Saved Queries

by Dia Ousmane, Ajana Rabia, Mohamed Rami Laamraoui, Sidi Ahmed Elemin, Khadijetou El Hacen, Mohamed Aveloitt, Fatimetou Mohamed Taleb and Louajri Adnane

Hydrobiology 2026, 5(4), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrobiology5040036 (registering DOI) - 5 Oct 2026

Abstract

The Atlantic blue crab, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896, is classified as one of the world’s most invasive and difficult species to control once introduced. This study reports the first confirmed occurrence of this species in Mauritanian waters and assesses the population structure, morphometric features and reproductive condition of the sampled population as evidence of early establishment. Samples were collected monthly in Baie de l’Étoile (Nouadhibou, Mauritania) in 12 sampling campaigns between December 2024 and January 2026 (no surveys in January 2025 or December 2025). In total, 148 specimens of C. sapidus were captured from the shallow waters of the bay’s intertidal and subtidal zones, of which 98 (66.2%) were sexually mature and 50 (33.8%) were immature. Carapace width among captured specimens ranged from 48.5 to 193.4 mm and weight ranged from 10.0 to 255.8 g. The sex ratio did not differ significantly from parity (75 males and 73 females; male: female = 1.03:1; χ² = 0.027, df = 1, p = 0.870), whereas mature individuals were significantly more frequent than immature ones (χ² = 15.57, df = 1, p < 0.001). Five of the captured females were ovigerous (June–September). This study provides the first confirmed record of the species along the Mauritanian coast and, based on the presence of multiple size classes in all sampled months and of ovigerous females in summer, indicates an early established (incipient) population, warranting further biological assessment, genetic characterization and regional monitoring to anticipate potential impacts on the local ecosystem. Full article

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24 pages, 794 KB

Open AccessArticle

Determinants of ESG-Related Digital Transparency: Evidence from Energy Firms in Emerging Economies

by Natalia Aliño Ferrán and María-Encina Morales-de-Vega

Systems 2026, 14(10), 1250; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14101250 (registering DOI) - 5 Oct 2026

Abstract

Existing research has largely treated digital transformation and ESG performance as separate dimensions, while widely used ESG indicators are strongly driven by disclosure practices. This creates a measurement problem, as it remains unclear how companies’ underlying sustainability performance translates into effective digital transparency. This study addresses this gap by analyzing the relationship between ESG performance and ESG-related digital transparency, defined as companies’ capacity to disclose sustainability-related information through digital systems. We construct a novel ESG-Related Digital Transparency Index (EDTI), capturing key dimensions of disclosure, compliance, and firm capacity through a composite structure based on principal component analysis, in which the largest contribution is associated with the Digital Governance and Transparency sub-index. Using an unbalanced panel of 95 energy firms (2015–2024), based on annual data, and a dynamic panel model, the results show that digital transparency is highly persistent and positively associated with adjusted ESG performance. Environmental policies reinforce this relationship, while financial factors play a more limited role. Moreover, ESG performance amplifies the effect of environmental pressures, highlighting the role of interaction mechanisms. These findings show how substantive ESG capabilities translate into digital transparency, emphasizing the role of organizational and informational processes in firms’ sustainability-related digital development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic System Management, Sustainability, and Innovation in Digital Environments)

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30 pages, 616 KB

Open AccessReview

The Relationship Between Orthognathodontics and Physiotherapy: A Scoping Review

by Andrea Maria Fiorini, Roberto Antonio Vernucci, Paola Di Giacomo, Emanuela Serritella, Adriana Assunta De Stefano, Carlo Di Paolo and Gabriella Galluccio

Oral 2026, 6(5), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral6050129 - 5 Oct 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The increasing complexity of the most common conditions that require orthodontic or gnathological interventions may need physiotherapeutic evaluation and treatment. This link is increasingly relevant in patients who suffer from temporo-mandibular and cranio-cervico-mandibular disorders (TMDs/CCMDs). The aim of this scoping review is to map the available evidence of clinical and research links between orthodontics/gnathology and physiotherapy, identifying the areas of interdisciplinary collaboration, possible clinical applicability and research gaps. Methods: We performed an electronic search on online databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Cochrane) to identify papers published between 2016 and 2026, following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Results: A total of 50 publications were included and classified into three thematic areas: age of growth and functional habits (n = 12); pre- and post-surgical rehabilitation in orthognathic surgery (n = 8); and management of TMD/CCMDs (n = 30). The included studies comprised systematic reviews, RCTs, longitudinal studies, retrospective studies, narrative reviews, and expert consensus documents. Discussion: Management of TMDs/CCMDs represents the most investigated field in which multidisciplinary collaboration between orthodontists/gnathologists and physiotherapists is documented. In paediatric orthodontics, studies are predominantly diagnostic and observational, suggesting a common field of diagnosis and intervention. In orthognathic surgery, longitudinal studies report that integrated physical therapy facilitates progressive neuromuscular adaptation and functional recovery. In TMDs/CCMDs management, conservative, multimodal and patient-tailored approaches are increasingly supported as the standard of care. Management of psychological and behavioural comorbidities in chronic conditions represents a relevant and underexplored area. Conclusions: The mapped literature identifies an increasing interest in interdisciplinary collaboration between orthodontists/gnathologists and physiotherapists, particularly through combined conservative protocols. However, the high clinical heterogeneity highlights the need for further high-quality studies. Future research should develop validated common assessment tools, standardised shared protocols, and targeted systematic reviews. Full article

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20 pages, 1072 KB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Transformation and Green Innovation in Construction Enterprises: The Mediating Role of Green Dynamic Capability and Moderating Effect of Command-and-Control Environmental Regulation

by Hongyu Du and Qianhui Du

Buildings 2026, 16(19), 3948; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16193948 - 5 Oct 2026

Abstract

As the digital economy expands rapidly, intelligent-green synergy among construction enterprises has become an inevitable path toward industrial sustainable development, with green innovation acting as its core anchor. Based on the resource-based view, this paper conducts a questionnaire survey on construction enterprises and collects 288 valid questionnaires to empirically examine the influencing mechanism of digital transformation on green innovation in construction enterprises. The results show that the digital transformation of construction enterprises is significantly positively associated with green innovation. Green dynamic capability (GDC) exerts a significant positive mediating effect. Specifically, digital transformation exhibits a positive link with green innovation by enhancing GDC. Meanwhile, command-and-control environmental regulation positively moderates the association between digital transformation and green innovation. Furthermore, a higher level of command-and-control environmental regulation also strengthens the mediating effect transmitted by GDC. Drawing on the above conclusions, this paper proposes suggestions to promote the high-quality development of construction enterprises by deepening green digital transformation, fostering GDC, and leveraging the dividends of command-and-control environmental regulation. The research findings provide theoretical and practical foundations for construction enterprises to seize digital opportunities and fully implement green innovation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

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26 pages, 2400 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Assessment of Heat Health Risk in Brussels Through GIS and Local Climate Zone Analysis

by Dyna Chourouk Zitouni, Mohamed Akram Eddine Ben Ratmia, Mohamed Elhadi Matallah, Djihed Berkouk, Tianyi Wang and Shady Attia

Atmosphere 2026, 17(10), 975; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17100975 (registering DOI) - 5 Oct 2026

Abstract

Climate change and rapid urbanization are increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme heat events, posing significant risks to public health in cities. Although numerous studies have investigated urban heat islands and heat vulnerability, spatially explicit assessments integrating environmental, demographic, and urban morphological characteristics remain limited, particularly in European cities. This study presents the first Heat–Health Risk Index (HHRI) assessment for the Brussels Capital Region, combining remote sensing, demographic information, and Local Climate Zone (LCZ) classification within a Geographic Information System (GIS) framework to evaluate the spatial distribution of heat health risk. The HHRI was developed by integrating three components (hazard, exposure, and vulnerability) derived from Landsat 8/9 imagery, WorldPop population data, and LCZ classification generated following the WUDAPT methodology. Hazard was represented by Land Surface Temperature (LST), exposure combined population density and built-up intensity (NDBI), while vulnerability incorporated vegetation (NDVI), surface water (MNDWI), and age-sensitive population groups. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to determine indicator weights, and the resulting HHRI was analyzed across different LCZs using zonal statistics. The results revealed pronounced spatial variability in heat health risk across Brussels, with the highest HHRI values concentrated within the densely urbanized central municipalities and the lowest values occurring in the vegetated southern and southeastern areas. LCZ analysis showed that Compact Low-Rise (LCZ 3) and Compact Mid-Rise (LCZ 2) exhibited the highest proportions of high and very high risk, whereas natural LCZs, particularly Dense Trees (LCZ A) and Low Plants (LCZ D), consistently functioned as urban cooling environments associated with low heat health risk. This study addresses an important research gap by providing the first LCZ-based HHRI assessment for Brussels and Belgium. The proposed open-data and reproducible methodology offer a transferable framework for identifying priority intervention areas and supporting evidence-based climate adaptation and urban planning in European cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Overheating, UHI Adaptation, and Nexus with Energy Transition in the Context of the Urban Landscape and Environment)

16 pages, 249 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fairness as an Ethical Imperative in Dental Assessment: German Students’ Perspectives on Oral Examinations and Structured Assessment Formats

by Lisa Morlock, Sarah Rampf, Stefan Rupf, Leonhard Kowalczyk, Konstantin Schrader, Jana Jünger and Anna-Lena Hillebrecht

Dent. J. 2026, 14(10), 644; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj14100644 - 5 Oct 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Oral examinations can assess clinical reasoning and professional judgement, but examiner-dependent variation and unclear expectations may compromise reliability, procedural fairness, and accountability. This study investigated German dental students’ perceptions of oral examinations and identified learner-informed priorities for fair, transparent, and ethically responsible assessment. Methods: This national cross-sectional mixed-methods study used a participatory approach to questionnaire development. The main online survey was distributed to undergraduate dental students through national student networks. Three supplementary questions were administered separately to participants at the 2026 National Conference of German Dental Student Representatives. Quantitative data were analysed descriptively. Free-text responses were examined using qualitative content analysis conducted collaboratively by two researchers. Results: The main survey included 368 students from 26 dental schools, representing 84% of German dental schools; the separate conference-based dataset comprised 168 participants. Students strongly endorsed clearly defined competencies required to pass (mean 4.74 ± 0.81), transparent assessment criteria (4.64 ± 0.87), and structured questions to promote consistent and fair assessment (4.42 ± 0.99). Conference participants perceived a substantial influence of examiners on grades (4.25 ± 0.81). The qualitative findings contextualised the quantitative results across four areas: fairness and examiner influence; transparency of expectations and criteria; structure and consistency; and psychological safety, feedback, and preparation. Conclusions: Students viewed fairness, transparency, and accountability as integral to assessment quality. Structured oral examinations may support more equitable assessment while preserving opportunities to evaluate clinical reasoning and professional judgement. Because qualitative coding was conducted collaboratively rather than independently, no formal inter-rater reliability coefficient was calculated, limiting the reproducibility of the qualitative findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Dental Education: Shaping the Future of Dentistry)

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25 pages, 3567 KB

Open AccessReview

Magnetic Modulation of Catalytic CO₂ Reduction Reaction: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Perspectives

by Dongqiu Zhao, Shannan Xu, Mei Bie, Chunyi Ma, Huahua Fan and Lin Ju

Inorganics 2026, 14(10), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14100260 - 5 Oct 2026

Abstract

Catalytic CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) offers a promising approach for converting CO₂ into value-added chemicals and fuels. However, its practical development remains limited by unfavorable reaction energetics, competition from the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and complex product selectivity. Conventional catalyst regulation strategies predominantly rely on static structural design, whereas magnetic regulation introduces an additional degree of freedom through intrinsic spin-state engineering or external magnetic fields. This review systematically summarizes the recent research progress in magnetic regulation of CO₂RR with emphasis on the links among spin states, spin-resolved electronic structures, intermediate adsorption, reaction thermodynamics, product selectivity, competing reactions, and charge-carrier dynamics. Importantly, catalytic changes induced by an external magnetic field are not automatically equivalent to spin-mediated effects because magnetohydrodynamic transport, Lorentz-force-driven mass transfer, thermal perturbations, and interfacial transport can also contribute. The review therefore discusses both intrinsic magnetic regulation and field-induced effects while highlighting the evidence required to distinguish spin-associated mechanisms from non-spin contributions, including direct magnetic or spin characterization, spectroscopic evidence, and electrochemical controls that assess transport and thermal effects. Strategies including doping, vacancies, heterojunctions, axial coordination, defect engineering, and applied magnetic fields are summarized, followed by perspectives on physics-informed machine learning, artificial intelligence, and operando sensing for catalyst screening and dynamic regulation. Full article

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23 pages, 11222 KB

Open AccessArticle

HBOCpred: An Ensemble Framework for Prioritisation of Germline Missense Variants in Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer

by Mustafa Tarık Alay and Haktan Bağış Erdem

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(19), 8865; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27198865 (registering DOI) - 5 Oct 2026

Abstract

HBOCpred was developed to support research prioritisation of unresolved germline missense variants in a defined 17-gene study panel. Four calibrated learners provide vote states (V0–V4) and a continuous modified adaptive classifier score (S_MAC). The same directional descriptors apply to labelled and unresolved records: unanimous benign/likely benign-directed (V0), mixed (V1–V3), and unanimous likely pathogenic/pathogenic-directed (V4) votes. Development used 2160 anchors and five repeats of nested five-fold cross-validation, with preprocessing fitted within training partitions. The annotation-completeness rule permitted evaluation of 2046 anchors per repeat. Mean balanced accuracy for the secondary ≥3-of-4 endpoint was 0.9604; mean S_MAC area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and Brier score were 0.9909 and 0.0294. In the first repeat, unanimity covered 1968/2160 anchors (91.11%), with source-label agreement in 1920/1968 unanimous outputs (97.56%). Leave-one-gene-out AUROC was 0.9812 among 2045 evaluable anchors, with substantial gene-specific variation. Among 43,679 unresolved records, V0, V1–V3, and V4 contained 33,414, 4491 and 5774 variants, respectively. HBOCpred makes learner agreement and disagreement available for expert review and functional follow-up. Independent validation is needed to assess its performance and utility in unresolved variants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Advances in Genetic Variants Involved in Breast and Ovarian Cancer)

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18 pages, 2069 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Cannibalization as a Reverse Logistics Process on the Public Transport System: Vilnius City Case Study

by Rytis Engelaitis and Aldona Jarašūnienė

Logistics 2026, 10(10), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics10100234 - 5 Oct 2026

Abstract

Background: Cannibalization, defined as the recovery of serviceable components from one vehicle for use in another, is an underexplored reverse logistics practice in public transport maintenance. This study aims to analyze the role of cannibalization in public transport systems and develop a framework for managing it as a controlled maintenance process. Methods: Scientific literature analysis was conducted to examine the theoretical foundations of cannibalization and reverse logistics. A quantitative case study was then performed using a complete fleet census of 628 buses and trolleybuses operated by JSC “Vilniaus viesasis transportas” (VVT) in Vilnius, Lithuania. Fleet data were systematized according to vehicle age, type, operational status, and End-of-Life/End-of-Use (EOL/EOU) status. Results: The analysis showed that 57.5% of the fleet consists of vehicles aged 6-15 years, while 15.9% are older than 20 years. A total of 73 vehicles were classified as EOL/EOU and identified as potential sources of recoverable components. Based on literature review and fleet analysis, a four-tier maintenance decision framework was developed. Conclusions: The proposed framework provides a structured approach for managing cannibalization within public transport maintenance and may support fleet availability under spare-part shortages. Future research should validate the framework using operational performance indicators. Full article

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21 pages, 1101 KB

Open AccessArticle

Data-Driven Inquiry into Algorithm Efficiency in Elementary Classrooms: A Preliminary Quasi-Experimental Evaluation

by Haeyoung Park and Woochun Jun

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(19), 9861; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16199861 (registering DOI) - 5 Oct 2026

Abstract

Although algorithm efficiency is central to computing practice, elementary learners rarely have opportunities to compare and improve alternative solution strategies using data. This study reports a preliminary quasi-experimental evaluation of data-driven inquiry into algorithm efficiency. Ninety sixth-grade students in four intact classes participated. Two classes received eight lessons in which students generated and refined their own solution strategies and used execution-time data across input sizes to evaluate algorithm efficiency; two active-control classes, taught by the same instructor, received procedure-focused algorithm instruction of equal duration. On the proximal, researcher-developed measure of algorithm development (0–24), the student-level pretest-adjusted difference favoring the inquiry condition was 4.90 points (95% CI [3.29, 6.52]), the unweighted class-level change contrast was 4.53 points, and the adjusted estimate was insensitive to independent-rater score replacement in a stratified 48-script subsample. Because condition was assigned nonrandomly to intact classes, these are reported as observed between-condition patterns rather than as a confirmed treatment effect. Patterns in algorithm structure understanding and self-evaluation were not robust to leave-one-class-out checks and are treated as non-robust secondary observations. The inquiry approach was implemented in regular elementary classrooms, and the pattern warrants testing with a larger number of classrooms and analyses that account for classroom-level assignment and within-class dependence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Application of Digital Technology in Education, 2nd Edition)

17 pages, 26798 KB

Open AccessArticle

Life Cycle Assessment of Ephemeral Cultural Installations: Implications for Sustainable Urban Tourism and Event Management

by César Ayabaca-Sarria, Salvatore Reina-Guzmán, Mario Alberto Cesén-Arteaga, Pablo Salazar-Altamirano, Angélica Tirado-Lozada and Diego Venegas-Vásconez

Urban Sci. 2026, 10(10), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci10100573 - 5 Oct 2026

Abstract

This study presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) of an ephemeral architectural installation developed for the Festival of Fruits and Flowers (FFF), a major cultural tourism event held in Ambato, Ecuador. Unlike previous LCA studies of temporary structures that primarily focus on construction performance, reusable buildings, or event infrastructure, this research examines a temporary cultural installation as part of an urban tourism and cultural heritage system. The study assessed the carbon footprint (CFP) across raw material extraction, manufacturing, transportation, construction, use, and end-of-life stages. Total emissions reached 408.46 kg CO₂e, with the construction phase contributing the largest share (272.00 kg CO₂e), followed by transportation (85.00 kg CO₂e) and raw material extraction (43.96 kg CO₂e). The use phase showed negligible emissions because the structure’s passive, while the end-of-life stage accounted for 7.50 kg CO₂e. The results show that embodied carbon is the dominant environmental burden of the analyzed installation and highlight the value of integrating LCA into early design and planning for temporary cultural infrastructure. By linking quantitative carbon assessment with cultural tourism, place identity, and ephemeral heritage, this study provides a case-specific methodological reference for developing low-carbon strategies for temporary cultural installations and environmentally responsible urban events. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Tourism and Hospitality: Communities, Culture, and Sustainability)

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20 pages, 839 KB

Open AccessReview

Antibody Discovery and Therapeutics in Spondyloarthritis: Recent Advances and Future Directions

by Kwai Wei Chan, Ghee Chong Koo and Che Kang Lim

Antibodies 2026, 15(5), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/antib15050090 (registering DOI) - 5 Oct 2026

Abstract

Spondyloarthritis is a multi-faceted condition housing a group of inter-related chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis, IBD-associated arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. While decades of research and technological advancements have significantly improved our understanding of the disease, there remain many underlying genetic and physiological mechanisms which are unsolved but essential for the development of the right diagnosis and treatment. This mini-review examines our current foundational knowledge of spondyloarthritis, the main concepts related to the disease pathogenesis and the various lines of therapies developed thus far. We hope to provide a perspective on the current and potential antibody discovery platforms for the next decade as computational methods and artificial intelligence become increasingly mature and relevant in clinical research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Antibody-Based Therapeutics)

21 pages, 263 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Fungibility of Conservation: Knowledge Controversies in Bangladesh’s Forest Frontiers

by Hosna J. Shewly and Md. Nadiruzzaman

Sustainability 2026, 18(19), 10153; https://doi.org/10.3390/su181910153 - 5 Oct 2026

Abstract

Forest conservation is central to sustainability, but it also serves political, economic, and territorial objectives beyond environmental protection. These objectives often remain obscured because conservation is generally presented as a technical and evidence-based practice. Drawing on longitudinal ethnographic research conducted between 2009 and 2026 in the Chittagong Hill Tracts and the Sundarbans, this article examines knowledge controversies around forest governance in Bangladesh. It shows how competing definitions of forests and differing interpretations of restoration and ecological recovery shape conservation practice. We develop the concept of the fungibility of conservation to explain how its moral authority legitimises diverse governance and economic projects, even as conservation remains widely understood as environmental protection. Comparing the two forest frontiers shows how this fungibility works through epistemic, territorial, social and economic relations, although not in the same way in each setting. We argue that inclusive and effective sustainability governance requires recognising locally grounded ecological knowledge alongside scientific expertise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Ecology and Sustainability)

31 pages, 577 KB

Open AccessReview

Argentine Tango as an Integrative Therapeutic Approach: Bridging Dance Therapy and Melotherapy

by Csongor Kicsi

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2026, 11(4), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk11040408 - 5 Oct 2026

Abstract

Argentine tango integrates rhythmic auditory information, adaptive locomotion, improvisation, and continuous partnered interaction within a complex dance practice. This review examines its therapeutic relevance with primary emphasis on neurological rehabilitation, particularly Parkinson’s disease (PD), where tango-specific evidence is most developed. Particular attention is given to balance, functional mobility, gait adaptability, and motor–cognitive integration, while cognitive, emotional, and social outcomes are considered complementary dimensions rather than equivalent primary endpoints. This review examines mechanisms involving auditory–motor coupling, motor learning, embodied cognition, and interpersonal coordination, while distinguishing tango-based interventions from formal dance/movement therapy and music therapy. Particular consideration is given to Adapted Tango, including how task demands can be scaled while preserving defining characteristics of Argentine tango. Rather than claiming superiority over other dance forms, the review proposes that tango is therapeutically relevant because of its distinctive combination of walking-based multidirectional locomotion, musical interpretation, improvisational decision-making, and partner-derived sensory information. These relationships are integrated within the Argentine Tango Therapeutic Integration Model (ATTIM), proposed as a hypothesis-generating framework for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Exercise for Health Promotion)

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49 pages, 2744 KB

Open AccessReview

Rotary Pressure Exchangers for Brackish Water Desalination: A Comprehensive Review with Future Application Prospects for Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia

by Tamer A. El-Sayed

Sci 2026, 8(10), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8100282 - 5 Oct 2026

Abstract

Al-Kharj City is emerging as a major industrial and agricultural center in Saudi Arabia, where improving the energy efficiency and energy savings of brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO) desalination is an important long-term objective for sustainable water management. Motivated by an ongoing research project focused on groundwater desalination in Al-Kharj, this review critically examines the development, performance, and application potential of rotary pressure exchangers (PXs), including isobaric devices such as PX^{$^{®}$}, XPR, FLEX™, iSave^{$^{®}$}, and SALINO^{$^{®}$} Pressure Center, for enhancing the energy efficiency of BWRO systems. The review covers operating principles, mathematical and computational modeling approaches, experimental investigations, and commercial technologies. Performance is evaluated using key indicators, including energy recovery efficiency, specific energy consumption (SEC), mixing rate, and leakage characteristics. The analysis shows that modern isobaric pressure exchangers consistently achieve hydraulic efficiencies exceeding 95%, while emerging low-pressure pressure exchangers (LPPXs) can reduce SEC by approximately 20–30% in brackish water desalination applications. However, increasing the recovery ratio in BWRO plants reduces the effectiveness of energy-recovery devices. Recent developments integrating pressure exchange, boosting, and pumping functions into compact modular units further enhance system reliability, operational flexibility, and lifecycle cost efficiency. By synthesizing current advances in rotary pressure exchanger technologies, this review provides a comprehensive technical foundation for selecting and implementing energy recovery devices in BWRO systems. In addition, a case study of one BWRO train at Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University in Al-Kharj demonstrates the practical potential of LPPX integration. The case study indicates that the proposed LPPX configuration can increase freshwater production by approximately 45% while reducing the SEC to approximately 80% of that of the baseline configuration without LPPX, demonstrating the potential of LPPX for improving the productivity and energy efficiency of existing BWRO systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Engineering)

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