitating endeavors toward carbon reduction and contributing significantly to the attainment of water sustainability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Urban Water Management)
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14 pages, 2083 KiB  
Article
Feasibility of Using Reclaimed Water from the Alegria Wastewater Treatment Plant in Concrete Mixing Plants in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
by Luis Carlos Soares da Silva Junior and Marcelo Obraczka
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 5293; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14125293 - 19 Jun 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1369
Abstract
Due to the rising costs of transportation and the more advanced treatment needed to meet the water demands of the urban population, the costs of potable water tend to increase as cities expand. For some water uses, potable water is not required, such [...] Read more.
Due to the rising costs of transportation and the more advanced treatment needed to meet the water demands of the urban population, the costs of potable water tend to increase as cities expand. For some water uses, potable water is not required, such as concrete mixing industries. Previous studies have proven the viability of using reused water in concrete production. In Caju, Rio de Janeiro, four large concrete mixing plants (CMPs) are located close to the Alegria Wastewater Treatment Plant. This study focused on assessing the technical and financial feasibility of reusing these effluents as an alternative source of water for the four CMPs. The alternatives were potable and reused water via two supply methods, water tank trucks and pipelines. All costs were analyzed and projected into the future with the market cost of capital. After comparing the costs, the use of reclaimed water proved to be highly feasible, especially when a using pipeline to supply the CMPs. The present costs for the reclaimed water supply were calculated to be USD 0.99 per m3 for the pipeline alternative and the other alternatives varied in being 5 to 7 times more costly. This water reuse project using pipelines to transport reclaimed water to concrete mixing plants provides a feasible, sustainable alternative water supply in water stressed regions such as Rio de Janeiro. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Approaches to Water Treatment: Challenges and Trends)
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25 pages, 6923 KiB  
Review
A Comprehensive Review on the Use of Wastewater in the Manufacturing of Concrete: Fostering Sustainability through Recycling
by Manjunath Maddikeari, Bibhuti Bhusan Das, Ranjitha B. Tangadagi, Suman Roy, Priyanka Bangalore Nagaraj and Manjunatha Lokanahally Ramachandra
Recycling 2024, 9(3), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling9030045 - 24 May 2024
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3539
Abstract
The primary aim of this review article is to find the influence of wastewater and its characteristics on recycling as an alternative to potable water for concrete preparation. On the other hand, scarcity, and the demand for freshwater for drinking are also increasing [...] Read more.
The primary aim of this review article is to find the influence of wastewater and its characteristics on recycling as an alternative to potable water for concrete preparation. On the other hand, scarcity, and the demand for freshwater for drinking are also increasing day by day around the globe. About a billion tons of freshwater is consumed daily for concrete preparation for various operations such as mixing and curing, to name a few. The rapid development of certain industries such as textile, casting, stone cutting, and concrete production has caused the water supply to be severely affected. Recycling wastewater in concrete offers various potential benefits like resource conservation, environmental protection, cost savings, and enhanced sustainability. This article reviews the effect of various types of wastewater on various physical and chemical properties of wastewater, rheological characteristics, strength, durability, and microstructure properties of concrete. It also explores the potential effects of decomposing agents on enhancing concrete properties. Currently, limited research is available on the use of various types of wastewater in concrete. Hence, there is a need to develop various methods and procedures to ensure that the utilization of wastewater and treated wastewater is carried out in the production of concrete in a sustainable manner. Although wastewater can reduce the workability of fresh concrete, it can also increase its strength and long-term performance of concrete. The use of various types of wastewater, such as reclaimed water and tertiary-treated wastewater, was found to be superior compared to those using industrial- or secondary-treated wastewater. Researchers around the globe agree that wastewater can cause various detrimental effects on the mechanical and physical properties of concrete, but the reductions were not significant. To overcome limited scientific contributions, this article reviews all the available methods of using various types of wastewater to make concrete economically and environmentally friendly. This research also addresses possible challenges with respect to the demand for freshwater and the water crisis. Full article
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21 pages, 2354 KiB  
Article
Are Non-Conventional Water Resources the Solution for the Structural Water Deficit in Mediterranean Agriculture? The Case of the Segura River Basin in Spain
by Almudena Gómez-Ramos, Irene Blanco-Gutiérrez, Mario Ballesteros-Olza and Paloma Esteve
Water 2024, 16(7), 929; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16070929 - 22 Mar 2024
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3043
Abstract
The water sustainability of the Segura River Basin (SRB), located in southeastern Spain, is being challenged as conventional available water sources fall short of meeting the authorised demands of the basin. In recent years, non-conventional water (NCW), such as desalinated and reclaimed water, [...] Read more.
The water sustainability of the Segura River Basin (SRB), located in southeastern Spain, is being challenged as conventional available water sources fall short of meeting the authorised demands of the basin. In recent years, non-conventional water (NCW), such as desalinated and reclaimed water, has become part of the resource pool. However, it has not yet become crucial for irrigation water supply due to its relatively high cost and lower quality compared to conventional water. The new political framework in Spain, developed in the context of ecological transition, marks a notable shift for non-conventional water as a strategic resource for agriculture. This study examines the drivers and barriers influencing its acceptance through an analysis of farmers’ perceptions, conducted through interviews with twelve irrigation communities’ (ICs) representatives of the basin. Discriminant analyses of the data show that the farmers’ experience, along with factors pertaining to production, storage, and transportation costs, determines the acceptance and use of NCW. Full article
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12 pages, 297 KiB  
Article
Technical–Economic Evaluation of Water Reuse at the WWTP El Salitre (Bogotá, Colombia): Example of Circular Economy
by Michelle A. Urrea Vivas, Luis Seguí-Amórtegui, Cristina Tomás Pérez and Hilda Guerrero-García Rojas
Water 2023, 15(19), 3374; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15193374 - 26 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2200
Abstract
Water resource management should be conducted from a multidisciplinary perspective. In this sense, the objective of this work is to analyze, from the perspective of the circular economy, the technical–economic feasibility of implementing different alternatives for the regeneration of wastewater for its subsequent [...] Read more.
Water resource management should be conducted from a multidisciplinary perspective. In this sense, the objective of this work is to analyze, from the perspective of the circular economy, the technical–economic feasibility of implementing different alternatives for the regeneration of wastewater for its subsequent reuse in industrial and sports companies located in Bogotá, Colombia. The development of the methodology is carried out through the method of economic cost–benefit analysis (ACB) and the technique of net present value (NPV). These methodologies facilitate decision making based on the economic feasibility of recovering the initial investment costs and the operating costs during the useful life of the WWTP. Establishing the cost and price of reclaimed water is essential to the efficient management of water resources; so far, the studies carried out only focus on the economic viability of the internal costs of the system, while the private impacts and the externalities are excluded and relegated to unsubstantiated statements about the advantages of water reuse. The economic feasibility incorporating the analysis of externalities presents a total profit that ranges between 6.52 EUR/m3 for the industrial sector and 2503 EUR/m3 for the irrigation of golf courses. This analysis demonstrates the technical and economic feasibility of carrying out a circular economy where the water already used returns as a new source of supply. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Wastewater Treatment and the Circular Economy)
28 pages, 5209 KiB  
Article
Water Management Adaptation to Climate Change in Mediterranean Semiarid Regions by Desalination and Photovoltaic Solar Energy, Spain
by Gabriel Gómez Martínez and Miguel Ángel Pérez Martín
Water 2023, 15(18), 3239; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15183239 - 11 Sep 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2368
Abstract
Integration of renewable energy sources and water production technologies is a must when facing water scarcity problems in semiarid regions, such as Mediterranean regions. The use of additional water resources and production methods, such as reclaimed water and, more specifically, desalinated water, means [...] Read more.
Integration of renewable energy sources and water production technologies is a must when facing water scarcity problems in semiarid regions, such as Mediterranean regions. The use of additional water resources and production methods, such as reclaimed water and, more specifically, desalinated water, means present and necessary water resources to introduce in the water balances to attend to water demands within a global warming and droughting scenario. These solutions have the inconvenience of energy/power needs and costs. However, the development of renewable energies like photovoltaic solar energy, with lower and lower costs and greater efficiency, makes these economically feasible facilities, reaching competitive production costs for marine or sea desalinated water by around 50% of reduction in energy costs and 20–30% of savings in final water production cost. This paper presents a practical project or action focused on the integration of renewable energies and new water resources by introducing a Photovoltaic Energy Plant (PVEP) as an energy source to feed a Seawater Desalination Treatment Plant (SWDTP). The PV facility is designed to cover all the energy demanded using the SWDTP during the day, and even studying the possibility of selling the energy production exceeds and injecting them into the energy supply network, covering the needs of buying energy needed during the high period where there is no photovoltaic energy production. Thus, savings related to energy costs and even incomes coming from energy sales mean an important reduction in operation costs or expenditures (OPEX), which makes economically feasible and sustainable the investment and the final price of water produced within the Mutxamel SWDTP. The final reduction cost in water desalination reaches 25% on average. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon-Energy-Water Nexus in Global Energy Transition)
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15 pages, 3534 KiB  
Article
Viability of Reclaiming Municipal Wastewater for Potential Microalgae-Based Biofuel Production in the U.S.
by May Wu, Sarah McBride and Miae Ha
Water 2023, 15(17), 3123; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15173123 - 31 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1707
Abstract
Reclaimed municipal wastewater is a crucial component in biofuel production, especially in regions experiencing increasing freshwater scarcity. However, accurately estimating the potential for fuel production is challenging because of the uneven distribution of biofuel feedstock regions and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This study [...] Read more.
Reclaimed municipal wastewater is a crucial component in biofuel production, especially in regions experiencing increasing freshwater scarcity. However, accurately estimating the potential for fuel production is challenging because of the uneven distribution of biofuel feedstock regions and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This study assesses the viability of using reclaimed municipal water for algal biomass production in pond systems co-located with WWTPs under scenarios driven by biomass production and based on water transport logistics. We performed state- and county-level analysis of reclaimed water resources throughout the United States based on WWTP facility data. We overlaid these data onto estimated algae facility sites and examined the temporal resource availability to address seasonal variations in cultivation demand. Our findings reveal that 2694 billion liters per year of reclaimed water could potentially be used to produce 42.2 million metric tons (ash-free dry weight) of algal biomass, equivalent to 29.2 billion liters of renewable diesel equivalent (RDe). The use of reclaimed water would double current national water reuse and expand such reuse significantly in 455 counties across the United States. However, when we limit the construction of algae facilities to counties that can fully meet their water demand in order to minimize water transport burdens, the available supply decreases by 80%, to 512 billion liters, resulting in annual production of 12.2 billion liters of RDe, which still doubles current biodiesel production. Our analysis highlights the degree to which the location and flow of WWTPs and water transport affect the deployment of algae biofuel facilities and tradeoffs. These findings underscore the importance of improving the current WWTP infrastructure for reclaimed water reuse, especially in southern states. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Relationship of Energy and Water Resource Availability)
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15 pages, 3180 KiB  
Article
Study on an Equilibrium Water Price System Based on Cooperative Game Technology
by Shiwu Wang, Lei Fu, Hongxi Peng, Junmin Wang, Yian Hua and Zihan Gui
Water 2023, 15(13), 2354; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15132354 - 25 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2120
Abstract
In this study, the theory of equilibrium water prices is constructed and practiced based on previous research on cooperative game technology and the water price system. The equilibrium water price utilized in this study emphasized solving the unbalanced and unsustainable water supply system, [...] Read more.
In this study, the theory of equilibrium water prices is constructed and practiced based on previous research on cooperative game technology and the water price system. The equilibrium water price utilized in this study emphasized solving the unbalanced and unsustainable water supply system, including the reclaimed water resources and the current water price used in numerous Chinese cities. Safety, affordability, and sustainability become the key factors of the equilibrium water price system, which is operated and analyzed in a typical city in southeastern China. The cooperative game model of equilibrium water price is solved by game technology, considering various factors such as the price strategy, the water supply quantity, and the local water demand. The practical application shows that the theoretical system can effectively solve the problem of water price formation mechanisms after the unified allocation of different types of water resources. It not only enhances the enthusiasm and initiative of the public in the utilization of reclaimed water, but also plays an important role in the rational utilization of multiple water resources for different purposes by introducing a reasonable water price ratio and local water resource allocation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies on Water Resource and Environmental Policies)
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18 pages, 1935 KiB  
Article
Optimization Model of Water Resources Allocation in Coal Mine Area Based on Ecological Environment Priority
by Liangliang Guo, Xinxin Xie, Jian Zeng, Ning An, Zhichao Wang, Longsheng Gao, Yonghong Wang and Junyao Yang
Water 2023, 15(6), 1205; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061205 - 20 Mar 2023
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2908
Abstract
It is of great practical significance to explore the efficient water resources allocation model based on ecological environment priority in coal mine areas. In this paper, an open-well coal mining area is selected as the study area. Firstly, the changing characteristics of water [...] Read more.
It is of great practical significance to explore the efficient water resources allocation model based on ecological environment priority in coal mine areas. In this paper, an open-well coal mining area is selected as the study area. Firstly, the changing characteristics of water supply and demand balance in the study area during 2015–2020 are studied, and the defects of the existing water resources allocation mode are analyzed. Then, considering the economic, social, and ecological factors, a multi-objective model of optimal allocation of water resources was established. Finally, the optimal water resource allocation scheme was obtained by using a particle swarm optimization algorithm. The results indicate that both the water supply and consumption in the study area decreased from 2015 to 2020. The utilization rate of fresh water also has been declining year by year, and the water source structure tilted to the reclaimed water resources. Among water users, coal mining water consumption is the highest, while ecological water consumption is the lowest. There is still a large amount of recycled water that has not been reused, resulting in a waste of water resources. The optimal water resources allocation scheme shows that the allocation scheme meets the needs of each water user within the limits of the water supply source. The sewage reuse rate reached nearly 100%, which realized the maximum utilization efficiency of water resources. The utilization rate of fresh water was 29.94%, and the dependence on freshwater resources was reduced. Reclaimed water accounts for 77.8% of the total water consumption. The water source structure has been optimized to realize efficient use of water resources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Water Resources Management, Policy and Governance)
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21 pages, 11794 KiB  
Article
Sensitivity Analysis for Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Framework for Site Selection of Aquifer Recharge with Reclaimed Water
by Heba Mohamed Hani, Mohamed M. Nour El Din, Abdelkawi Khalifa and Ezzat Elalfy
Sustainability 2023, 15(6), 5399; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065399 - 17 Mar 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3038 | Correction
Abstract
The pressure on Egypt’s limited water resources has increased as a result of the country’s growing industrial and agricultural sectors, coupled with climate change impacts and population growth. To overcome the current water stress situation, the utilization of new technologies such as managed [...] Read more.
The pressure on Egypt’s limited water resources has increased as a result of the country’s growing industrial and agricultural sectors, coupled with climate change impacts and population growth. To overcome the current water stress situation, the utilization of new technologies such as managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is thought to be key for expanding the use of non-conventional water resources and providing necessary water supplies. Managed aquifer recharge can boost groundwater recharge and promote greater water accessibility. Suitability maps for MAR are widely offered as a tool to aid in decision-making in the context of balancing water demand and supply. Conducting a sensitivity analysis to validate suitability mapping can enhance the understanding of the results and pinpoint the influencing factors. The West Delta region was chosen as a case study given the existence of two MAR sites to examine the suitability of implementing MAR projects with reclaimed water. In this work, a spatially explicit sensitivity analysis is performed on a newly developed framework for MAR suitability maps that use multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) to determine suitable locations for MAR implementation, using spreading methods techniques. The performed sensitivity analysis uses spatial visualization to examine the effect of various weighted criteria on the final outputs and identifies criteria that are especially sensitive to weight changes. The results of the sensitivity analysis indicate that the applied MCDA framework for the suitability mapping in West Delta produced robust results in terms of the most suitable sites for MAR. The obtained results also indicate the possibility of the use of the suggested framework for arid environments with comparable data availability. Moreover, the results emphasize the possible use of suitability maps in sustainable groundwater management plans to support the actual implementation of MAR projects in the West Delta. Full article
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