Search Results (71)

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a promising contender in photovoltaics, owing to their rapidly advancing power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) and compatibility with low-temperature solution processing techniques. Single-junction architectures reveal inherent limitations imposed by the Shockley–Queisser (SQ) limit, motivating adoption of a dual-absorber structure comprising Cs₄CuSb₂Cl₁₂ (CCSC) and Cs₂TiI₆ (CTI)—lead-free perovskite derivatives valued for environmental benignity and intrinsic stability. Comprehensive theoretical screening of 26 electron/hole transport layer (ETL/HTL) candidates identified SrTiO₃ (STO) and CuSCN as optimal charge transport materials, producing an initial simulated PCE of 16.27%. Subsequent theoretical optimization of key parameters—including bulk and interface defect densities, band gap, layer thickness, and electrode materials—culminated in a simulated PCE of 30.86%. Incorporating quantifiable practical constraints, including radiative recombination, resistance, and FTO reflection, revised simulated efficiency to 26.60%, while qualitative analysis of additional factors follows later. Furthermore, comparing multiple algorithms within this theoretical framework demonstrated eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) possesses superior predictive capability, identifying CTI defect density as the dominant impact on PCE—thereby underscoring its critical role in analogous architectures and offering optimization guidance for experimental studies. Collectively, this theoretical research delineates a viable pathway toward developing stable, environmentally sustainable PSCs with high properties. Full article

The rapid growth of the private space industry has intensified the demand for lightweight, efficient, and cost-effective photovoltaic technologies. Metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) offer high power conversion efficiency (PCE), mechanical flexibility, and low-temperature solution processability, making them strong candidates for next-generation space power systems. However, exposure to extreme thermal cycling, high-energy radiation, vacuum, and ultraviolet light in space leads to severe degradation. This study addresses these challenges by introducing three key design strategies: self-healing perovskite compositions that recover from radiation-induced damage, gradient buffer layers that mitigate mechanical stress caused by thermal expansion mismatch, and advanced encapsulation that serves as a multifunctional barrier against space environmental stressors. These approaches enhance device resilience and operational stability in space. The design strategies discussed in this review are expected to support long-term power generation for low-cost satellites, high-altitude platforms, and deep-space missions. Additionally, insights gained from this research are applicable to terrestrial environments with high radiation or temperature extremes. Perovskite solar cells represent a transformative solution for space photovoltaics, offering a pathway toward scalable, flexible, and radiation-tolerant energy systems. Full article

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are emerging as leading candidates for sustainable energy generation due to their high power conversion efficiencies and low fabrication costs. However, their performance remains constrained by non-radiative recombination losses primarily at grain boundaries, interfaces, and within the perovskite bulk that are difficult to characterize under realistic operating conditions. Traditional methods such as photoluminescence offer valuable insights but are complex, time-consuming, and often lack scalability. In this study, we present a novel Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)-based deep learning framework for dynamically predicting dominant recombination losses in PSCs. Trained on light intensity-dependent current–voltage (J–V) characteristics, the proposed model captures temporal behavior in device performance and accurately distinguishes between grain boundary, interfacial, and band-to-band recombination mechanisms. Unlike static ML approaches, our model leverages sequential data to provide deeper diagnostic capability and improved generalization across varying conditions. This enables faster, more accurate identification of efficiency limiting factors, guiding both material selection and device optimization. While silicon technologies have long dominated the photovoltaic landscape, their high-temperature processing and rigidity pose limitations. In contrast, PSCs—especially when combined with intelligent diagnostic tools like our framework—offer enhanced flexibility, tunability, and scalability. By automating recombination analysis and enhancing predictive accuracy, our framework contributes to the accelerated development of high-efficiency PSCs, supporting the global transition to clean, affordable, and sustainable energy solutions. Full article

Tin oxide (SnO₂) is an attractive candidate for the electron transport layer (ETL) in perovskite-based solar cells because of its low temperature process requirement. The ability to form ETL layers at low temperatures opens up opportunities for the use of flexible and low-cost materials suitable for photovoltaic applications. The ETL is necessary for the extraction of electrons and charge separation from the perovskite active layer. Herein, we present a study of the effect of annealing temperature on SnO₂ used as an ETL. The annealing temperature of the SnO₂ has a considerable effect on the morphology, crystallinity, grain size, and surface topography of the SnO₂ layer. The surface properties of the ETL influence the structural properties of the perovskite films. In this study, the annealing temperature of the SnO₂, deposited using spin coating, was changed from 90 °C to 150 °C. The SnO₂ films annealed at 120$°$C resulted in reduced surface defects, improved electron extraction, and produced a significant increase in the grain size of the perovskite active layers. The increase in grain size led to improved efficiency of the PSCs. Devices annealed at 120 °C yielded PSCs with an average efficiency of 15% for a 0.36 cm² active area, while devices treated at 90 °C and 150 °C produced an average efficiency of 12%. The PSCs fabricated at low temperatures provide an effective technique for low-cost manufacturing, especially on flexible and polymer-based substrates. Full article

Perovskite/organic tandem solar cells, as a next-generation high-efficiency photovoltaic technology, integrate the tunable bandgap characteristics of perovskite materials with the broad spectral absorption advantages of organic semiconductors, demonstrating remarkable potential to surpass the theoretical efficiency limits of single-junction cells, enhance device stability, and expand application scenarios. This architecture supports low-temperature solution processing and offers tunable bandgaps, lightweight flexibility, and ecofriendly advantages. This review systematically summarizes research progress in this field, with a primary focus on analyzing the working principles, performance optimization strategies, and key challenges of the technology. Firstly, the article discusses strategies such as defect passivation, crystallization control, and suppression of phase separation in wide-bandgap perovskite sub-cells, offering insights into mitigating open-circuit voltage losses. Secondly, for the narrow-bandgap organic sub-cells, this paper highlights the optimization strategies for both the active layer and interfacial layers, aiming to improve spectral utilization and enhance power conversion efficiency. Additionally, this paper emphasizes the optimization of optical transparency, electrical conductivity, and energy level alignment in the recombination layer, providing theoretical guidance for efficient current matching and carrier transport. Full article

It is necessary to overcome the relatively low conductivity of ionic liquids (ILs) caused by steric hindrance effects to improve their ability to passivate defects and inhibit ion migration to boost the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, we designed and prepared a kind of low-concentration 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIMBF₄) diluted with propylene carbonate (PC) via an ultrasonic technique (PC/IL). The decrease in the decomposition temperature related to the IL part and the increase in the sublimation temperature related to the PC part facilitated the use of PC/IL to effectively delay the crystallization process and passivate the defects in multiple ways to obtain high-quality perovskite films. Moreover, the increased conductivity of PC/IL and the more matched band alignment accelerated electron transport and collection. Finally, the MAPbI₃- and CsMAFA-based PSCs achieved PCE values of 20.87% and 23.29%, respectively, and their stabilities were greatly improved. This work provides a promising approach to optimizing ILs to achieve multiple functions and boost the performance of PSCs. Full article

In the temperature-sensitive components, such as perovskite solar cells, large-area electrical connections with high electrical conductivity are also required. To fulfill the requirements, low-temperature evaporation was realized by preparing binder-free pastes with Ag flakes and a solvent mixture, followed by sintering at 140 °C. The mixed solvent was based on viscous α-terpineol with the addition of an appropriate amount of dipropylene glycol methyl ether acetate or diethylene glycol diethyl ether to achieve an azeotrope composition, followed by the addition of a low-molecular-weight hydroxypropyl cellulose to increase the viscosity and thixotropy. During sintering at 140 °C in air for up to 30 min, the paste with 49.5 wt% α-terpineol, 49.5 wt% dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, and 1 wt% hydroxypropyl cellulose mixture exhibited an excellent electrical conductivity of 7.72 × 10⁻⁶ Ω·cm despite the implementation of low-temperature sintering. The excellent processability of the prepared Ag-based pastes at 140 °C demonstrated their potential for novel application areas. Full article

Organic–inorganic hybrid metal halide perovskites are poised to revolutionize the next generation of photovoltaics with their exceptional optoelectronic properties and compatibility with low-cost and large-scale fabrication methods. Since perovskite tends to degrade over short time intervals due to various parameters (oxygen, humidity, light, and temperature), advanced characterization methods are needed to understand their degradation mechanisms. In this context, investigation of the electrical and optoelectronic properties of several perovskite mini-modules was performed by means of photo- and electroluminescence imaging as well as Dark Lock-In Thermography methods. Current–voltage curves at periodic time intervals and External Quantum Efficiency measurements were implemented alongside other measurements to reveal correlations between the electrical and radiative properties of the solar cells. The different imaging techniques used in this study reveal the changes in radiative emission processes and how those are correlated with performance. Alongside the indoor optoelectronic characterization of perovskite reference samples, the outdoor monitoring of two perovskite modules of the same structure for 23 weeks is reported. Significant performance degradation is presented outdoors from the first week of testing for both samples under test. The evolution of the major electrical characteristics of the mini-modules and the diurnal changes were studied in detail. Finally, dark storage recovery studies after outdoor exposure were implemented to investigate changes in the major electrical parameters. Full article

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are the most rapidly advancing photovoltaic technology in terms of power conversion efficiency. An efficiency of 26.1% was achieved in a decade, which is on par with the efficiency of very mature silicon panels. However, PSC commercialisation is partly hindered by the difficulty of scaling these devices without efficiency loss, mostly due to the increasing sheet resistance of the transparent conductive layer substrates and the nonuniformity of the layers when deposited across large areas. Therefore, it is crucial for the commercialisation of PSCs to implement easily scalable deposition processes with low material waste and compatibility with roll-to-roll (R2R) processes to reduce manufacturing costs. Slot-die coating can meet all these requirements, allowing for great uniformity over large areas. The most recent developments in PSC upscaling using slot-die coating as the main deposition process, along with its extension to the R2R process, are reviewed, including a thorough discussion of the slot-die coating process and the theory behind its operating limits. In fact, R2R coating is a very promising strategy for PSC industrialisation, since all processing steps use low-cost materials and scalable processes at temperatures lower than 120 °C, allowing the cost-effective and high-throughput production of PSC devices. Full article

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted considerable interest owing to their low processing costs and high efficiency. A crucial component of these devices is the electron transport layer (ETL), which plays a key role in extracting and transmitting light-induced electrons, modifying interfaces, and adjusting surface energy levels. This minimizes charge recombination in PSCs, a critical factor in their performance. Among the various ETL materials, titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and tin dioxide (SnO₂) stand out due to their excellent electron mobility, suitable band alignment, high transparency, and stability. TiO₂ is widely used because of its appropriate conduction band position, easy fabrication, and favorable charge extraction properties. SnO₂, on the other hand, offers higher electron mobility, better stability under UV illumination, and lower processing temperatures, making it a promising alternative. This paper summarizes the latest advancements in the research of electron transport materials, including material selection and a discussion of electron collection. Additionally, it examines doping techniques that enhance electron mobility and surface modification technologies that improve interface quality and reduce recombination. The impact of these parameters on the performance and passivation behavior of PSCs is also examined. Technological advancements in the ETL, especially those involving TiO₂ and SnO₂, are currently a prominent research direction for achieving high-efficiency PSCs. This review covers the current state and future directions in ETL research for PSCs, highlighting the crucial role of TiO₂ and SnO₂ in enhancing device performance. Full article

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have rapidly become a hot area of research in the photovoltaic field due to their (e.g., 26.2%), ease of fabrication, and low cost. Over the last decade the electron transport layer (ETL) has been one of the most critical elements in achieving high-performing solar cells, necessitating a higher electron mobility and superior charge extraction ability. Consequently, there is a significant demand for an improved ETL that is not only cost-effective but also exhibits high charge extraction and mobility, particularly in the context of planar solar cell architecture. Tin Oxide (SnO₂) has emerged as one of the most promising high-performance inorganic ETLs suitable for PSCs. In this work, we synthesize solution-processed SnO₂. The spin-coated SnO₂ thin films undergo annealing at relatively low temperatures ranging from 130 °C to 180 °C and various characterization tools are employed for the evaluation of thin films. Full article

The pursuit of p-type semiconductors has garnered considerable attention in academia and industry. Among the potential candidates, copper iodide (CuI) stands out as a highly promising p-type material due to its conductivity, cost-effectiveness, and low environmental impact. CuI can be employed to create thin films with >80% transparency within the visible range (400–750 nm) and utilizing various low-temperature, scalable deposition techniques. This review summarizes the deposition techniques for CuI as a hole-transport material and their performance in perovskite solar cells, thin-film transistors, and light-emitting diodes using diverse processing methods. The preparation methods of making thin films are divided into two categories: wet and neat methods. The advancements in CuI as a hole-transporting material and interface engineering techniques hold promising implications for the continued development of such devices. Full article

Over the last decade, research in organic–inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has gathered unprecedented momentum, putting the technology on the brink of full-scale commercialization. A wide range of strategies have been implemented for enhancing the power conversion efficiency of devices and modules, as well as improving stability toward high levels of irradiation, temperature, and humidity. Another key element in the path to commercialization is the scalability of device manufacturing, which requires large-scale deposition of conformal layers without compromising the delicate structure of the perovskite film. In this context, atomic layer deposition (ALD) tools excel in depositing high-quality conformal films with precise control of film composition and thickness over large areas at relatively low processing temperatures. In this commentary, we will briefly outline recent progress in PSC technology enabled by ALD tools, focusing on layers deposited above the absorber layer. These interlayers include charge transport layers, passivation layers, buffer layers, and encapsulation techniques. Additionally, we will discuss some of the challenges and potential avenues for research in PSC technology underpinned by ALD tools. Full article

Perovskite solar cells have garnered significant attention as the next-generation photovoltaic devices. After more than a decade of dedicated research, commercializing these cells is now on the horizon. One of the primary focuses for developers aiming at large-scale industrial production is cost reduction. To achieve cost savings in perovskite solar cell manufacturing, researchers have successfully devised cost-effective room-temperature perovskite solar cells for fabricating perovskite films at room-temperature. Additionally, they have developed full room-temperature perovskite solar cells, where the entire solar cell is fabricated at room temperature. These cells excel in terms of their straightforward processing, low energy consumption, and continuous production capability, rendering them highly suitable for industrial applications. This article is intended to provide an overview of the latest advancements in room-temperature perovskite solar cell research. It will summarize commonly utilized methods for their fabrication, delve into the significant implications of full room-temperature perovskite solar cells for the commercialization of perovskite solar technology, and conclude by outlining various production techniques for room-temperature perovskite films. Furthermore, this article will offer insights into the future development directions of room-temperature perovskite solar cells and full room-temperature perovskite solar cells. Full article

In the planar heterojunction perovskite solar cell (PSC) structure, among numerous contenders, tin oxide (SnO₂) has been utilized, instead of TiO₂, as the material for the electron transport layer (ETL) owing to its good band alignment, ultraviolet light resistance, strong charge extraction, and low photocatalytic activity. However, the morphology of the SnO₂ ETL has proven to be unstable under low-temperature processing, leading to low electron extraction in PSCs. Therefore, the surface morphology must be modified to achieve high-performance PSCs. In this review, we provide an overview of the fundamental insights into how surface variations affect the ETL performance. The significance and the design rule of surface modification for an efficient SnO₂ ETL, that is, the intentional alteration of the SnO₂ interface, are discussed. Based on the evaluations, distinct surface engineering procedures and how they are implemented are presented. The effects of chemical and physical interactions on the properties of SnO₂ are elucidated in detail; these have not been considered in previous studies. Finally, we provide an outlook on, highlight the key challenges in, and recommend future research directions for the design of the interfaces of highly efficient and stable PSCs. Full article