Search Results (15,217)

The electrification of public transport, particularly Bus Rapid Transits (BRT), is a significant step toward achieving sustainable urban mobility and reducing dependency on fossil fuels. However, rapid adoption of Electric Vehicles Smart Charging (EVSC) infrastructure presents grid stability, economic and environmental concerns. The rising demand for electric cars, particularly in developing nations such as Nigeria, highlights the urgent need for a sustainable hybrid renewable energy charging infrastructure for BRT systems. This study presents a techno-economic assessment of an off-grid hybrid systems that use photovoltaic (PV), wind turbines (WTs), hydrogen (H₂), fuel cell (FC) and battery technologies to power Electric Vehicles Smart Charging within Bus Rapid Transits networks. The Lagos BRT charging system at City Mall Station (CMS) serves as a case study, with hourly renewable resources obtained from National Aeronautics and Space Administration database (NASA). Using the HOMER pro-optimization tool, a multi-criteria analysis is performed to evaluate system viability, with special focus on key metrics such as levelized cost of energy (LCOE), net present cost (NPC), renewable energy fraction (REF), and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The simulation results demonstrate that the hybrid PV/wind/FC/battery configuration is exceptionally economical, with an LCOE as low as $0.222/kWh, $2.03M NPC, 51.3% REF, and 159,209 kg of carbon dioxide emissions per year compared to grid-dependent charging. The study shows that integrated renewable-hydrogen systems are not only financially feasible, but also provide significant insights for policymakers, transportation authorities, and energy planners seeking to accelerate the transition to green public transportation infrastructure through innovative hybrid energy schemes. Full article

Background: White light cystoscopy (WLC) is the gold standard for bladder cancer (BC) detection and surveillance, but has limited sensitivity, particularly for small and flat lesions. We evaluated the diagnostic performance and safety of a real-time artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted support tool (CystoAID©) for bladder cancer detection. Methods: This single-center, randomized, controlled non-inferiority trial included 64 patients undergoing transurethral resection of bladder tumor or laser fulguration for suspected primary or recurrent BC. Patients were randomized 1:1 to WLC alone or WLC followed by AI-assisted cystoscopy. The primary outcome was per-lesion sensitivity of CystoAID vs. WLC within the intervention group. The reference standard was histopathology or clinical evaluation. The predefined non-inferiority margin was −5%. Secondary outcomes included sensitivity for lesions ≤ 5 mm, false positives, procedural duration, and safety (30-day adverse events). Results: A total of 142 lesions were identified (84 intervention, 58 control). Sensitivity was 96.2% (95% CI 87.0–99.5) for CystoAID and 88.7% (95% CI 77.0–95.7) for WLC (difference 7.5%; 95% CI −2.7 to 17.8), demonstrating non-inferiority. In a sub-analysis for lesions ≤ 5 mm (n = 25), sensitivity was 100% (95% CI 86.3–100) vs. 80% (95% CI 59.3–93.2). AI assistance added a median of 2.1 min without further affecting workflow. Adverse event rates were low and similar between groups. Conclusions: CystoAID demonstrated non-inferior sensitivity to WLC and could be safely integrated into the routine clinical workflow. Larger studies with improved representation of flat lesions are warranted, as well as to assess whether CystoAID can achieve superior sensitivity compared with standard WLC. Full article

Over the past three decades, geographically weighted regression (GWR) and multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) have become essential tools for spatial analysis in urban, environmental, and land-use research. This scoping review systematically maps and synthesizes the global literature on GWR and MGWR published between 1996 and 2026, aiming to identify the research hotspots, evolutionary paths, and cutting-edge trends. Bibliometrics and CiteSpace visualization tools are used to conduct a multi-dimensional visual analysis of thousands of selected articles, including countries, institutions, core authors, highly cited keywords, and key documents. The results show that the current research focuses on spatial heterogeneity, multiscale analysis, GWR model optimization, non-stationarity characterization, and simulation of urban land-use change. Potential future directions include the construction of spatiotemporal integrated models, the integration of high-performance computing, and the expansion of interdisciplinary applications. The results of this study can help scholars fully understand the current research status and future directions, and provide a scientific spatial analysis framework for practitioners in urban planning, land resource management, and environmental assessment. Furthermore, the conclusions can provide theoretical support and a decision-making basis for the government to formulate intelligent and refined urban development policies. Full article

Background: Most predictive models for assessing the invasiveness of pure ground-glass nodules (pGGOs) have been developed in Asian populations, which may limit their applicability to Western cohorts. As the detection of pGGOs continues to increase, there is a growing need for reliable, population-specific tools to support preoperative decision-making. Methods: This multicenter retrospective study analyzed patients from the GORDON database who underwent surgical resection for pGGOs < 40 mm between January 2013 and June 2024. Radiologic features were assessed using preoperative high-resolution and contrast-enhanced CT scans. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of invasive adenocarcinoma (IAC). A radiologic nomogram was developed and internally validated using a training (80%) and validation (20%) cohort. Results: A total of 490 pGGOs were included, of which 421 (85.9%) were IAC and 69 (14.1%) noninvasive (Adenocarcinoma in Situ or Minimally Invasive Adenocarcinoma). Upon multivariable analysis, maximum radiologic diameter (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.09, p = 0.001), spiculated margins (aOR = 3.07, p = 0.006), and unenhanced CT attenuation (aOR = 1.01, p < 0.001) were independent predictors of invasiveness. These variables were incorporated into a nomogram demonstrating good discrimination, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.86 (95% CI, 0.81–0.90) in the training cohort and 0.80 (95% CI, 0.70–0.90) in the validation cohort. Conclusions: A radiologic nomogram based on routinely available CT features enables accurate estimation of invasive adenocarcinoma risk in pGGOs. By integrating parameters beyond lesion size, this tool supports personalized management and may improve preoperative decision-making. Full article

Background/Objectives: Management of cervical esophageal cancer after induction therapy remains unsettled. Definitive chemoradiotherapy is the guideline default, but a subset of patients with residual but resectable disease may still benefit from surgery. No validated multidisciplinary selection framework exists for this subsite. Methods: We conducted a systematic review registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CRD420261369102) and guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 statement, using searches of PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library from inception through 14 April 2026. We identified 1779 records, removed 873 duplicates, and screened 906 records; 87 full-text reports were assessed, of which 67 were excluded at the full-text stage (66 on population grounds—disease not cervical esophageal; and 1 because cervical-direct outcomes were not separable within a mixed cervical/thoracic cohort), leaving 20 cervical-direct studies included in the primary synthesis. Thoracic and meta-analytic sources are cited for indirect comparison and biological rationale but are not counted in the included set. Included studies were evaluated using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) and Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I); certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. Formal meta-analysis was not performed because study design, treatment approach, and outcome reporting were too heterogeneous. Results: Cervical-specific evidence is predominantly retrospective but consistent in direction. Available cervical-specific observational data suggest benefit mainly in patients with biopsy-confirmed incomplete response, resectable residual disease, preserved performance status, and access to experienced centers. Larynx-preserving resection is feasible in 90% of T1–2 tumors and 54% of T3–4 responders. In thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy yields pathologic complete response rates of approximately 29–48%; in cervical disease, the SCENIC trial has reported interim clinical response of approximately 50% in 28 patients, but pathology-confirmed response is not yet available. We present a proposed multidisciplinary selection framework integrating response depth, post-induction stage, laryngeal preservation feasibility, sarcopenia, circulating tumor DNA dynamics, and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression. The framework has not been prospectively validated and is presented as a hypothesis-generating, conceptual tool for multidisciplinary discussion rather than a clinically validated instrument. Adjuvant nivolumab is recommended for residual pathologic disease after margin-negative (R0) resection when surgery follows preoperative chemoradiotherapy; after PD-1-based induction, adjuvant checkpoint inhibition remains investigational. Conclusions: The available cervical-direct evidence is predominantly retrospective and selection-prone, and several inputs supporting the framework are extrapolated from thoracic ESCC cohorts; conclusions about the survival benefit of surgery should therefore be read as associations rather than causal claims. Surgery has a role after induction therapy in carefully selected incomplete responders. The proposed framework is designed for multidisciplinary use and requires prospective validation before routine clinical application. Full article

This study evaluates the potential of motorhome tourism to catalyze socioeconomic development in rural municipalities of southeastern Spain (provinces of Jaén, Granada, and Almería). Addressing the critical challenge of rural depopulation in “Empty Spain” (España Vaciada), the research employs a mixed-methods approach covering the period 2022–2024. The methodology is centered on a two-tier empirical design: (i) a provincial-level analysis of eight municipalities, and (ii) an in-depth case study of Vélez-Blanco. A fundamental component of the research was the direct ethnographic validation and field audit conducted by the Fernández-Dutto family during an extensive journey from March to September 2025. By staying two to three nights at each location, the researchers performed in situ assessments of infrastructure quality and bioclimatic efficiency, providing a primary “ground-truth” dataset. These observations calibrate the longitudinal data obtained from the National Statistics Institute (INE) and digital platforms, which were utilized strictly as secondary screening tools for site selection. The results indicate statistically significant correlations between infrastructure quality, proximity to heritage attractions, and increases in local tourism-related expenditure. The study highlights how experiential fieldwork captures nuances in traveler behavior and site functionality that official records often overlook. The paper concludes by identifying strategic investment opportunities, specifically recommending the development of a motorhome service area in the municipality of María (María-Los Vélez area). This intervention is proposed as a vital catalyst to complete the regional tourism circuit and foster economic resilience in the heart of Almería’s rural landscape. Full article

The persistently high prevalence of gender-based violence and harassment (GBVH) in higher education institutions is a well established phenomenon, as is the inadequacy of institutional responses and the silencing of those who aim or attempt to report it. Drawing on Ahmed’s concept of ‘non-performativity’, ‘institutional speech acts that do not bring into effect what they name’, this paper argues that the non-performativity of anti-bullying and harassment policy is an exercise of power, consistent with Agócs concept of institutionalised resistance. Reporting misconduct is intentionally transformational, but seen as a threat to powerful organisational actors, who exercise institutional power to enact procedures in such a way that victim-survivors are unvoiced and tricked into ‘reluctant acquiescence’ with adverse consequences on their personal and occupational health. We employ documentary analysis to critique policies and procedures for GBVH in Irish universities, and specifically how institutional power is exercised through policy documents. The analysis is based on ten pseudonymised universities, rendering a sample size of 23 documents, pertaining to GBVH for staff. We find that the tone and language employed in policies, and the way in which the informal and formal approaches in anti-bullying and harassment policies frame the problem, serve the interests of the institution. Confidentiality clauses, the framing of the problem as an individualistic, incident-based problem, to be resolved case-by-case, and quasi-legal processes facilitate non-performativity, preserving institutional power and the status quo. From a public health perspective such inertia undermines efforts to prevent harm and promote workplace wellbeing. Meaningful reform will require that HEIs employ alternative tools capable of unsettling these entrenched institutional arrangements and to adopt alternative, proactive tools that prioritise accountability, transparency, prevention and health gain. We suggest new tools in the form of victim-centred, trauma-informed, remediation- and restorative-based approaches. Full article

Background: Germline variants of the immune checkpoint receptor CTLA4 may modulate T-cell activation, potentially influencing post-transplant immune reconstitution and clinical outcomes. Methods: In this retrospective single-center study, 140 AML patients who underwent ASCT were stratified into three groups according to the CTLA4 rs231775 geno-types A17hom, T17Ahet, and T17hom. Clinical outcomes, including overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS), were evaluated. Multivariate analysis was performed to adjust for known prognostic covariates. Results: Baseline clinical characteristics varied according to CTLA4 genotype with a higher proportion of favorable cytogenetic risk in A17hom carriers. Comparative analysis revealed differences in survival rates, with superior outcomes in A17hom carriers. In multivariate analysis directional trends persisted across all endpoints. Conclusion: The prognostic impact of CTLA4 rs231775 on post-ASCT outcomes suggests that T-cell inhibitory signaling may contribute to anti-leukemic immune surveillance in the autologous setting. These findings provide a rationale for investigating CTLA4 inhibition as consolidation therapy following ASCT in future prospective studies, particularly in T17hom carriers, who may harbor a less favorable immune profile. CTLA4 genotyping at diagnosis may represent a practical tool to support risk stratification in AML. Full article

This study provides an empirical assessment of greenhouse gas emissions and the environmental performance of hybrid vehicles in the European Union. The analysis integrates a macro-level examination of nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission trends in EU Member States for road and pipeline transport with a micro-level econometric investigation of emissions generated by the internal combustion engines of hybrid vehicles. The empirical analysis is based on a large sample of hybrid vehicles of different brands and variants, including 1350 observations used to examine the relationship between CO₂ emissions and fuel consumption per 100 km, and 123 observations to analyze nitrogen oxides (NO_x) emissions. CO₂ is assessed as the principal greenhouse gas emitted during vehicle operation, while NO_x (NO and NO₂) is examined as a major regulated atmospheric pollutant relevant to environmental performance. A bibliometric analysis of NO_x-related publications further highlights increasing scientific attention to this pollutant, supporting the relevance of the current study. Results reveal significant heterogeneity across hybrid vehicle models in terms of fuel consumption and NO_x emissions, indicating that environmental performance is strongly influenced by technological design and operational characteristics. Robust multiple regression models (R² = 0.84 for vehicle with low CO₂ emissions, 0.82 for high CO₂ emissions and R² = 0.72 for NO_x emissions) revealed significant correlations between pollutant emissions and fuel consumption, providing valuable tools for predicting emissions and informing environmental policies and hybrid vehicle design. Overall, the findings indicate that hybrid vehicles can contribute to improved environmental performance and lower greenhouse gas emissions relative to conventional vehicles, while their effectiveness depends on model specific characteristics and broader sectoral emission dynamics in the EU. These insights provide evidence for policymakers and industry stakeholders to support the transition toward cleaner vehicle technologies and align climate neutrality targets in the European Union. Full article

Background/Objectives: Acute gastrointestinal (GI) emergencies require timely and accurate prediction of surgical necessity to avoid delayed intervention and improve patient outcomes. Traditional scoring systems offer limited accuracy and fail to integrate multimodal data. This study aimed to develop and validate an explainable machine learning model for early prediction of surgical necessity in patients presenting with GI emergencies. Methods: A retrospective cohort of 1032 consecutive adult patients admitted with acute GI emergencies at a tertiary referral center (2019–2024) was analyzed. Three predictive models were developed: logistic regression, Random Forest, and XGBoost. Features included clinical, laboratory, and contrast-enhanced CT imaging variables available within the first 24 h. Model performance was evaluated using AUC, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and F1-score. Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) were applied for global and individual-level interpretability. The study followed STROBE and TRIPOD+AI reporting guidelines. Results: Surgical intervention was required in 312 patients (30.2%). The XGBoost model achieved the highest AUC (0.89; 95% CI: 0.86–0.92), outperforming Random Forest (AUC 0.86) and logistic regression (AUC 0.79), with sensitivity 0.84, specificity 0.81, and NPV 0.90. The most influential predictors were serum lactate, CT findings (free intraperitoneal air, bowel ischemia), IL-6, and shock index. Decision curve analysis confirmed net clinical benefit across threshold probabilities of 10–70%. Subgroup performance remained robust across diagnostic categories (AUC 0.87–0.91). Conclusions: An explainable XGBoost model integrating early clinical, laboratory, and imaging data accurately predicts surgical necessity in GI emergencies and outperforms traditional scoring systems. SHAP-based explainability supports clinical adoption and transparency. Prospective multicenter validation is warranted. The positive predictive value of 0.74 indicates that approximately one in four patients flagged as requiring surgery may not need operative intervention. The model should be regarded as a decision-support adjunct, rather than a standalone surgical decision tool, that is most relevant in settings where immediate experienced surgical judgment is limited. Full article

Background: Sepsis and septic shock are associated with high mortality in intensive care units (ICUs), with a substantial risk persisting after ICU discharge. However, it remains unclear whether inflammatory biomarkers retain their prognostic value at the time of ICU discharge. This study aimed to evaluate whether discharge inflammatory biomarkers—including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), platelet-to-mean platelet volume ratio (PLT/MPV), and C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio (CAR)—remain predictive of short- and long-term mortality in patients with sepsis and septic shock. Methods: In this single-center, retrospective cohort study, adult patients with sepsis or septic shock discharged from a tertiary ICU specializing in chest diseases between January 2013 and January 2015 were included. Sepsis and septic shock were retrospectively re-classified according to Sepsis-3 criteria. Inflammatory biomarkers measured at ICU admission and discharge, along with clinical variables and disease severity scores (APACHE II and SOFA), were recorded. Patients were followed for 28-day, 6-month, and 2-year mortality. The prognostic performance of biomarkers was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, and optimal cut-off values were determined. Independent predictors of mortality were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Results: A total of 461 patients were included. In total, 291 (63.1%) had sepsis without shock and 170 (36.9%) had septic shock. The overall male proportion was 62%, with a median age of 65 (IQR 54–74) years in the sepsis group and 70 (63–79) years in the septic shock group. Mortality rates were significantly higher in patients with septic shock compared to those with sepsis at 28 days (24% vs. 10%, p < 0.001), 6 months (44% vs. 27%, p < 0.001), and 2 years (71% vs. 57%, p = 0.003). In unadjusted survivor/non-survivor comparisons, elevated discharge NLR and CAR were associated with early post-ICU mortality. However, in multivariable Cox regression, discharge NLR, but not discharge CAR, remained independently associated with 28-day and 6-month mortality. On ROC analysis, discharge NLR showed moderate discriminative performance for 28-day mortality (AUC 0.67, 95% CI 0.60–0.74), as did discharge CAR (AUC 0.68, 95% CI 0.60–0.76), although CAR did not retain independent prognostic significance after adjustment. An NLR value ≥ 5 was identified as an independent predictor of 28-day mortality (HR 2.44; 95% CI 1.24–4.80; p = 0.010) and was also significantly associated with 6-month mortality (HR 2.02; 95% CI 1.18–3.45; p = 0.011), although its predictive value decreased over longer follow-up periods (HR 1.37; 95% CI 0.93–2.01; p = 0.11 at 2 years). Conclusions: Inflammatory biomarkers measured at ICU discharge, particularly NLR, remain predictive of short-term mortality in patients with sepsis and septic shock, but their prognostic value diminishes over time. Assessment of inflammatory status at ICU discharge may provide a practical tool for early post-ICU risk stratification and may support clinical decisions regarding intensified outpatient surveillance and follow-up scheduling in this vulnerable population. Full article

The purpose of this study is to provide data-driven training optimization tools for indoor rowing coaches and athletes, provide quantitative reference for training monitoring and performance analysis in a controllable environment, and help improve the scientific level of competitive performance and training management. To address the absence of quantitative analysis regarding the relationship between rowing power load and competition time during pre-competition training, this study introduces a sequential attention pooling with monotonic constraints (SAP-MC) to systematically analyze data from the rowing power sensor system. The results show that the model effectively captures the negative correlation between power output and competition time. Specifically, when the average power is increased from 230 W to 290 W, the competition time is reduced from 435.2 s to 409.6 s, resulting in a significant reduction of 25.6 s (p < 0.001). When the coefficient of variation of power output (cv_power) increased from 0.08 to 0.18, the competition time was prolonged by 14.2 s (p < 0.01). In addition, when the acute-chronic load ratio (ACWR) exceeds 1.2, compared with the optimal range (0.9–1.1), the competition time is increased by about 6.8 s (p < 0.05). The overall analysis shows that the average power output and power stability are the most critical variables affecting the change of competition time, followed by training load balance and segmented pace optimization. The research results validate the scientific significance of power monitoring and provide a reference for quantitatively analyzing the correlation between training load and race time in a controlled indoor rowing training environment. Full article

The steady advancement of online education has not automatically translated into improved educational quality. Teacher training often continues to focus on the technical use of digital tools, while the pedagogical processes through which teachers report supporting students’ digital competence remain insufficiently understood. The objective of this study was to examine the sequential and predictive structure of teachers’ digital competence using the DigCompEdu framework as a reference. A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 136 university teachers involved in online education. Data were collected through a self-reported questionnaire based on DigCompEdu and analyzed in two phases: Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). The PLS-SEM results suggested a sequential pattern of associations among teacher-reported constructs: Professional Commitment (PC) was positively associated with Digital Resource Management (DR), which in turn was positively associated with Digital Pedagogy (DP) and Assessment and Feedback (AF). These dimensions were associated with Student Empowerment (SE), which showed the strongest positive relationship with teachers’ reported practices for Facilitating Students’ Digital Competence (FS). The ANN sensitivity analysis showed adequate predictive performance in the testing phase (RMSE = 0.155) and identified Student Empowerment as the predictor with the highest normalized importance within the specified model. These findings suggest that faculty development in online higher education may benefit from moving beyond basic digital literacy and platform management toward pedagogical design, formative assessment, inclusive participation, and learner agency. However, the results should be interpreted as evidence of teacher-reported facilitation practices within the analyzed sample, rather than as direct evidence of students’ actual digital competence development. Full article

Background and Objectives: Oral health is an important component of overall health, including in children, since dental caries is the most frequent oral health condition in this demographic. It affects children’s daily performance and can lead to complications ranging from moderate discomfort to highly disabling problems, which are reflected in their quality of life. Validating instruments that provide reliable information to measure how oral health impacts children’s quality of life will help prioritize the management of these problems through personalized treatments. The aim of this study was to perform transcultural adaptation and Spanish validation of a POQL instrument in children aged 6 to 12 years who attended the Pediatric Dentistry Clinic at the Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez (UACJ), and to establish an association between the presence of carious lesions and the quality of life of children. Materials and Methods: We conducted a validation study involving a sample of 379 children aged 6 to 12 years who were attending the Pediatric Dentistry Clinic at the Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez. The instrument, adapted into Spanish, was applied to measure oral health-related quality of life, and the clinical diagnosis of caries was established using the ICDAS II system. Results: The mean age of the children was 8.51 years ± 1.64; 50.4% were boys and 49.6% girls. A total of 45.9% of the children presented caries with ICDAS II codes 5 and 6, corresponding to a severe stage with advanced tooth destruction, and 52% of the children reported their perception of their oral health-related quality of life as good. In the bivariate statistical analysis, the chi-square test showed no relationship between moderate and severe ICDAS II stages and the children’s perception of their quality of life, resulting in a very low Spearman correlation. Conclusions: The findings suggest that this instrument may represent a reliable and valid tool for use in children aged 6 to 12 years. The observed association between different degrees of carious lesions and children’s quality of life may reflect the close relationship between oral health and important psychosocial domains, including physical, emotional, and social development, which constitute the core dimensions evaluated by the POQL instrument. Full article

Vitrification is a vital tool for the long-term preservation of animal genetic resources, yet cryoinjury—manifesting as oxidative stress, structural damage, and metabolic disorders—severely compromises its efficacy. Here, we investigated the protective effects of melatonin (MT) supplementation on the cryotolerance of mouse morulae. First, mouse morulae were assigned to four groups treated with vitrification and thawing media containing MT (0, 10⁻³, 10⁻⁵, and 10⁻⁷ M) to determine optimal MT concentration. Subsequently, embryos treated with the optimal MT concentration were evaluated for developmental competence, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial function. Furthermore, transcriptome sequencing was performed to elucidate MT-regulated molecular pathways. The results demonstrated that MT supplementation at 10⁻⁵ M significantly enhanced developmental competence, as evidenced by increased blastocyst rate, hatched blastocyst rate, total cell number and the inner cell mass (ICM)-to-total cell ratio compared to the MT-free group (p < 0.05). Consequently, embryo transfer outcomes showed higher live births and weaned pups in the 10⁻⁵ M MT group versus those in controls (p < 0.05), achieving levels comparable to fresh embryos (p > 0.05). Mechanistically, MT reversed cryoinjury-induced mitochondrial dysfunction by elevating membrane potential(MMP) and Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP) production while reducing Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) accumulation (p < 0.05). Transcriptomic analysis further revealed that vitrification perturbed metabolic pathways, including amino acid/fatty acid degradation and glucose/pyruvate metabolism. MT downregulated cryoinjury-induced overexpression of Rela and Nfkb1, inhibiting excessive NF-κB activation and alleviating metabolic dysfunction. Additionally, MT restored expression of nucleotide synthesis genes (Ctps2, Nme4, Gmps, Nudt2, Ppat, Impdh2) critical for cell proliferation, and reversed downregulation of mitochondrial genes Sucla2 and Timm17a, confirming restoration of mitochondrial homeostasis. In conclusion, melatonin alleviates vitrification-induced cryoinjury by restoring mitochondrial function, which rescues nucleotide synthesis and partially reverses associated metabolic dysfunction. These findings advance MT-mediated cryoprotection and underscore its translational value for embryo cryopreservation in animal genetic resource conservation. Full article