Search Results (3,048)

Newborn screening (NBS) for inborn errors of metabolism is challenged by high false-positive rates, which may lead to parental anxiety and increased healthcare costs associated with diagnostic follow-up. False-positive results often arise from changes in metabolite concentrations that mimic metabolic disorders as a consequence of differences in perinatal factors or nutritional status. To address this, Collaborative Laboratory Integrative Reports (CLIR) and the associated post-analytical tools (PATs) using multivariate interpretation and covariate-adjusted reference intervals may be used to improve specificity of NBS algorithms. In the current study, we examined whether CLIR can be applied to optimize the Dutch NBS program by reducing the false-positive rates. We developed and validated a CLIR-based PAT for CPT1 deficiency, GA-I, IVA and MSUD within the Dutch NBS program. Single-condition tools (SCTs) and multivariate approaches, including marker ratios and covariate adjustments, were evaluated for their ability to discriminate true- and false-positive referrals. For CPT1 deficiency, age-adjusted SCT combined with birthweight, location correction, and the C18:1/methionine ratio substantially reduced false positives. For GA-I, C3DC-based ratios improved specificity while preserving true-positive detection, potentially reflecting postnatal renal immaturity in some cases. For IVA, the dual scatter plot fully separated true- and false-positive referrals, highlighting the limitations of single-marker screening. For MSUD, differences between false-positive and true-positive cases were more pronounced, yet a similar number of false positives were still referred; valine-related markers contributed to false positives, while leucine and the Xle/Phe ratio better identified true positives. CLIR-based post-analytical tools enhanced NBS specificity through covariate-aware, multivariate interpretation. This provides important input for decision makers in both the Dutch NBS, as well as the NBS community worldwide. Full article

Background/Objectives: Food allergy prevention is no longer understood as the simple avoidance of allergenic foods. The first 1000 days (from conception to, approximately, 24 months of age) include prenatal, perinatal and postnatal windows in which diet, epithelial barrier integrity, microbial ecology, immune maturation and family-level implementation interact. This narrative review was developed as a Commission-proposed SIAIP-oriented clinical framework, rather than a formal guideline or consensus statement. Evidence from guidelines, systematic reviews, randomised trials, birth cohorts and mechanistic studies was organised by developmental window and interpreted according to endpoint validity, confounding, feasibility and clinical readiness. Prenatal factors include maternal allergen non-avoidance, whole-diet quality, micronutrient and fatty acid status, antibiotic exposure, environmental context and maternal microbiome. Perinatal factors include mode of delivery, intrapartum and neonatal antibiotics, gestational maturity, early colonisation, breastfeeding initiation and routine vaccination. Postnatal factors include eczema, skin barrier inflammation, the timing and regularity of allergen introduction, breastfeeding management, infant diet diversity, siblings, daycare, pets, smoke and pollution, physical activity and equitable implementation. The strongest actionable evidence remains eczema-linked risk recognition and timely, sustained oral exposure to peanut and well-cooked egg. Maternal and environmental factors are clinically important, but many are contextual rather than prescriptive; they should guide non-restrictive, non-blaming counselling rather than deterministic risk labelling. Full article

Following successful neonatal HBV vaccination and perinatal screening, pediatric hepatitis B has become uncommon in Central Europe. However, migration and complex clinical scenarios are reshaping its epidemiology. We aimed to characterize the clinical course, disease phases, and treatment eligibility of children with HBV infection. This retrospective single-center study included patients aged 0 to <18 years referred to a tertiary pediatric infectious diseases center in Warsaw, Poland, between January 2016 and June 2026. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were analyzed, and patients were classified according to the 2025 EASL guidelines. Sixteen children were included. New referrals tripled from 2016–2020 (n = 3) to 2021–2026 (n = 9), and 50% were refugees, predominantly from Ukraine. Vertical transmission accounted for 44% of infections, whereas 25% were iatrogenic. According to the 2025 EASL criteria, 38% (6/16) of patients were unclassifiable. Occult HBV infection was identified in 31%, while only 13% (2/16) received analogue therapy because of restrictive national treatment criteria. One adolescent developed liver fibrosis (7.6 kPa), likely related to metabolic steatohepatitis. Contemporary pediatric HBV management might require adaptation to changing epidemiology, recognition of the limitations of adult-derived disease phase classifications, and prevention of HBV reactivation during immunosuppression. Full article

Background: The cerebellum integrates sensory information to maintain balance and posture, allowing movement guidance. Perinatal damage to this brain region correlates with an increased incidence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), a major neurodevelopmental condition where poor motor performance in eye–hand coordination, balance and gait is observed. The cerebellum of ASD individuals is affected by reduced GABAergic signaling that leads to an excitatory/inhibitory imbalance. Methods: Motor coordination behavior were tested and Western blot essays performed to study the developmental expression of GABAergic signaling proteins, namely GABA_A receptor (α1, α2 and β1) subunits and glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67), in CD1 mice prenatally exposed to valproic acid (VPA), a preclinical model of ASD. Results: The VPA group exhibited motor coordination deficits on postnatal day 30 (P30) compared to the control. The expression profiles for the control group revealed that GABA_A-α1 increased linearly, while GABA_A-β1 displayed the opposite pattern and GABA_A-α2 presented one peak of expression (P8). GAD67 decreased from embryonic day 16 (E16) to P8 but increased linearly after the first week of postnatal development (P8-P30). The developmental expression profile for all these proteins was disrupted by prenatal exposure to VPA. Conclusions: Motor coordination deficits correlate with a downregulated expression of GABA_A (α1, α2 and β1) subunits and GAD67 through cerebellar development in individuals that were prenatally exposed to VPA. Full article

Background: Early discharge with home nasogastric (NGT) feeding has been associated with favorable infant outcomes and high parental satisfaction. However, its impact on parental mental health has been insufficiently studied. We aimed to evaluate symptoms of anxiety and depression in mothers and fathers of very preterm infants discharged with or without NGT feeding. Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted at a German tertiary perinatal center between October 2020 and May 2024. A total of 238 preterm infants with a birth weight ≤ 1500 g and/or a postmenstrual age (PMA) ≤ 32 weeks were included; 131 were discharged with full oral feeding and 107 with NGT feeding. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were assessed in mothers and fathers using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D) at discharge and at three months corrected age (CA). A total of 201 parent–infant dyads were included. HADS-D assessments were completed by 155 mothers and 135 fathers at discharge and by 121 mothers and 119 fathers at three months CA. Results: At discharge, depression and anxiety scores did not differ between parents of infants discharged with and without NGT feeding. At three months CA, mothers of infants discharged on full oral feeding had higher depression and anxiety scores than mothers of infants discharged with NGT feeding (4.95 ± 3.62 vs. 3.18 ± 2.89; p ≤ 0.01 and 6.42 ± 3.85 vs. 4.79 ± 3.72; p = 0.04), and clinically significant depression scores (≥8) were more frequent (23.53% vs. 10.45%; p = 0.04). Similarly, fathers in the non-tube-feeding group had higher depression scores at 3 months CA (4.78 ± 3.74 vs. 3.48 ± 2.72; p = 0.04), with a trend towards a greater proportion showing clinically significant depression scores (24.14% vs. 13.11%; p = 0.12. Conclusions: Early discharge of very preterm infants with home NGT feeding was not associated with increased parental psychological distress at discharge and at 3 months CA. Across the outcomes, parental distress tended to be lower at 3 months CA with NGT feeding at discharge. However, as no NGT × time interaction was statistically significant after correction for multiple testing, these group differences should be interpreted as exploratory in nature. Full article

Background: Fetal cardiac rhabdomyomas are strongly associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Although many remain asymptomatic and regress spontaneously, large tumors may cause ventricular inflow or outflow obstruction, arrhythmia, impaired ventricular function, pericardial effusion, hydrops fetalis and fetal demise. Transplacental mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition has emerged as a potential rescue therapy. Methods: We performed a narrative review of published reports on prenatal sirolimus or everolimus therapy for fetal cardiac rhabdomyomas in suspected or confirmed TSC. Data was extracted on treatment indication, gestational age at initiation, treatment duration, fetal echocardiographic response, maternal adverse effects, delivery and postnatal outcome. Results: Available evidence consists predominantly of case reports, small case series and retrospective cohorts; no prospective controlled trials were identified. Treatment was generally initiated for progressive or hemodynamically significant disease, particularly ventricular inflow or outflow obstruction, worsening valve regurgitation, arrhythmia, pericardial effusion, ventricular dysfunction or hydrops. Therapy was usually started in the late second or third trimester and continued until hemodynamic stabilization, delivery or planned transition to neonatal treatment. Most reports described tumor regression within 1–3 weeks, accompanied by improved cardiac function and high perinatal survival. However, rebound growth after treatment withdrawal, persistent arrhythmic risk and limited long-term safety data remain important concerns. Conclusions: Prenatal mTOR-inhibitor therapy should be considered an individualized rescue or stabilization strategy for fetuses with life-threatening or progressive cardiac compromise, rather than routine treatment for all fetal rhabdomyomas. Management should be multidisciplinary and guided by fetal hemodynamics, treatment response, maternal tolerance and gestational age. Full article

Objective: This study aimed to develop machine learning (ML)-based models for the early prediction of macrosomia using only maternal sociodemographic and obstetric data. Methods: This retrospective study included 100 pregnant women who delivered at the Obstetric Clinic of Eskisehir City Hospital between January 2022 and December 2023. Participants were classified as nulliparous (n = 48) or parous (n = 52) and further categorized according to the presence or absence of fetal macrosomia (birth weight > 4000 g). Predictor variables included maternal age, body mass index (BMI), gravida, smoking status, history of diabetes mellitus, and hypertension; previous birth weight was additionally included in the parous model. Separate machine learning models were developed for nulliparous and parous women using Extra Trees Classifier, Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGBM), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) Classifier, Random Forest, and Logistic Regression. The dataset was randomly divided into training (80%) and testing (20%) subsets. Internal validation was performed using 10-fold cross-validation within the training dataset to optimize model performance and reduce overfitting. Given the relatively small sample size, this study was designed as a pilot exploratory investigation. Results: Overall, 48 nulliparous and 52 parous mothers were included in the study. Among the nulliparous women, 22 (45.8%) had macrosomic newborns, whereas 26 (54.2%) had normal birthweight newborns. Among parous women, 28 (53.8%) had macrosomic newborns, while 24 (46.2%) had normal birthweight newborns. For nulliparous mothers, the XGB Classifier achieved the highest accuracy (80%) and AUC-ROC (82.2%), demonstrating robust predictive performance. For parous mothers, the XGB Classifier again outperformed other ML models, achieving an accuracy of 72.7% and an AUC-ROC of 83.3% in predicting macrosomia. Conclusions: This study highlights the feasibility of ML-based decision support systems in obstetrics, particularly in low-resource settings, to predict macrosomia using readily available maternal characteristics. As a pilot study, these findings should be interpreted cautiously and require validation in larger multicenter cohorts before clinical implementation. Full article

Background and Objectives: Adolescent pregnancy is associated with biological, behavioral, and healthcare-related vulnerabilities that are incompletely captured by structured datasets. This study aimed to characterize selected maternal vulnerability indicators derived from narrative clinical documentation and to examine their exploratory associations with documented prenatal care deficiency and neonatal outcomes. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study including 759 singleton adolescent pregnancies managed at a Romanian secondary obstetric center between 2020 and 2024. Narrative clinical observations were reviewed to extract maternal vulnerability indicators, including smoking, anemia, infection, hypertensive disorders, obesity, Rh incompatibility, and documented prenatal care deficiency. Associations between extracted variables, documented prenatal care deficiency, and neonatal outcomes were evaluated using contingency analyses, Kendall’s tau-b correlations, and multivariable logistic regression models. Results: Among pregnancies with available narrative observations, documented prenatal care deficiency was identified in 612/692 (88.4%), maternal anemia in 207/692 (29.9%), and smoking during pregnancy in 186/692 (26.9%). Validation performance differed across categories, with a sensitivity of 57.1% (95% CI 18.4–90.1%) for hypertensive disorders and wide confidence intervals for rare categories. Correlations between extracted variables were weak, indicating limited clustering of maternal risk factors. Hypertensive disorders (aOR 0.31, 95% CI 0.10–0.95, p = 0.038) and maternal obesity (aOR 0.39, 95% CI 0.16–0.98, p = 0.044) were associated with lower odds of documented prenatal care deficiency. Significant neonatal associations were observed primarily for low birth weight. Hypertensive disorders were independently associated with increased odds of low birth weight (aOR 3.56, 95% CI 1.33–9.54, p = 0.011), whereas documented maternal anemia was associated with lower observed odds of LBW (aOR 0.45, 95% CI 0.24–0.82, p = 0.009). No significant associations were identified for preterm birth or Apgar score < 7 at 5 min. Conclusions: Narrative clinical documentation allowed the identification of heterogeneous maternal vulnerability indicators that showed weak interrelationships and selective associations with prenatal surveillance patterns and low birth weight. These exploratory findings should be interpreted in the context of healthcare engagement and documentation practices. Full article

Background/Objectives: Artificial intelligence may improve obstetric risk stratification by identifying clinically meaningful patterns that are not captured by single-outcome prediction models. This study evaluated whether unsupervised machine learning applied to first-trimester maternal, biophysical, and biochemical data could identify phenotypes associated with adverse obstetric outcomes. Methods: We analyzed 1583 first-trimester records that were ambispectively collected including maternal characteristics, obstetric history, mean arterial pressure, uterine artery pulsatility index, nuchal translucency, and PAPP-A. Principal component analysis followed by k-means clustering was used to derive AI phenotypes. Associations were tested for hypertensive, metabolic, delivery, neonatal, and actionable obstetric outcomes. Robustness of the clustering solution and phenotype–outcome associations was assessed using inverse probability weighting, false discovery rate correction, adverse-event burden scoring, cross-algorithm agreement analyses, and multiple sensitivity analyses. Results: Four clinically interpretable phenotypes were identified. Phenotype 4 represented a cardiometabolic–vascular subgroup that showed the greatest enrichment for adverse obstetric outcomes. It had higher rates of maternal metabolic or hypertensive complications (52.4%; RR 4.31) and clinically actionable adverse pregnancy outcomes (57.1%; RR 2.31). These associations remained significant after false discovery rate correction and were consistent in inverse probability weighting analyses. Phenotype 4 also had the highest cumulative adverse-event burden score (1.29 versus 0.35–0.47). Exploratory analyses demonstrated high specificity (97.2%) but limited sensitivity for clinically actionable adverse pregnancy outcomes. Incremental discrimination over conventional predictors was observed only for selected secondary outcomes, including early preterm birth and low Apgar score. Conclusions: Unsupervised AI phenotyping identified a cardiometabolic–vascular pregnancy subgroup associated with increased obstetric morbidity. Full article

Background: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), particularly gestational hypertension and preeclampsia, are major causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity. Metabolic disorders such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) share mechanisms with HDP, including insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and placental maladaptation. Metformin may influence these pathways, but its clinical effect on hypertensive outcomes remains uncertain. Methods: A focused narrative review was conducted using structured, targeted searches of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for literature published primarily from January 2015 through March 2026, supplemented by landmark studies, clinical guidelines, randomized trials, large observational cohorts, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and mechanistic and placental studies. Evidence was selected for its relevance to the predefined phenotype-based framework and synthesized qualitatively across mechanistic, clinical, and translational domains. Results: Metformin improves insulin sensitivity and may reduce gestational weight gain, metabolic stress, inflammatory signaling, and oxidative stress. Some randomized trials and meta-analyses in GDM, obesity, and PCOS suggest lower rates of pregnancy-induced hypertension or preeclampsia, whereas recent randomized and population-based studies report neutral effects. Findings are limited by heterogeneous populations, late treatment initiation, variable comparators, supplemental insulin use, inconsistent HDP definitions, and insufficient statistical power. Conclusions: Metformin may act as a metabolic and vascular modifier in selected pregnancies, but current evidence does not support its routine use specifically for HDP prevention. Its public health value lies primarily in accessible metabolic treatment and integration into comprehensive antenatal and postpartum risk reduction pathways, rather than replacement of aspirin, blood pressure surveillance, or maternal–fetal monitoring. Full article

Legal definitions of human viability vary worldwide. Background/Objectives: The treatment of periviable newborns remains controversial and raises ethical concerns. However, currently, the World Health Organization (WHO) sets the lower limit of viability at 22 weeks of gestation or 500 g birth weight. The aim of our research was to determine the knowledge of healthcare practitioners in our country regarding this topic, as well as including a course after which we sought to evaluate whether their perceptions regarding the management of these cases changed. Methods: The recruitment of participants encompassed those who voluntarily took part in the survey, and 30 clinicians were included; they participated in a 30 h online course and completed a survey questionnaire before and after the course. Results: After Holm adjustment, we observed an improvement in participants’ perceptions regarding recommendations concerning a multidisciplinary approach, perinatal counseling (20.0% vs. 100.0%), ethical issues (16.7% vs. 93.3%), and awareness of national guidelines (36.7% vs. 100.0%). Moreover, they recognized the importance of including parental wishes in decision-making (Holm-adjusted p = 0.0469), but with clinicians having the final word in the decision. Other factors did not change, with practitioners having knowledge about the serious outcomes of newborns in such challenging situations. Conclusions: Ethically grounded strategies to guide the management of newborns at the limit of viability is of great importance, whereby gestational age is an insufficient parameter. A collaborative, multidisciplinary process is mandatory in order to ensure the best outcomes for the newborn. The value of continuing medical education should be acknowledged. Full article

Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) is an important maternal mental health concern. Knowledge, self-efficacy, and social support may be associated with the recognition and severity of depressive symptoms. This study assessed PPD knowledge among pregnant women/mothers and adults from the broader population in Saudi Arabia and examined the associations of self-efficacy and perceived social support with depressive-symptom scores in the maternal group. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted in Saudi Arabia from January to March 2021. Convenience and chain-referral sampling were implemented through WhatsApp. The analytical sample included 432 pregnant women/mothers aged ≥18 years and 275 broader-population participants. Arabic-language questionnaires assessed sociodemographic characteristics and PPD knowledge; the maternal-group questionnaire also assessed depressive symptoms, self-efficacy, and perceived social support. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, linear regression, and one-way ANOVA were used. Results: Good PPD knowledge was observed in 73.8% of the maternal group and 77.5% of the broader-population group. Self-efficacy (r = −0.246, p < 0.001) and perceived social support (r = −0.197, p < 0.001) were negatively correlated with depressive-symptom scores. Both variables were statistically significant in the regression model; self-efficacy had the larger absolute standardized coefficient (β = −0.246) compared with perceived social support (β = −0.197). Depressive-symptom scores also differed across categories of age, family income, education, and previous PPD history. Conclusions: The study demonstrated a relatively good level of knowledge about postpartum depression among the surveyed participants. Higher perceived social support and self-efficacy were associated with better maternal mental health outcomes, highlighting their important role in the context of postpartum depression. These findings underscore the relevance of knowledge, social support, and self-efficacy in understanding postpartum mental health among the study population. Full article

Background/Objectives: Termination of pregnancy (TOP) following a prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease (CHD) is a complex decision shaped by clinical, ethical, and psychosocial factors. This study evaluated the clinical factors associated with parental acceptance of TOP after prenatal diagnosis of CHD in a multidisciplinary counselling setting. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary referral center where fetal CHD cases are evaluated in a multidisciplinary perinatology council. Pregnancies with a prenatal CHD diagnosis for which TOP was medically recommended between December 2023 and February 2026 were included. Maternal, fetal, and genetic data were analyzed. Cardiac severity was classified using the fetal cardiovascular disease severity scale. Because the cohort included only 62 pregnancies, a simplified multivariable logistic regression model with three clinically prespecified variables (four parameters: gestational age, cardiac severity, and genetic-evaluation status) was used to identify variables associated with termination acceptance. Results: Sixty-two pregnancies were included; 41 (66.1%) accepted termination and 21 (33.9%) continued the pregnancy. Maternal characteristics and gestational age at diagnosis were similar between groups. In the multivariable model, genetic-evaluation status was the only variable independently associated with termination acceptance. Compared with cases without genetic testing, both major chromosomal/pathogenic anomalies (aOR 4.97; 95% CI 1.29–19.11; p = 0.020) and a normal genetic-evaluation status (aOR 4.71; 95% CI 1.07–20.77; p = 0.041) were associated with higher termination acceptance. Cardiac severity and gestational age were not independently associated with parental decision. Conclusions: Genetic-evaluation status was associated with parental acceptance of termination after prenatal CHD diagnosis in a multidisciplinary counselling setting; given the small sample size and the selected, council-recommended cohort studied, this association should be interpreted as hypothesis-generating rather than as evidence of a causal or independent predictive effect. Full article

Background: Maternal bonding is a key determinant of maternal and infant well-being, yet little is known about preconception factors that shape its development. Learned helplessness (LH), a stable cognitive vulnerability characterized by perceived uncontrollability and diminished efficacy, may predispose women to poorer maternal bonding. This study examined whether preconception LH predicts antenatal and postpartum bonding and whether this association is mediated by antenatal bonding and prenatal affective symptoms. Methods: A sample of 151 euthymic, nulliparous women was followed prospectively from preconception through pregnancy and postpartum, completing questionnaires assessing LH, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and antenatal and postpartum bonding. Analyses used structural equation modeling, linear mixed-effects models, hierarchical regression, and parallel mediation. Results: LH showed high stability from preconception to postpartum (r = 0.71), with no mean-level change, whereas affective symptoms increased. Antenatal bonding predicted postpartum bonding (β = 0.52, p < 0.001). Higher preconception LH predicted lower antenatal bonding (b = −0.20, p = 0.002) and lower postpartum bonding (b = −0.29, p < 0.001), beyond affective symptoms in the corresponding period. The LH–postpartum bonding association was partially mediated by antenatal bonding (β = −0.10, p = 0.005), but not by prenatal depression or anxiety symptoms. Conclusions: Preconception LH reflects a stable cognitive vulnerability linked to poorer maternal bonding. Its association with postpartum bonding was partly mediated by antenatal bonding, but not by prenatal affective symptoms, suggesting that LH’s relevance to postpartum bonding begins when the maternal bond develops during pregnancy. Assessing LH before conception or early in pregnancy may help identify vulnerability to lower bonding, beyond current affective symptoms. Full article

Background: Large yellow tea (LYT), a distinctive variety made from mature leaves, has recently gained attention for its remarkable health benefits. However, whether these benefits can be transmitted from mother to offspring remains unexplored. Purpose: This study investigated whether maternal LYT consumption confers intergenerational protection against metabolic and behavioral disorders induced by perinatal bisphenol A (BPA) exposure in F1 offspring. Methods: A mouse model of perinatal BPA exposure (0.03% in diet) was established with or without maternal LYT supplementation (2.5% in diet). Metabolic parameters were assessed through biochemical assays and gene expression analysis (RT-PCR). Energy expenditure and spontaneous activity were monitored using a Comprehensive Lab Animal Monitoring System (CLAMS). Hippocampal proteomic profiling was performed using label-free quantitative proteomics. Results: LYT significantly reduced maternal BPA body burden, potentially via limiting absorption, enhancing glucuronidation metabolism, and promoting excretion. Notably, LYT exhibited bidirectional metabolic regulation, alleviating gestational hyperglycemia in dams while restoring hypoglycemia in offspring, and normalizing underweight and hypolipidemia. Mechanistically, the SIRT6 (sirtuin 6)/FOXO1 and SIRT6/SREBP1 pathways may be involved in regulating gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis. Concurrently, LYT rectified BPA-induced hyperactivity and reduced excessive energy expenditure. Proteomic analysis revealed that LYT partially restores BPA-induced dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism and glutamatergic/GABAergic synaptic pathways, which may contribute to rebalancing synaptic homeostasis. Conclusions: These findings suggest that maternal LYT supplementation confers intergenerational protection against BPA-induced metabolic and behavioral disorders in mice, potentially acting through enhanced toxin clearance, bidirectional metabolic regulation, behavioral normalization, and partial restoration of hippocampal synaptic homeostasis. This study provides a theoretical basis for developing natural dietary interventions to mitigate developmental toxicant-induced health risks. Full article