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15 pages, 3350 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Control of Quantum Dot Localization in Nematic Liquid Crystal Matrix by Means of Photoinduced Phase Transition

by Yaroslav Derikov, Alexander Ezhov, Oleg Karpov, Georgiy Shandryuk, Yuri Egorov, Olga Sokolovskaya, Leonid Golovan, Alexey Merekalov and Raisa Talroze

Molecules 2026, 31(1), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31010131 - 30 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 663

Abstract

The stimulated assembly/disassembly of particles is a technique allowing for precise spatial and temporal control over the resulting structures to be realized. The application of a photosensitive liquid crystal (LC) allows the use of a photo-initiated order–disorder transition for the ordering and redistribution [...] Read more.

The stimulated assembly/disassembly of particles is a technique allowing for precise spatial and temporal control over the resulting structures to be realized. The application of a photosensitive liquid crystal (LC) allows the use of a photo-initiated order–disorder transition for the ordering and redistribution of dispersed nanoparticles. The semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) among them are useful for the imaging of such redistribution through simple luminescent microscopy with excitation by laser radiation at a wavelength of 532 nm. Doping the LC matrix with azo-chromophore molecules allowed us to localize the light-driven phase transition of the LC from the organized to the isotropic phase inside the spot, illuminated by ultraviolet (UV) light through a slit. The phase transition leads to a redistribution of the QDs within the matrix, followed by QD-rich region formation. After the termination of UV illumination, the QDs were found to form droplets in the region where UV illumination resulted in a homogeneous distribution of the QDs. The translation of the sample through the UV-illuminated spot resulted in QD accumulation inside the isotropic phase at the borders of the isotropic phase. The results obtained provide a good agreement with the model calculations of nanoparticle diffusion at the LC phase–isotropic liquid interface. Full article

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18 pages, 5356 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lipid Liquid Crystal Nanoparticles: Promising Photosensitizer Carriers for the Treatment of Infected Cutaneous Wounds

by Muhammed Awad, Zlatko Kopecki, Timothy J. Barnes, Anthony Wignall, Paul Joyce, Nicky Thomas and Clive A. Prestidge

Pharmaceutics 2023, 15(2), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020305 - 17 Jan 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3927

Abstract

Cutaneous chronic wounds impose a silent pandemic that affects the lives of millions worldwide. The delayed healing process is usually complicated by opportunistic bacteria that infect wounds. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most prevalent bacteria in infected cutaneous wounds, with the ability [...] Read more.

Cutaneous chronic wounds impose a silent pandemic that affects the lives of millions worldwide. The delayed healing process is usually complicated by opportunistic bacteria that infect wounds. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most prevalent bacteria in infected cutaneous wounds, with the ability to form antibiotic-resistant biofilms. Recently, we have demonstrated the potential of gallium protoporphyrin lipid liquid crystalline nanoparticles (GaPP-LCNP) as a photosensitizer against S. aureus biofilms in vitro. Herein, we investigate the potential of GaPP-LCNP using a pre-clinical model of infected cutaneous wounds. GaPP-LCNP showed superior antibacterial activity compared to unformulated GaPP, reducing biofilm bacterial viability by 5.5 log₁₀ compared to 2.5 log₁₀ in an ex vivo model, and reducing bacterial viability by 1 log₁₀ in vivo, while unformulated GaPP failed to reduce bacterial burden. Furthermore, GaPP-LCNP significantly promoted wound healing through reduction in the bacterial burden and improved early collagen deposition. These findings pave the way for future pre-clinical investigation and treatment optimizations to translate GaPP-LCNP towards clinical application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study of Nanoparticles for Photodynamic Therapy and Imaging)

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9 pages, 1494 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Surface Photovoltage Study of GaAsSbN and GaAsSb Layers Grown by LPE for Solar Cells Applications

by Vesselin Donchev, Malina Milanova and Stefan Georgiev

Energies 2022, 15(18), 6563; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15186563 - 8 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2919

Abstract

The properties of GaAsSbN and GaAsSb layers grown by liquid-phase epitaxy on n-GaAs substrates were investigated in a comparative plan with a view of their possible application in multi-junction solar cells. To avoid non-uniformity effects in the composition of these compounds with two [...] Read more.

The properties of GaAsSbN and GaAsSb layers grown by liquid-phase epitaxy on n-GaAs substrates were investigated in a comparative plan with a view of their possible application in multi-junction solar cells. To avoid non-uniformity effects in the composition of these compounds with two or three different group-V volatile elements, the crystallization was carried out from finite melt with a thickness of 0.5 mm at low (<560 °C) temperatures. X-ray microanalysis and X-ray diffraction were used to determine the composition, lattice mismatch, and crystalline quality of the epitaxial layers. The morphology and surface roughness were examined by atomic force microscopy. Surface photovoltage (SPV) spectroscopy at room temperature was applied to study the optical absorption properties and the photocarrier transport in the samples. The long-wavelength photosensitivity of the GaAsSbN and GaAsSb layers, determined from their SPV spectra, is extended down to 1.2 eV. Although GaAsSb has a slightly larger lattice mismatch with the GaAs substrate compared to GaAsSbN, it presents a higher photoresponse, since, in GaAsSbN, the incorporation of N induces additional recombination centres. Therefore, GaAsSb could be an alternative to GaAsSbN for solar cell applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Structures for Photovoltaic Applications)

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13 pages, 3382 KB

Open AccessArticle

3D Printing of Ultrathin MXene toward Tough and Thermally Resistant Nanocomposites

by Yuewei Li, Ranjith Kumar Kankala, Ai-Zheng Chen and Shi-Bin Wang

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(16), 2862; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12162862 - 19 Aug 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3325

Abstract

Liquid crystal display (LCD)-based 3D printing, a facile and cost-effective manufacturing technique, is often applied when fabricating objects with porcelain structures using photosensitive resins (PSRs). Currently, 3D printed constructions are typically used as models for demonstration purposes rather than industrial applications because of [...] Read more.

Liquid crystal display (LCD)-based 3D printing, a facile and cost-effective manufacturing technique, is often applied when fabricating objects with porcelain structures using photosensitive resins (PSRs). Currently, 3D printed constructions are typically used as models for demonstration purposes rather than industrial applications because of their poor performance. In this study, we prepared nanocomposites by incorporating Ti₃C₂ MXene nanosheets to enhance the overall characteristics of a PSR, including mechanical properties and thermal resistance. Notably, the designed nanocomposites showed optimum performance at an MXene loading of 0.5% w/w. The mechanical properties of the designed nanocomposites confirmed the enhanced ultimate tensile and flexural strengths (by 32.1% and 42.7%, respectively), at 0.5% w/w MXene loading. Moreover, the incorporated MXene presented no substantial influence on the toughness of the PSR. The glass transition and thermal degradation temperatures at 5% weight loss increased by 7.4 and 10.6 °C, respectively, resulting predominantly from the hydrogen bonding between the PSR and MXene. Together, the experimental results indicate that the designed PSR/MXene nanocomposites are expected to replace pristine resins for LCD printing in various practical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation and Characterization of Nanomaterials with Multifunctional Properties)

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10 pages, 2669 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structural and Optical Characteristics of Flexible Optically Rewritable Electronic Paper

by Aleksey Kudreyko and Vladimir Chigrinov

Crystals 2022, 12(8), 1149; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12081149 - 16 Aug 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2510

Abstract

A comprehensive theory of light-reflective characteristics and experimental technique of liquid crystal layer thickness control for flexible optically rewritable electronic paper is presented. Cylindrical pillars were used to control the gap between flexible substrates. The introduced prototype of optically rewritable electronic paper has [...] Read more.

A comprehensive theory of light-reflective characteristics and experimental technique of liquid crystal layer thickness control for flexible optically rewritable electronic paper is presented. Cylindrical pillars were used to control the gap between flexible substrates. The introduced prototype of optically rewritable electronic paper has shown very promising performance. In this regard, we report theoretical results of structural photosensitive alignment of nematic liquid crystals on flexible substrate. The focus of theoretical study is on understanding the self-assembled complex structure, governed by the interplay between surface anchoring and liquid crystal elasticity. Mueller matrix spectroscopic ellipsometry was used to study light-reflecting characteristics and polarization properties of the twisted nematic film. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Liquid Crystals and Their Advanced Applications)

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10 pages, 2004 KB

Open AccessArticle

Screen-Printable Silver Paste Material for Semitransparent and Flexible Metal–Semiconductor–Metal Photodetectors with Liquid-Phase Procedure

by Shang Yu Tsai, Ching-Chang Lin, Cheng-Tang Yu, Yen-Shuo Chen, Wei-Lin Wu, Yu-Cheng Chang, Chun Chi Chen and Fu-Hsiang Ko

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(14), 2428; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12142428 - 15 Jul 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3609

Abstract

Photodetectors are widely applied in modern industrial fields because they convert light energy into electrical signals. We propose a printable silver (Ag) paste electrode for a highly flexible metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) broadband visible light photodetector as a wearable and portable device. Single-crystal and surface-textured [...] Read more.

Photodetectors are widely applied in modern industrial fields because they convert light energy into electrical signals. We propose a printable silver (Ag) paste electrode for a highly flexible metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) broadband visible light photodetector as a wearable and portable device. Single-crystal and surface-textured silicon substrates with thicknesses of 37.21 μm were fabricated using a wet etching process. Surface texturization on flexible Si substrates enhances the light-trapping effect and minimizes reflectance from the incident light, and the average reflectance is reduced by 16.3% with pyramid-like structures. In this study, semitransparent, conductive Ag paste electrodes were manufactured using a screen-printing with liquid-phase process to form a flexible MSM broadband visible light photodetector. The transmittance of the homemade Ag paste solution fell between 34.83% and 36.98% in the wavelength range of visible light, from 400 nm to 800 nm. The highest visible light photosensitivity was 1.75 × 10⁴ at 19.5 W/m². The photocurrents of the flexible MSM broadband visible light photodetector were slightly changed under concave and convex conditions, displaying stable and durable bending properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conductive Ink Based Nanocomposites for Advanced Printing Applications)

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13 pages, 2507 KB

Open AccessReview

Photosensitive Alignment: Advanced Electronic Paper-Based Devices

by Vladimir Chigrinov, Aleksey Kudreyko and Jiatong Sun

Crystals 2022, 12(3), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12030364 - 9 Mar 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3335

Abstract

In this review we describe the reversible photoalignment effect imposed on the director in nematic liquid crystals that provides an approach for fabrication of advanced optically addressed devices. Several new concepts have been developed to render photosensitive materials during the past decade. Functional [...] Read more.

In this review we describe the reversible photoalignment effect imposed on the director in nematic liquid crystals that provides an approach for fabrication of advanced optically addressed devices. Several new concepts have been developed to render photosensitive materials during the past decade. Functional soft azo dye compounds exhibiting distinct functionalities in response to polarized light are highly desirable for fabrication of optically rewritable electronic paper. An optically rewritable element base using simple and inexpensive materials can potentially enable the development of novel environmentally friendly, paper-like gadgets with improved functionality over regular electronic paper. We argue that an optically rewritable technique is relevant for some applications, where conventional paper might be irrelevant. In particular, we have tested and discussed several techniques of color and 3D image formation. This strategy for fabrication of novel devices offers versatile methods for visualization. We also show that the intensity modulation of the irradiation light has a potential to generate improved grayscale visualization. This principle is based on the statistical distribution control of photosensitive azo dye molecules, driven by the incident polarized light. Additionally, we discuss the functional characteristics of the developed prototypes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Articles in Liquid Crystals from Our Editorial Board Members and Their Colleagues, 2022/2023)

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10 pages, 2971 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Compound Lens Based on Pancharatnam–Berry Phase

by Ying Ma, Mingkui Yin, Yuhang Shan, Vladimir G. Chigrinov, Hoi-Sing Kwok and Jianlin Zhao

Crystals 2022, 12(2), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12020231 - 8 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4276

Abstract

We report a ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) compound lens based on the Pancharatnam–Berry (PB) phase. The phase of the FLC compound lens is an integration of polarization grating and a PB lens. Thus, when light passes through an FLC compound lens, the output [...] Read more.

We report a ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) compound lens based on the Pancharatnam–Berry (PB) phase. The phase of the FLC compound lens is an integration of polarization grating and a PB lens. Thus, when light passes through an FLC compound lens, the output light’s polarization handedness will be changed accordingly. In this case, FLC compound lenses can function as concave/convex lenses with spatially separated output light and rapid transmittance tunability. The FLC compound lenses were fabricated using a single-step holographic exposure system, based on a spatial light modulator working as numerous phase retarders. Photosensitive azo-dye material was used as the aligning layer. The output light transmittance of the FLC compound lens can be operated at 150 μs. Our results achieve the potential applications on various displays and augmented reality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Liquid Crystals in China)

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12 pages, 869 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Photo-Orientation of Liquid Crystals on Azo Dye-Containing Polymers

by István Jánossy and Tibor Tóth-Katona

Polymers 2022, 14(1), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14010159 - 31 Dec 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3749

Abstract

In this communication, we summarise our results related to light-induced orientational phenomena at liquid crystal–polymer interfaces. We investigated photoalignment for various nematics at the interface with the photosensitive polymer layer polymethyl methacrilate functionalised with azo dye Disperse Red 1. It was found that [...] Read more.

In this communication, we summarise our results related to light-induced orientational phenomena at liquid crystal–polymer interfaces. We investigated photoalignment for various nematics at the interface with the photosensitive polymer layer polymethyl methacrilate functionalised with azo dye Disperse Red 1. It was found that the efficiency of photoalignment exhibits marked differences depending on the structure of the rigid core of the liquid crystal molecules. It was demonstrated that the photo-orientation process is also significantly affected by the type of mesophase in which irradiation is carried out. The observations highlight the importance of the mutual influence of the polymer and the liquid crystal in light-induced processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer - Liquid Crystal Complex Systems)

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14 pages, 3843 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Photosensitive Bent-Core Liquid Crystals with Laterally Substituted Azobenzene Unit

by Diana Jágerová, Michal Šmahel, Anna Poryvai, Jan Macháček, Vladimíra Novotná and Michal Kohout

Crystals 2021, 11(10), 1265; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11101265 - 18 Oct 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4064

Abstract

Photosensitive liquid crystals represent an important class of functional materials that experience rapid development. Hereby, we present novel bent-core liquid crystals bearing a lateral substitution on the central core and in the vicinity of the photosensitive unit—an azo group. The azo group enables [...] Read more.

Photosensitive liquid crystals represent an important class of functional materials that experience rapid development. Hereby, we present novel bent-core liquid crystals bearing a lateral substitution on the central core and in the vicinity of the photosensitive unit—an azo group. The azo group enables fast (E)-to-(Z)-isomerization upon irradiation with UV-light and visible light, while the substitution facilitates the high stability of the photochemically formed (Z)-isomer. The effectiveness of the irradiation and the composition of photostationary states was determined by UV/Vis and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. A nematic phase formed by the materials was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and optical polarizing microscopy. We show that the materials easily change their relative configuration of the N=N double bond not only in solution, but also in the mesophase, which leads to fast isothermal phase transition from the nematic phase to isotropic liquid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photosensitive Liquid Crystals)

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17 pages, 1599 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bioadhesive Curcumin-Mediated Photodynamic Inactivation and Its Potential to Cause Undesirable Effects on Dental and Restorative Surfaces

by Bárbara Donadon Reina, Carolina Santezi Neto, Patrícia Petromilli Nordi Sasso Garcia, Marlus Chorilli, Giovana Maria Fioramonti Calixto and Lívia Nordi Dovigo

Pharmaceutics 2021, 13(9), 1458; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13091458 - 13 Sep 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2540

Abstract

Curcumin-mediated Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI) has shown great potential to disinfect specific sites on tooth enamel but may involve contact with restorative materials. Thus, before use in dentistry, it is necessary to investigate whether the PDI protocol causes undesirable changes in the surfaces of [...] Read more.

Curcumin-mediated Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI) has shown great potential to disinfect specific sites on tooth enamel but may involve contact with restorative materials. Thus, before use in dentistry, it is necessary to investigate whether the PDI protocol causes undesirable changes in the surfaces of aesthetic restorative materials and dental enamel. This study investigated the effect of PDI mediated by curcumin (CUR) in a liquid crystal precursor system on color stability (ΔE), surface roughness (Ra), and microhardness (kgf) of three different composite resins and bovine dental enamel specimens. The microhardness and roughness readings were performed 60 days after the treatments while the color readings were performed immediately, 24, 48, and 72 h, 7, 14, 21, 30, and 60 days after the treatments. Results showed that CUR mediated-PDI does not seem to have the potential to promote any esthetic or mechanical changes to the surface of tooth enamel and can be applied safely in clinical practice. However, the results on color, roughness, and hardness obtained for composite resins show that some negative effects can be produced, depending on the type of restorative material; more experiments must be performed with different formulations and, perhaps, with lower concentrations of CUR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Transbuccal Drug Delivery Systems)

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15 pages, 13126 KB

Open AccessArticle

Light-Induced Ring Pattern in a Dye-Doped Nematic Liquid Crystal

by Marcel G. Clerc, Gregorio González-Cortés, Paulina I. Hidalgo, Lucciano A. Letelier, Mauricio J. Morel and Jorge Vergara

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(11), 5285; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115285 - 7 Jun 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4544

Abstract

The use of dye-doped liquid crystals allows the amplification of the coupling of light and liquid crystals. Light can induce the self-organization of the molecular order. The appearance of ring patterns has been observed, which has been associated with phase modulation. However, the [...] Read more.

The use of dye-doped liquid crystals allows the amplification of the coupling of light and liquid crystals. Light can induce the self-organization of the molecular order. The appearance of ring patterns has been observed, which has been associated with phase modulation. However, the morphology and dynamics of the ring patterns are not consistent with self-modulation. Based on an experimental setup with two parallel coherence beams orthogonal to a liquid crystal cell, one of which induces photo-isomerization and the other causes illumination, the formation of ring patterns is studied. To use these two coherent beams, we synthesize methylred methyl ester as a dye-dopant, which is photosensitive only to one of the light beams, and a commercial E7 liquid crystal as a matrix. Based on a mathematical model that accounts for the coupling between the concentration of the cis-state and the order parameter, we elucidate the emergence of the rings as forming patterns in an inhomogeneous medium. The bifurcation diagram is analytically characterized. The emergence, propagation of the rings, and the establishment of the ring patterns are in fair agreement with the experimental observations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Light Beams in Liquid Crystals)

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13 pages, 1522 KB

Open AccessArticle

Polymer–Nematic Liquid Crystal Interface: On the Role of the Liquid Crystalline Molecular Structure and the Phase Sequence in Photoalignment

by Ameer R. K. Nassrah, István Jánossy, Viktor Kenderesi and Tibor Tóth-Katona

Polymers 2021, 13(2), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13020193 - 7 Jan 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4516

Abstract

We provide experimental evidence for the influence of the molecular structure of the nematic liquid crystal (NLC) on the photoalignment process in three dimensions at the interface with a polymer layer. In particular, the experimental findings are explained through the presence (or absence) [...] Read more.

We provide experimental evidence for the influence of the molecular structure of the nematic liquid crystal (NLC) on the photoalignment process in three dimensions at the interface with a polymer layer. In particular, the experimental findings are explained through the presence (or absence) of the

π - π

aromatic interactions between the NLC and the polymer. The influence of the nematic-to-smectic A phase transition on the photocontrol is also addressed. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the photo-induced reorientation scenarios can be eventually connected to conformational changes in the photosensitive polymer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Physics and Theory)

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16 pages, 6004 KB

Open AccessArticle

Capillary Flows of Nematic Liquid Crystal

by Dina V. Shmeliova, Sergey V. Pasechnik, Semen S. Kharlamov, Alexandre V. Zakharov, Eugeny P. Pozhidaev, Vadim A. Barbashov and Timofey P. Tkachenko

Crystals 2020, 10(11), 1029; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10111029 - 11 Nov 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3310

Abstract

In this paper we report the new experimental results on the rise of a liquid crystal in flat capillaries with inner photosensitive surfaces. The capillaries with different surface orientations were prepared by the use of the photo-alignment technique. Such a surface treatment makes [...] Read more.

In this paper we report the new experimental results on the rise of a liquid crystal in flat capillaries with inner photosensitive surfaces. The capillaries with different surface orientations were prepared by the use of the photo-alignment technique. Such a surface treatment makes it possible to eliminate the noncontrollable influence of a nanorelief on the wetting process, which takes place in the rubbing treatment technique previously used in similar experiments. The dynamics of the capillary rise of a nematic liquid crystal 5CB (4-cyano-4′-pentylbiphenyl) in vertical plane capillaries with photo-aligned substrates were studied for the first time. It was found that the stationary value of a contact angle weakly depends on the direction of a planar surface orientation relative to the direction of a capillary rise. It has been shown that the application of strong electric fields resulted in a decreasing of the contact angle. The results, obtained for the nematic liquid crystal, are compared with the results of an investigation of the capillary flow in a shock-free ferroelectric smectic phase. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural and Optical Properties of Smectic Films)

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14 pages, 3711 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Synthesis of Free-Radical/Cationic Photosensitive Resin Applied for 3D Printer with Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Irradiation

by Junyang Shan, Zijun Yang, Guoguang Chen, Yang Hu, Ying Luo, Xianming Dong, Wenxu Zheng and Wuyi Zhou

Polymers 2020, 12(6), 1346; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12061346 - 15 Jun 2020

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 8484

Abstract

In this work, aiming at a UV-curing 3D printing process with liquid crystal display (LCD) irradiation, a novel free-radical/cationic hybrid photosensitive resin was designed and prepared. After testing, the results showed that the acrylate monomers could be polymerized through a free-radical mechanism, while [...] Read more.

In this work, aiming at a UV-curing 3D printing process with liquid crystal display (LCD) irradiation, a novel free-radical/cationic hybrid photosensitive resin was designed and prepared. After testing, the results showed that the acrylate monomers could be polymerized through a free-radical mechanism, while the epoxides were polymerized by a cationic curing mechanism. During the process of UV-curing, the acrylate and epoxide polymers were crosslinked and further locked together by non-covalent bonds. Therefore, an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) structure could be formed through light-curing 3D-printing processes. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed that the 3,4-epoxy cyclohexyl methyl-3,4-epoxy cyclohexyl formate and acrylic resin were both successfully involved in the UV-curing process. Furthermore, in order to make the 3D-printed objects cured completely, post-processing was of great importance. The results from the systematic study of the dynamic mechanical properties of the printed objects showed that the heating treatment process after UV irradiation was very necessary and favorable for the complete cationic polymerization of UV-6110 induced by Irgacure 261. The optimum heating treatment conditions were achieved at a temperature of 70 °C for 3 h. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Polymers in Additive Manufacturing)

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