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Keywords = radial runout

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16 pages, 4741 KiB  
Article
Plug-In Repetitive Control for Magnetic Bearings Based on Equivalent-Input-Disturbance
by Gang Huang, Bolong Liu, Songlin Yuan and Xinyi Shi
Eng 2025, 6(7), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng6070141 - 28 Jun 2025
Viewed by 248
Abstract
The radial magnetic bearing system is an open-loop, unstable, strong nonlinear system with a high rotor speed, predisposition to jitter, and poor interference immunity. The system is subjected to the main interference generated by gravity, and rotor imbalance and sensor runout seriously affect [...] Read more.
The radial magnetic bearing system is an open-loop, unstable, strong nonlinear system with a high rotor speed, predisposition to jitter, and poor interference immunity. The system is subjected to the main interference generated by gravity, and rotor imbalance and sensor runout seriously affect the system’s rotor position control performance. A plug-in repetitive control method based on equivalent-input-disturbance (EID) is presented to address the issue of decreased control accuracy of the magnetic bearing system caused by disturbances from gravity, rotor imbalance, and sensor runout. First, a linearized model of the magnetic bearing rotor containing parameter fluctuations due to the eddy current effect and temperature rise effect is established, and a plug-in repetitive controller (PRC) is designed to enhance the rejection effect of periodic disturbances. Next, an EID system is introduced, and a Luenberger observer is used to estimate the state variables and disturbances of the system. The estimates of the EID are then used for feedforward compensation to address the issue of large overshoot in the system. Finally, simulations are conducted for comparison with the PID control method and PRC control method. The plug-in repetitive controller method assessed in this paper improves control performance by an average of 87.9% and 57.7% and reduces the amount of over-shooting by an average of 66.5% under various classes of disturbances, which proves the efficiency of the control method combining a plug-in repetitive controller with the EID theory. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Electrical and Electronic Engineering)
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24 pages, 6641 KiB  
Article
Separation Method for Installation Eccentricity Error of Workpiece
by Guanyao Qiao, Chunyu Zhao, Huihui Miao and Ye Chen
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 6788; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15126788 - 17 Jun 2025
Viewed by 365
Abstract
This work solves the challenge of separating the eccentricity error of a workpiece installation from the first harmonic of radial runout error of the spindle, which has a crucial impact on improving the machining quality of the workpiece. Firstly, a mathematical model for [...] Read more.
This work solves the challenge of separating the eccentricity error of a workpiece installation from the first harmonic of radial runout error of the spindle, which has a crucial impact on improving the machining quality of the workpiece. Firstly, a mathematical model for the synthesized elliptical motion for spindle vibration and eccentricity error is established. Subsequently, a novel separation method combining Particle swarm optimization (PSO) and the least squares method (LSM) is proposed. PSO is applied to determine phase angles, and the least squares method is applied to determine amplitudes, achieving precise error separation. Then, numerical simulations were used to verify the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed method, producing a calculation error of less than 0.07% and high consistency (R2 > 0.97). Finally, experimental tests at different spindle speeds, axial distances, and workpieces confirmed the robustness of the method, with a variation in eccentricity error calculation result of less than 0.6%. The results indicate that the installation eccentricity error of the experimental machine tool is independent of the spindle angular velocity and stems from the misalignment of the chuck. This method provides a reliable solution for accurately separating installation eccentricity errors in precision manufacturing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mechanical Engineering)
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35 pages, 20121 KiB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of the Dimensional Accuracy and Surface Characteristics of Gears Manufactured Using the 3D Printing (DMLS) Technique from 1.2709 Steel
by Jacek Sawicki, Wojciech Stachurski, Piotr Kuryło, Edward Tertel, Bartłomiej Januszewicz, Emila Brancewicz-Steinmetz and Aleksandra Bednarek
Materials 2025, 18(7), 1461; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18071461 - 25 Mar 2025
Viewed by 579
Abstract
This article provides a comparative analysis of the dimensional accuracy and post-surface characteristics of gears produced by the 3D printing technique Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) from 1.2709 steel immediately after printing and after grinding and grinding treatment. The following tests were performed [...] Read more.
This article provides a comparative analysis of the dimensional accuracy and post-surface characteristics of gears produced by the 3D printing technique Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) from 1.2709 steel immediately after printing and after grinding and grinding treatment. The following tests were performed on the fabricated samples: metallography, hardness measurement, self-stress, surface roughness, and the gears’ shape were dimensioned and measured. The results show that post-processing influences the distribution of residual stress and the printed model’s hardness. The results show that heat treatment results in clear directionality marks and micropores, increasing the material’s hardness to 54.3 HRC ± 0.6 HRC, indicating effective strengthening. Grinding significantly improved the holes’ accuracy, changed the compressive intrinsic stresses to a tensile state, and reduced radial runout, improving gear geometries. In addition, it was noted that different results were obtained for roughness parameters depending on the gear tooth tested. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Processes and Systems)
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18 pages, 9866 KiB  
Article
Development of a Large-Aperture Coordinate Precision Measurement Instrument Using Differential Geometric Error Weighting
by Saichen Li, Huimin Kang, Zelong Li, Yufang Zhou, Yiang Zhang, Junfeng Liu and Tao Lai
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(22), 10125; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142210125 - 5 Nov 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1176
Abstract
The accuracy of traditional measuring machines is affected by the measuring range and sensitive geometric errors, and it is not possible to combine large caliber and high-precision measurements. This study proposes a differential geometric error-weighting method for designing a high-precision, large-diameter measuring machine. [...] Read more.
The accuracy of traditional measuring machines is affected by the measuring range and sensitive geometric errors, and it is not possible to combine large caliber and high-precision measurements. This study proposes a differential geometric error-weighting method for designing a high-precision, large-diameter measuring machine. The machine utilized a zero-Abbe arm structure and applied the rigid body theory and small-angle hypothesis to model geometric errors. Weights were calculated for 23 geometric errors, identifying eight sensitive ones. A picometer-precision laser interferometer (quDIS) with a theoretical positioning accuracy of 0.2 nm/mm and standard flat rulers are used to ensure highly accurate positioning of the Y-axis/Z-axis of the measuring platform and reduce the straightness of both axes by approximately 75%, with radial and axial runout of the rotary table under 100 nm. The development and design method of the high-precision measuring machine proposed in this study is applicable to large-diameter high-precision flexible measurement, and the accurate control of measuring machine movement accuracy is realized by calculating the geometric error weights. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mechanical Engineering)
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20 pages, 10534 KiB  
Article
Effect of Roundness Error of the Grooves on the Inner Ring Runout of Angular Contact Ball Bearings
by Di Cui, Yongjian Yu, Yujun Xue, Pengge Guo, Hongbiao Han and Haichao Cai
Machines 2024, 12(8), 532; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12080532 - 6 Aug 2024
Viewed by 2061
Abstract
In this paper, a prediction model of the inner ring runout of angular contact ball bearings is established according to the geometric and kinematic relationships of the bearing, considering factors such as the roundness error of the inner and outer grooves, the dimensional [...] Read more.
In this paper, a prediction model of the inner ring runout of angular contact ball bearings is established according to the geometric and kinematic relationships of the bearing, considering factors such as the roundness error of the inner and outer grooves, the dimensional error of the balls, and the change of the contact angle between the balls and the grooves. The correctness of the model is verified through experiments. The effects of the order and amplitude of the roundness error of the inner groove and the order and amplitude of the roundness error of the outer groove on the inner ring runout are analyzed. The coupling effect of the roundness error of the inner and outer grooves on the inner ring runout is further analyzed. The results show that the inner ring runout changes periodically with a change to the roundness error order of the grooves, which increases with an increase in the roundness error amplitude. Under the coupling of the roundness error of the inner and outer grooves, the magnification of the inner ring runout increases as a whole. When there are specific relationships between the roundness error orders of the grooves and the number of balls, the magnification of the axial or radial runout changes significantly. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Mechanical Power Transmission and Its Elements)
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9 pages, 3086 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Experimental Study of the Pin Loads in a Full Pinion Engagement Planetary Gear Train
by Vladislav Ivanov, Angel Alexandrov, Dragomir Vrazhilski, Elitsa Tomova-Damyanova, Veselin Tsonev, Nikola Kuzmanov and Aleksandar Popov
Eng. Proc. 2024, 70(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024070013 - 31 Jul 2024
Viewed by 840
Abstract
Very few experimental studies of full pinion engagement planetary gear trains have been published; therefore, their behavior under load is little known. In this paper, the results from the experimental studies of the above-mentioned gear trains are presented, whereby the bending stresses in [...] Read more.
Very few experimental studies of full pinion engagement planetary gear trains have been published; therefore, their behavior under load is little known. In this paper, the results from the experimental studies of the above-mentioned gear trains are presented, whereby the bending stresses in the planet pins are displayed both in time and frequency domains by means of fast Fourier transform (FFT). The experiments are conducted on a mechanical closed-loop test rig, which was designed especially for the experiments. The bending stresses in the pins are measured by strain gauges, which are mounted in a double half-bridge configuration, thus showing the stresses in two perpendicular planes. The torque applied is 200 Nm. The radial run-out errors of the planets are measured and their relation to the pin loads are analyzed. Full article
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15 pages, 4130 KiB  
Article
Improved Design of Imaging System for Online Detection of Large-Sized Step-Shaft Runout Errors
by Yanan Zhao, Jie Duan, Hongtao Zhang, Jiyu Li and Yuting Liu
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3614; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093614 - 24 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1183
Abstract
Large-sized step shafts are important devices for supporting and transferring heavy parts, and online inspection equipment for runout errors is affected by the environment and is subject to coaxiality errors and center-position errors, leading to problems such as reduced measurement accuracy in imaging [...] Read more.
Large-sized step shafts are important devices for supporting and transferring heavy parts, and online inspection equipment for runout errors is affected by the environment and is subject to coaxiality errors and center-position errors, leading to problems such as reduced measurement accuracy in imaging systems. In view of the above problems, this paper proposes an improved optical imaging system design for runout error detection based on the plane-mirror-group correction method. Zemax was used to optimize the structure and simulate the optical path of the optical imaging system. The total length of the structure was 50 mm, and the MTF function for each field of view was greater than 0.3 at the spatial level up to a frequency of 42 lp/mm. The system was applied to a test platform for runout error detection, achieving the detection of runout errors of a large size in the radial direction and at the end face with a diameter range of 500–700 mm. The measurement repeatability was less than 30 μm, and the system corrected the coaxiality error of the stepped-shaft online inspection equipment considered in this paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Imaging and Sensing: From Design to Its Practical Use)
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17 pages, 4772 KiB  
Article
An Intelligent Detection System for Surface Shape Error of Shaft Workpieces Based on Multi-Sensor Combination
by Xiaoyan Guan, Ying Tang, Baojiang Dong, Guochao Li, Yanling Fu and Chongshun Tian
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(23), 12931; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132312931 - 3 Dec 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1665
Abstract
As the main components of mechanical products and important transmission components of mechanical motion, shaft workpieces (SW) need to undergo high-speed motion while also withstanding high torque motion, which has high processing requirements. At the same time, the processing quality of the workpieces [...] Read more.
As the main components of mechanical products and important transmission components of mechanical motion, shaft workpieces (SW) need to undergo high-speed motion while also withstanding high torque motion, which has high processing requirements. At the same time, the processing quality of the workpieces determines the success of the entire processing process, and the quality-inspection methods and the accuracy of the technology directly affect the evaluation of the product. This paper designs an intelligent detection system for the surface shape error (SSE) of SW that combines multiple sensors. Based on the principle of sensor use and specific experimental status, the overall scheme of the detection system is designed, followed by research on the spatial positioning algorithm and surface measurement algorithm of the workpiece to be tested. We then compensate and correct the errors with the algorithm. The effectiveness of the system is verified by measuring the surface size of the workpiece. Finally, the radial circular runout error is taken as an example to verify the detection system. The results show that the measurement error is less than 5%, and the accuracy of the system is high. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Precision Measurement)
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13 pages, 6063 KiB  
Article
Prediction Model of Three-Dimensional Machined Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate Surfaces Based on a Dynamic Response Machining System
by Qilong Pang and Jianlong Xiong
Materials 2022, 15(24), 9068; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15249068 - 19 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1813
Abstract
To comprehensively obtain the effect of the machining process on the three-dimensional surface topography of machined potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystals, a dynamic response model of a machining system was built to calculate the dynamic displacement variables in the different processing directions. This model [...] Read more.
To comprehensively obtain the effect of the machining process on the three-dimensional surface topography of machined potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystals, a dynamic response model of a machining system was built to calculate the dynamic displacement variables in the different processing directions. This model includes almost all processing factors, such as cutting parameters, environment vibration, radial and axial runout of the spindle, cutting tool parameters, material parameters, guide way error, fast tool servo and lubrication condition errors, etc. Compared with the experimental results, the three-dimensional topographies and two-dimensional profiles of the simulation surfaces were nearly consistent with those of experimental machined surfaces. As the simulation shows, the cutting parameters, axial runout of the spindle, and the output noise of the fast tool servo can respectively impact the main, low, and high frequencies of the machined surface topography. The main frequency of all the simulated and experimental surfaces in this study was 0.0138 μm−1. The low and high frequencies of the simulation surfaces had slight differences, about 0.003 μm−1 from those of the experimental surfaces. The simulation model, based on dynamic response, can accurately predict the entire machining process and three-dimensional topographies of machined potassium dihydrogen phosphate surfaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Processes and Systems)
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13 pages, 1372 KiB  
Article
Application of Neural Networks for Water Meter Body Assembly Process Optimization
by Marcin Suszyński, Artur Meller, Katarzyna Peta, Marek Trączyński, Marcin Butlewski and Frantisek Klimenda
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(21), 11160; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122111160 - 3 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1886
Abstract
The proposed model of the neural network (NN) describes the optimization task of the water meter body assembly process, based on 18 selected production parameters. The aim of this network was to obtain a certain value of radial runout after the assembly. The [...] Read more.
The proposed model of the neural network (NN) describes the optimization task of the water meter body assembly process, based on 18 selected production parameters. The aim of this network was to obtain a certain value of radial runout after the assembly. The tolerance field for this parameter is 0.2 mm. The repeatability of this value is difficult to achieve during production. To find the most effective networks, 1000 of their models were made (using various training methods). Ten NN with lowest errors of the output value prediction were chosen for further analysis. During model validation the best network achieved the efficiency of 93%, and the sum of squared residuals (SSR) was 0.007. The example of the prediction of the value of radial runout of machine parts presented in this paper confirms the adopted statement about the usefulness of the presented method for industrial conditions and is based on the analysis of hundreds of thousands of parametric and descriptive data on the process flow collected to create an effective network model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Convolutional Neural Networks)
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22 pages, 4801 KiB  
Article
Thermal Characterization of a Gas Foil Bearing—A Novel Method of Experimental Identification of the Temperature Field Based on Integrated Thermocouples Measurements
by Adam Martowicz, Paweł Zdziebko, Jakub Roemer, Grzegorz Żywica and Paweł Bagiński
Sensors 2022, 22(15), 5718; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155718 - 30 Jul 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2372
Abstract
Maintenance of adequate thermal properties is critical for correct operation of a gas foil bearing. In this work, the authors present the results of the experimentally conducted thermal characterization of a prototype installation of the bearing. A novel method of temperature identification, based [...] Read more.
Maintenance of adequate thermal properties is critical for correct operation of a gas foil bearing. In this work, the authors present the results of the experimentally conducted thermal characterization of a prototype installation of the bearing. A novel method of temperature identification, based on integrated thermocouples readings, has been employed to determine the thermal properties of the specialized sensing top foil mounted in the tested bearing. Two measurement campaigns have been subsequently completed, applying freely-suspended and two-node support configurations, to gather complementary knowledge regarding the bearing’s operation. Apart from the rotational speed and temperature field measurements, the authors have also studied the friction torque and the shaft’s journal trajectories based on its radial displacements. The temporal courses for the above-mentioned quantities have enabled inference on the effects present during run-up, run-out and stable state operation at a constant speed. As confirmed, the applied distribution of the integrated sensors allows for temperature readings on the entire outer surface of the foil, and therefore, provides useful data for the bearing characterization. The work is concluded with presentation of the recommended directions regarding future improvements of the proposed measurement technique and more comprehensive study of the bearing’s characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Mechatronic Systems—Materials, Sensors and Interfaces)
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18 pages, 19706 KiB  
Article
Modeling of Surface Topography after Milling with a Lens-Shaped End-Mill, Considering Runout
by Karol Żurawski, Piotr Żurek, Andrzej Kawalec, Anna Bazan and Adam Olko
Materials 2022, 15(3), 1188; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15031188 - 4 Feb 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3364
Abstract
The paper presents a method of forecasting the product surface topography after five-axis machining with a lens-shaped end-mill. Surface roughness is one of the key parameters considered when assessing the effectiveness of the machining process, especially in the aviation, automotive, tooling and medical [...] Read more.
The paper presents a method of forecasting the product surface topography after five-axis machining with a lens-shaped end-mill. Surface roughness is one of the key parameters considered when assessing the effectiveness of the machining process, especially in the aviation, automotive, tooling and medical equipment industries. The developed method, the first published, presented in the paper is based on the analytical equations of the trajectory of the cutting edge motion, on the basis of which the cutter action surface is generated. The developed model takes into account: cutting depth, cutting width, feed, lead angle and radial runout. Experimental studies were conducted using three different materials: 40HM steel, Al7035 aluminum alloy and Ti Grade 5 titanium alloy. Various values of the cutting width parameters and different feeds were used in the tests. Based on the results of the experimental tests, an empirical model (response surface model) was determined and was then used to verify the simulation model. The simulation results and the results of experimental tests were compared and conclusions were drawn regarding the developed models. The developed models supported by numerical simulation can be used to approximately estimate the influence of the width of cut br and feed ft on selected height characteristics Sa and Sz^ of the geometric structure of the surface (GSS) after machining with a lens-shaped end-mill in terms of the process parameters adopted in the tests. It was found that the influence of the ft on the Sa and Sz^ is greater for small values of br. The effect of br is greater with lower ft values. The cutting width br has the greatest influence on Sa and Sz^, and ft and the interaction of these parameters has the least influence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Materials Surfaces)
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16 pages, 8962 KiB  
Article
Development of an End-Toothed Disc-Based Quick-Change Fixture for Ultra-Precision Diamond Cutting
by Xuesen Zhao, Xiangwu Cui, Zhenjiang Hu, Qiang Zhang and Tao Sun
Machines 2021, 9(11), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9110257 - 29 Oct 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3373
Abstract
With its standardized and unified interface, the quick-change fixture is an important part for maintaining high efficiency without compensation of precision in the metal-turning process because it can conveniently realize high-precision repeated clamping and multi-station conversion without complex positioning and adjustment steps. However, [...] Read more.
With its standardized and unified interface, the quick-change fixture is an important part for maintaining high efficiency without compensation of precision in the metal-turning process because it can conveniently realize high-precision repeated clamping and multi-station conversion without complex positioning and adjustment steps. However, the existing quick-change fixture products and related research cannot fully meet the needs of repeatability and applicability raised from ultra-precision, single-point diamond turning with ultra-high accuracy and ultra-small depth of cut. In this paper, we develop a quick-change fixture for ultra-precision diamond turning, in which the end-toothed disc acts as the positioning element. Specifically, the main parameters of two key components of the end-toothed disc and slotted disc spring are calculated analytically to ensure the positioning accuracy of the designed fixture used in the rotation condition, which is further ensured by controlling the machining tolerance of the tooth profile of the end-toothed disc. Additionally, finite element simulations are performed to investigate the static and modal states of the quick-change fixture, which demonstrate a maximum deformation of about 0.9 μm and a minimum natural frequency of 5655.9 Hz for the designed fixture. Two high-precision sensors are used to detect the radial jump and end run-out values after repeated clamping actions, which are employed to verify the repetitive positioning accuracy of the fixture. Subsequent finite-element simulation of the clamping of small-diameter copper bar, as well as the diamond turning experiment, jointly demonstrate that the designed fixture can achieve a precision of 1 μm. Current work provides an effective quick-change fixture to reduce the deformation of a weak-stiffness workpiece caused by clamping deformation in ultra-precision diamond cutting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Manufacturing)
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10 pages, 2035 KiB  
Article
A Method to Determine the Minimum Chip Thickness during Longitudinal Turning
by Michal Skrzyniarz
Micromachines 2020, 11(12), 1029; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11121029 - 24 Nov 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3003
Abstract
Micromachining, which is used for various industrial purposes, requires the depth of cut and feed to be expressed in micrometers. Appropriate stock allowance and cutting conditions need to be selected to ensure that excess material is removed in the form of chips. To [...] Read more.
Micromachining, which is used for various industrial purposes, requires the depth of cut and feed to be expressed in micrometers. Appropriate stock allowance and cutting conditions need to be selected to ensure that excess material is removed in the form of chips. To calculate the allowance, it is essential to take into account the tool nose radius, as this cutting parameter affects the minimum chip thickness. Theoretical and numerical studies on the topic predominate over experimental ones. This article describes a method and a test setup for determining the minimum chip thickness during turning. The workpiece was ground before turning to prevent radial runout and easily identify the transition zone. Contact and non-contact profilometers were used to measure surface profiles. The main aim of this study was to determine the tool–workpiece interaction stages and the cutting conditions under which material was removed as chips. Additionally, it was necessary to analyze how the feed, cutting speed, and edge radius influenced the minimum chip thickness. This parameter was found to be dependent on the depth of cut and feed. Elastic and plastic deformation and ploughing were observed when the feed rate was lower than the cutting edge radius. Full article
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15 pages, 5388 KiB  
Article
A Study on the Influence of Tire Speed and Pressure on Measurement Parameters Obtained from High-Speed Tire Uniformity Testing
by Meng Du, Pengfei Sun, Shuiting Zhou, Hongwu Huang and Jie Zhu
Vehicles 2020, 2(3), 559-573; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles2030031 - 8 Sep 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6774
Abstract
In order to improve the test conditions of the tire uniformity test and the effect of the speed and tire pressure on the uniformity parameters, the uniformity test of the tire under different speeds and tire pressure was carried out by a high-speed [...] Read more.
In order to improve the test conditions of the tire uniformity test and the effect of the speed and tire pressure on the uniformity parameters, the uniformity test of the tire under different speeds and tire pressure was carried out by a high-speed uniformity test machine, and the experimental data were analyzed and fitted by the regression analysis method. This paper introduces the definition of uniformity and the uniformity parameters of automotive tires; the working principle of a high-speed uniformity testing machine is briefly described, a mathematical model of the uniformity testing machine is established, and the signal acquisition process of the tire uniformity parameters and the calculation method of the uniformity parameters are described. The test result indicates: As the speed increases, the radial force fluctuation, lateral force fluctuation, tangential force fluctuation, and turning torque fluctuation of the tire increase, and the positive torque fluctuation first increases and then decreases; with the increase of tire pressure, the radial force fluctuation and the tangential force fluctuation of the tire increase, and the lateral force fluctuation, the turning torque fluctuation, and the returning moment fluctuation are all reduced. Compared to the low speed uniformity test, the high speed uniformity test can better reflect the uniformity of the tire, reducing the speed of the vehicle can reduce the radial runout and lateral sway of the tire; increasing the tire pressure can reduce the left and right swing of the vehicle. Full article
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