Search Results (825)

Background: Surgical trauma disrupts hormone networks, but the duration required for these systems to recover remains unclear. We hypothesize that significant perioperative stress would trigger protracted abnormalities of the thyroid axis extending past 28 days. Methods: This retrospective exploratory study analyzed opportunistically obtained thyroid-related laboratory values (free T3 [FT3], free T4 [FT4], and thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]) and serum albumin from electronic medical records of patients undergoing CABG, AVR, or PCI between 2017 and 2022. Preprocedural baseline values were compared with post-procedural serum levels measured during the acute peri-procedural period (0–30 days), early recovery (31–90 days), intermediate recovery (91–180 days), late recovery (181–365 days), medium-term follow-up (1–2 years), and long-term follow-up (>2 years). Results: Free T3 demonstrated early suppression across all procedures, most pronounced in CABG during the acute peri-procedural period, with partial recovery at later timepoints. AVR showed moderate suppression at early and long-term follow-up, while PCI demonstrated minimal and inconsistent changes. Free T4 remained relatively stable across procedures, with limited significant post hoc differences after adjustment. TSH showed significant temporal variability in CABG and AVR but not in PCI. Serum albumin demonstrated marked early decline, most pronounced in CABG, with partial recovery over time, whereas AVR showed delayed long-term suppression. Data availability declined substantially at later timepoints across all biomarkers. Conclusions: In this retrospective exploratory analysis, CABG was associated with the most pronounced early perturbations in thyroid and albumin trajectories, while PCI and AVR demonstrated more heterogeneous temporal patterns. These findings are hypothesis-generating and should be interpreted cautiously given non-protocolized laboratory follow-up, substantial missingness, and potential selection bias. Full article

The effects of static magnetic fields (SMFs) on fibroblast proliferation and migration remain debated, largely due to variability in field intensity, orientation, and exposure duration, as well as the predominant use of endpoint-based assays that may not fully capture the temporal dynamics of cellular responses. Thus, it remains unclear whether reported SMF effects reflect changes in proliferation, migration, or both. Here, we examined how SMFs with different field configurations affect NIH3T3 fibroblast behavior. Three setups were tested: a field generated by two neodymium magnets arranged in a face-to-face configuration on opposite sides of the culture dish (SMF1) and single-magnet setups with either the north (SMF2 and SMF2a) or south poles (SMF3 and SMF3a) facing the cells. SMF1 was associated with a 41% increase in proliferation relative to control, while single-cell migration velocities, directional persistence, and collective wound closure showed no detectable changes. In contrast, SMF2 and SMF3, as well as their low-field variants SMF2a and SMF3a, did not produce significant effects. Our results suggest that a specific SMF configuration is associated with increased fibroblast proliferation without detectable changes in migration parameters under the tested conditions. This integrative approach helps contextualize prior divergent findings by suggesting that SMF effects may be configuration-dependent, thereby contributing to a more rational application of magnetic stimulation in cellular and tissue engineering contexts. Full article

Particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of airborne solid particles and liquid droplets originating from various environmental sources, and it has been implicated in the initiation, development, and progression of pulmonary inflammation and respiratory diseases. However, the underlying associated molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Adenophora divaricate Franch. & Sav. (AD) is a medicinal herb classified within the Campanulaceae family and genus Adenophora, with a broad geographic distribution across East Asia, including Korea, Asia, and Russia. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the effects of AD on PM-induced lung inflammation in both PM-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and PM-exposed mice. Considering that the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) and NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway plays a role in PM-induced inflammatory responses, we focused on determining whether AD exerts its anti-inflammatory effects through modulation of this signaling pathway. The anti-inflammatory properties of the methanolic extract of AD were evaluated using PM-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and PM-exposed mice. PM was administered intranasally to mice for 7 days, whereas AD or dexamethasone was orally administered for the same duration. AD treatment significantly attenuated pulmonary inflammation, as evidenced by reduced inflammatory cell counts and decreased cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In addition, AD decreased oxidative stress marker (ROS and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) while increasing glutathione content, leading to suppression of TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome expression. Histopathological analysis revealed a marked alleviation of inflammatory responses in lung tissue, characterized by diminished inflammatory cell infiltration and reduced alveolar wall thickening. Collectively, these findings suggest ROS-mediated TXNIP serves as a key regulatory factor, and AD may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for pulmonary inflammation. Full article

Background: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a prevalent neurological sleep disorder that often impairs sleep maintenance. This single-arm, open-label study evaluated the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of extended-duration tonic motor activation (XD-TOMAC) in adults with RLS who experience frequent awakenings with symptoms. Methods: The study comprised three stages: Stage 1 (2 weeks of no intervention), Stage 2 (8 weeks XD-TOMAC), and Stage 3 (2 weeks of no intervention). XD-TOMAC consisted of bilateral high-frequency peroneal nerve stimulation programmed to 180 min duration and administered nightly at bedtime. Nineteen adults with moderate–severe RLS were enrolled, each reporting at least three nights per week of RLS symptoms causing increased awakenings or interfering with returning to sleep after waking. Results: The intent-to-treat analysis population included all patients who began Stage 2 (n = 15). After 8 weeks of XD-TOMAC, the mean change in International RLS Study Group Rating Scale (IRLS) score was −10.6 points (p < 0.001), and the mean change in Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Problems Index II (MOS-II) was −29.5 points (p < 0.001). The mean change in the number of nocturnal awakenings was −1.1 per night (p = 0.009), and the mean change in sleep efficiency was +8.5% (p = 0.001). The mean change in time awake with RLS symptoms after sleep onset was −28.1 min (p = 0.009). Each of these improvements was sustained at the end of Stage 3 (p < 0.01). There were no serious or severe device-related adverse events. Conclusions: Compared with prior 30 min TOMAC studies, XD-TOMAC demonstrated greater efficacy and similar tolerability, supporting its potential as a nonpharmacological therapy for RLS patients whose symptoms frequently disrupt sleep. Full article

The biological effects of weak low-frequency magnetic fields (LFMFs) remain controversial, particularly regarding frequency-specific resonance-like responses. Many previous studies tested different frequencies sequentially, potentially introducing uncontrolled environmental variability. This study aimed to evaluate frequency-dependent effects of LFMFs on the growth of juvenile Daphnia magna under strictly synchronized and temperature-controlled conditions. Genetically identical neonates from a single parthenogenetic brood were simultaneously exposed to sinusoidal 50 μT magnetic fields at 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40 Hz using spatially separated Helmholtz coils integrated into a closed-loop thermal stabilization system. Body length was measured after 48, 96, and 144 h of exposure. No significant growth differences were detected after 48 h. After 96 h, a significant biological effect was observed only at 30 Hz. The most pronounced responses occurred after 144 h, with significant growth stimulation at 25, 30, and 35 Hz and a maximal effect at 30 Hz. The frequency–response relationship exhibited a dome-shaped pattern that became less sharply peaked with prolonged exposure. These findings demonstrate duration-dependent and frequency-specific stimulation of juvenile daphnid growth with weak LFMFs. It suggests that exposure time critically influences the manifestation and breadth of resonance-like magnetobiological effects. Full article

Background: Diabetic neuropathy manifests as symmetric distal and autonomic neuropathy, including cardiovagal dysfunction. Small-fiber involvement can occur, leading to neuropathic pain and dysautonomia. The diagnostic gold standard of these two conditions comprehends skin biopsy and cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests (CARTs), respectively. Non-invasive diagnostic tools, such as laser-evoked potentials (LEPs), show promise in detecting small-fiber damage, though correlations between LEP abnormalities and cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction remain poorly investigated. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated LEPs (from hands and feet stimulation) in 33 diabetic patients, comparing them to a cohort of 33 age-matched healthy subjects, to highlight any significant abnormalities in the diabetic cohort. We further analyzed the LEP results in T2DM cohort with clinical, laboratory variables and CARTs to explore potential correlations and to assess whether any association between LEPs and CARTs could be identified. Results: N2/P2 complex amplitude was significantly reduced in diabetic patients compared to healthy subjects, with greater involvement in the lower limbs. While no association between LEP abnormalities and abnormal CARTs was observed, LEP amplitude reductions were notably associated with elevated glycated hemoglobin levels and longer disease duration, which appeared to be the strongest predictor of LEP reduction. Conclusions: Our findings corroborated literature data regarding length-dependent LEP alterations detectable even in initial diabetic stages. The lack of correlation between LEP abnormalities and autonomic dysfunction may stem from the predominant involvement of C fibers in autonomic neuropathy, which are not adequately assessed by currently used LEPs. Full article

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum EL2, isolated from traditional fermented yak milk in the high-altitude Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, produces the class IIb bacteriocin PlnJK. This study established three distinct cultivation models that critically influenced bacteriocin yield. Microbial co-culture was found to enhance the stress tolerance of EL2, significantly boosting PlnJK production. The optimal inducing strain, Enterococcus faecalis MH2, increased the bacteriocin inhibition zone diameter from 15.38 mm to 25.58 mm. Following optimization of key parameters—initial inoculum concentration (10⁷ CFU/mL), inoculation ratio (3:1, EL2:MH2), and initial pH (6.0)—the inhibition zone diameter reached 30.32 mm, representing a 1.97-fold increase over pure culture. Co-culture not only advanced the onset but also extended the duration of bacteriocin synthesis. Throughout the 24 h incubation, cell density, AI-2 autoinducer concentration, and the expression of key regulatory genes were significantly elevated in co-culture compared to monoculture, aligning with a cell-density-dependent, quorum-sensing (QS) regulatory paradigm. Bacteriocin production was co-regulated by two QS pathways: the AI-2/luxS system and the plnA-mediated autoinducing peptide (AIP). Gene expression analysis revealed differential temporal regulation: luxS expression was higher during the exponential phase (2.29 vs. 1.42 in stationary phase), while plnA exhibited the opposite pattern (1.42 in exponential vs. 2.21 in stationary phase). This indicates that the AI-2/luxS pathway drives strong induction during active growth, whereas plnA/AIP-mediated promotion becomes predominant later. The stationary-phase effect is likely triggered by the accumulation of specific MH2 metabolites, which impose an environmental stress on EL2, stimulating the pln-encoded regulatory system and further enhancing bacteriocin yield. This work provides an economically viable strategy and a novel theoretical framework for optimizing microbial cultivation, enhancing bacteriocin production, and elucidating the complex QS-mediated regulatory mechanisms involved. Full article

Background/Objectives: Non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) also known as low FT3 syndrome is characterized by altered thyroid hormone levels during severe illness, is common in end-stage renal disease, and reflects metabolic and inflammatory stress. This study evaluated the thyroid hormone profiles of patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis, assessing relationships between NTIS severity and dialysis adequacy while accounting for mineral and bone metabolism markers, anemia status, duration of dialysis therapy, and their association with the number of deaths during follow-up. Methods: This prospective bi-center study included adults receiving maintenance hemodialysis for at least 3 months. Patients treated for thyroid disease or taking medications affecting the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid axis were excluded. Thyroid-stimulating hormone, free triiodothyronine (fT3), and free thyroxine (fT4) levels were measured, and dialysis adequacy was assessed using spKt/V. Patients were classified as euthyroid or having NTIS (stratified by severity), and associations between clinical characteristics and the number of deceased patients during a 6-month observation period were analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to determine prognostic cut-off values for thyroid hormones. Results: Among 74 patients, 50% had NTIS and exhibited significantly lower dialysis adequacy than euthyroid individuals (median spKt/V 1.0 vs. 1.1; p = 0.03), with spKt/V declining as NTIS severity increased (stages I–III, p = 0.008). NTIS severity correlated with age and pulmonary comorbidities, while mineral and bone metabolism markers were comparable between the groups. During the 6-month follow-up, 23% of the patients died, exhibiting significantly lower fT3 and fT4 levels than survivors. ROC analysis identified clinically relevant fT3 and fT4 cut-off values that were associated with the number of deaths. Conclusions: NTIS in hemodialysis patients correlates with reduced dialysis adequacy and appears to be a prognostic factor for risk of death. NTIS severity correlated with declining spKt/V, potentially reflecting disease burden, and thyroid hormone assessment may provide prognostic information. Full article

This study aimed to elucidate the key characteristics of the humoral immune response and the tissue distribution of specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). A specific immune model was established by immunizing fish with human IgG. Lymphocytes were isolated from the head kidney, spleen, and peripheral blood and subjected to antigen stimulation in vitro. The MTT assay, reflecting cell metabolic activity and viability, identified the optimal culture conditions as a cell concentration of 2.5 × 10⁶ cells/mL, an antigen concentration of 2 μg/mL, and a culture duration of 72 h. Under these conditions, peripheral blood lymphocytes exhibited the most increase in metabolic activity, followed by head kidney lymphocytes, while splenic lymphocytes showed no significant response. Subsequent dynamic monitoring of antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) using ELISPOT revealed that, in the absence of antigen stimulation, ASC numbers from all three tissues declined over time. Notably, head kidney ASCs retained approximately 50% of their initial number by day 5, whereas ASCs in peripheral blood and spleen decayed to barely detectable or completely undetectable levels, respectively. These findings suggest that the head kidney may serve as a primary site for ASC persistence during the effector phase, potentially contributing to sustained humoral immunity. Although antigen stimulation did not induce significant ASC expansion, it significantly slowed their decay rate (p < 0.05), indicating an antigen-dependent maintenance role. ELISA detection of antibody levels in the culture supernatants showed a consistent trend with the ELISPOT results, further confirming the sustained functional support of antigen for ASCs. Additionally, LPS stimulation experiments demonstrated that all three tissues contained plasmablasts activatable by non-specific stimuli, with peripheral blood showing the highest proliferation fold (4–6 times). In conclusion, this study provides insights into the tissue-specific distribution, in vitro persistence, and antigen-dependent maintenance of ASCs in Nile tilapia, providing insights into the cellular basis that may contribute to humoral immune memory and laying a theoretical foundation for the rational design and application of tilapia vaccines. Full article

Background: Chronic pain is a prevalent and disabling condition that affects physical health but also cognitive domains. Executive functions, including inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and working memory, essentials for self-regulation, treatment adherence, and coping with symptoms, are particularly compromised. Physiotherapy interventions, traditionally aimed at physical outcomes, may also influence executive functions; however, their impact remains unclear. Objective: This review aimed to synthesize current evidence regarding the effects of physiotherapy-related interventions on executive function in adults with chronic pain. Methods: The review followed the Cochrane Handbook and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) guidelines, and the protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024611800). A comprehensive search was performed. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) included adults with chronic pain (≥3 months) whose executive function outcomes were evaluated after physiotherapy-based interventions. Results: Out of 12,391 records, 10 randomized controlled trials were included. Populations primarily had fibromyalgia, chronic low back pain, and chronic musculoskeletal pain. Interventions encompassed transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), neurofeedback, structured exercise, and multimodal physical-cognitive-mindfulness training. Intervention durations ranged from one session to 16 weeks. Executive function was assessed with diverse neuropsychological tests. tDCS improved attention, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and working memory. Exercise interventions showed benefits in working memory and inhibitory control. Conclusions: Preliminary evidence suggests that physiotherapy interventions, particularly anodal tDCS and structured exercise, may improve executive functions in individuals with chronic pain. Future trials should incorporate long-term follow-up. Integrating cognitive targets into physiotherapy may enhance the multidimensional management of chronic pain. Full article

Background: G_M1-gangliosidosis (G_M1) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the Glb1 gene, resulting in reduced β-galactosidase activity and accumulation of G_M1 gangliosides in neuronal lysosomes. Effective therapeutic strategies for this disease remain limited. Substrate reduction therapy using small molecules targeting glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) and non-lysosomal glucosylceramidase (GBA2), such as sinbaglustat, represents a promising approach. Methods: Structural and electrophysiological properties of principal neurons of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) were investigated in 7-month-old Glb1^−/− mice. Animals received long-term treatment with either low (LD; 10 mg/kg) or high (HD; 300 mg/kg) doses of sinbaglustat and were compared with untreated Glb1^−/− (KO) and untreated wild-type (WT) mice. Results: Sinbaglustat treatment reduced lysosomal storage material in MNTB neurons. Basal membrane properties were largely unchanged across groups. However, action potential halfwidth was significantly increased in untreated KO and LD mice compared to untreated WT animals but was normalized in HD mice. After-hyperpolarization duration was prolonged in Glb1^−/− mice relative to WT. Temporal precision during high-frequency stimulation was reduced in untreated KO mice and improved following sinbaglustat treatment. Conclusions: These findings indicate that G_M1-gangliosidosis is associated with functional alterations in MNTB neurons and suggest that long-term sinbaglustat treatment can partially restore neuronal electrophysiological properties, supporting its therapeutic potential in G_M1. Full article

Background: Chronic cocaine exposure is increasingly associated with persistent brain alterations, yet it remains unclear whether these changes reflect reversible neuroadaptation, accelerated brain ageing, or a degeneration-like trajectory in a vulnerable subgroup. This Perspective proposes a neuroprogressive vulnerability framework—referred to as cocaine-specific encephalopathy/cerebropathy only in a heuristic sense—to organise heterogeneous evidence without implying a distinct neurodegenerative disease entity. Methods: We conducted a structured, critical synthesis of peer-reviewed human and preclinical literature (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science; inception to December 2025), integrating neuroimaging (MRI/DTI/fMRI/PET/SPECT), neuropathology/post-mortem findings, neurochemical and molecular mechanisms, and neuropsychological outcomes, with explicit attention to confounders (polysubstance use, psychiatric and medical comorbidity, HIV, vascular risk, abstinence duration). Results: Convergent evidence supports a multi-hit vulnerability model in which chronic stimulant exposure may weaken neural resilience through dopaminergic dysregulation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammatory signalling, and putative α-synuclein–related mechanisms. Human imaging studies consistently implicate fronto–striato–limbic circuits and suggest possible cerebellar involvement, but findings are heterogeneous and often cross-sectional; direct evidence of progressive neuronal loss or disease-defining proteinopathies attributable to cocaine remains limited. Conclusions: Rather than asserting cocaine-induced classic neurodegeneration, we outline an exploratory framework in which chronic cocaine exposure may increase susceptibility to neuroprogressive impairment in a subset of biologically vulnerable individuals. Longitudinal multimodal studies combining advanced imaging, biomarkers, and phenotypic stratification are needed to clarify causality, temporal progression, and reversibility with sustained abstinence. Full article

Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess NB CE-Chirps for diagnosing Superior Semicircular Canal Dehiscence Syndrome (SSCDS) with cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMPs and oVEMPs), and to compare them with Tone Bursts (TBs). Methods: Nine subjects diagnosed with SSCDS were included (four men/five women, median = 61 years, range = 31–79 years). Intensity thresholds at 500 Hz were investigated with both stimuli. A response was also sought when NB CE-Chirps and TBs were delivered at 4000 Hz for c and oVEMPs. Results: Both 500 Hz TBs and 500 Hz NB CE-Chirps significantly differentiated affected ears from healthy ears for cVEMPs (p < 10⁻³ in both cases) and oVEMPs (p < 10⁻³ in both cases). Furthermore, we observed significantly lower intensity thresholds in SSCDS ears with 500 Hz NB CE-Chirps than with 500 Hz TBs for both cVEMPs (p < 10⁻³) and oVEMPs (p = 0.036). Regarding the response rate at 4000 Hz, only TBs consistently showed a response in 100% of cases for the affected ears, with no response in healthy ears for both cVEMPs and oVEMPs. However, there was no significant difference between the response rates obtained at 4000 Hz using TBs and NB CE-Chirps in affected ears (p = 1.000 for cVEMPs and p = 1.000 for oVEMPs). Conclusions: Searching for intensity thresholds with NB CE-Chirps 500 Hz in cVEMPs and oVEMPs is an effective method for diagnosing SSCDS, likely with better frequency specificity than with 500 Hz TBs. Stimulation at 4000 Hz with both TBs and NB CE-Chirps appears to be a promising test for easily screening this syndrome, reducing both sound exposure and the duration of the examination. The possibility to reduce rise time in 4000 Hz TBs may favor this stimulus over NB CE-Chirps at this frequency for this disease. These results should be confirmed in larger cohorts including patients with more severe forms. Full article

Background and Objectives: While associations between attachment styles and certain dermatologic conditions have been documented, their role in chronic pruritus remains unexplored. Given the significant psychosomatic component in the etiology of chronic pruritus, this study aimed to assess attachment styles in patients with chronic pruritus in the absence of organic or psychiatric disorders and to examine their potential contribution to its development. Methods: Sixty patients with chronic pruritus were compared with a healthy control group (n = 60). Socio-demographic data, the duration of the disease, and the itch severity were noted. Additionally, assessments performed via the Questionnaire of Relation Scale, Questionnaire of Relation, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, General Health Questionnaire, and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). Results: Statistically higher scores of fearful, dismissive, and preoccupied attachment styles were observed in the patient group compared to the control group. Among patients, those with moderate to high itch severity had higher mean scores of anxiety and preoccupied attachment than those with low itch severity. In contrast, secure attachment scores were significantly higher in the control group than in the patient group. Limitations: Attachment styles were examined with a self-report instrument without stimulated recall procedures. Conclusions: Our findings clearly demonstrate that patients with chronic pruritus exhibit significantly higher levels of insecure attachment styles alongside elevated anxiety, depression, and psychosocial burden. Notably, the association between preoccupied attachment and greater itch severity highlights how emotional dysregulation may intensify pruritus symptoms. Due to limited research directly examining attachment in chronic pruritus, our study provides novel insight and supports a biopsychosocial approach to care. Full article

Introduction: Psoriasis is an autoimmune systemic disease of not entirely understood pathogenesis. It remains a significant therapeutic challenge and, due to its various comorbidities, has a remarkable detrimental effect on patients’ wellbeing. Semaphorins (Sema) are a group of transmembrane, cell surface-attached and secretory proteins that might play an important role in psoriasis due to their presence on keratinocytes and the ability to stimulate the proinflammatory cytokine production. Aims: The study aimed to assess the concentration of Sema3A, Sema3E, Sema4A, Sema4D and Sema7A in serum samples of psoriatic patients and explore the correlation with disease activity and clinical and metabolic status. Materials and Methods: The study involved 60 patients with plaque psoriasis and 30 healthy volunteers matched for gender, age, and BMI. Results: The mean serum Sema3A, Sema3E and Sema4D levels were significantly higher in patients with psoriasis than controls (p < 0.01, p < 0.05 and p < 0.05, respectively). Contrarily, Sema4A and Sema7A were significantly lower (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05 respectively). Significant positive correlation between Sema3A and UREA was noted. Sema3A levels were significantly higher in moderately ill and overweight patients (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively) and in patients with longer-lasting psoriasis and male patients compared to controls (both p < 0.05). Sema3E significantly negatively correlated with HDL and glucose levels. Sema4A was significantly lower in moderately and severe psoriatic patients (p < 0.0001, p < 0.01, respectively). Sema7A was significantly higher in moderately ill and overweight patients (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively) and significantly lower in male patients and in those with longer lasting disease than in controls. None of the semaphorins correlated with psoriasis severity, total BMI, psoriasis duration and age. Conclusions: Psoriatic patients exhibited distinct alterations in circulating semaphorins, with significantly increased serum Sema3A, Sema3E and Sema4D, and reduced Sema4A and Sema7A compared with healthy subjects. Selected semaphorins demonstrated associations with metabolic parameters and patient characteristics, although none can serve as marker of disease severity. The findings indicate that semaphorins may reflect psoriasis-related systemic disturbances, but further studies are required to explore their potential with disease-associated metabolic or clinical profiles. Full article