Search Results (538)

Background: Individuals with intellectual disability face an increased risk of mental health issues compared to the general population. Despite the proven efficacy of physical activity (PA) in improving anxiety and depression in the general population, little is known about this relationship in adults with intellectual disability and the factors that influence it. The purpose of the study was to determine whether a correlation exists between PA and perceived levels of anxiety and depression, and assess gender disparities in PA and mental health. Method: People with intellectual disability were recruited from day centers and sports events. The amount of PA was evaluated through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Perceived mental health was assessed through the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety (ZAS) and Depression Scale (ZDS). Results: In total, 99 adults (34 females, aged 33 ± 12) participated in the study. A gender disparity was found in anxiety levels, while depression, PA, and type of sport participation did not differ between males and females. Multiple regression analysis highlights how the depression score was significantly predicted by gender (β = −3.57, p = 0.015), intellectual disability level (β =−3.08, p < 0.008), and PA (β =−0.10, p= 0.001), while anxiety was influenced by gender (β = −4.48, p = 0.003) and intellectual disability level (β = −3.23, p = 0.007). Conclusions: These findings underscore the relevance of physical activity as a factor associated with lower depressive symptoms in adults with intellectual disability, highlighting its potential role in mental health promotion within this population. Full article

Older people’s social participation is being shaped by the current context of “liquid modernity,” characterized by the erosion of traditional roles and identity, fragile social ties, individualism, economic precariousness, and uncertainty. The challenges entailed by these trends can be exacerbated when a circumstance, such as being the parent of an adult with a physical disability, is combined with old age. This study aimed to explore how this dual condition influences processes of aging and community participation. This work presents the findings of a phenomenological study conducted in 2025 through semi-structured interviews with a sample of 24 elderly people with children diagnosed with spina bifida. The results show that the children’s support needs, especially when they live with their parents, but also if they have become independent, impact the parents’ aging and social participation processes. Likewise, concern for the future is identified as a recurring aspect due to the children’s lack of support from a social network. It was concluded that public administrations and non-profit organizations should develop social intervention strategies aimed at promoting social participation, guaranteeing external assistance in the home, and providing coexistence resources. Full article

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive and systemic autoimmune disease, characterized by a chronic inflammatory process, affecting the lining of the synovial joints, many body organs/systems, and blood vessels. Its pathological hallmarks are hyperplasic synovium, bone erosion, and progressive joint destruction. Rheumatoid arthritis affects over 20 million people, with a worldwide prevalence of 0.5–1.0%, exhibiting gender, ethnic, and geographical differences. The progressive disability severely impairs physical motion and quality of life and is finally leading to a shortened life span. The pathogenesis of RA is a complex and still poorly understood process in which genetic and environmental factors are principally associated. Current treatment mostly relies on conventional/non-biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (cDMARDs), analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, steroids, immunosuppresants, and biologic DMARDs, which only control inflammation and pain. Along with side effects (drug toxicity and intolerance), these anti-rheumatic drugs possess limited efficacy. Therefore, the discovery of novel multi-target therapeutics with an improved safety profile that function as inhibitors of RA-linked signaling systems are in high demand, and this is in the interest of both patients and clinicians. Plant-derived extracts, nutritional supplements, dietary medicine, and molecules with anti-inflammatory activity represent promising adjuvant agents or alternatives for RA therapeutics. This review not only aims to discuss the basic features of RA pathogenesis, risk factors, and signaling pathways but also highlights the research progress in pre-clinical RA in in vitro and in vivo models, revealing new avenues in the management of the disease in terms of comprehensive multidisciplinary strategies originating from medicinal plants and plant-derived molecules. Full article

Background and Objectives: Schizophrenia is a disabling psychiatric condition, affecting around 1% of people worldwide. It has been ranked among the ten most disabling conditions globally. Alongside the psychological and social burdens imposed on individuals suffering from this disease, there are also serious complications regarding the physical health of these patients. Pneumonia is a significant cause of death in patients with schizophrenia. This group of patients also has a higher risk of developing pneumonia and all-cause mortality compared to those without schizophrenia, along with an increased overall mortality rate. A retrospective study revealed that advanced age, underweight, smoking, and the use of high-dose atypical antipsychotics increase the risk of pneumonia-related mortality in hospitalized patients. Our study aims to examine differences in factors associated with pneumonia in hospitalized patients with schizophrenia, before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to identify potential changes in clinical characteristics and outcomes. Materials and Methods: This is an observational, retrospective analysis, based on the review of medical records of psychiatric inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia according to the DSM-5 criteria. Patients were selected according to the following criteria: both schizophrenia and pneumonia diagnoses, hospitalized in Spitalul Clinic de Psihiatrie si Neurologie Brasov during 1 March 2018–1 March 2020, and 1 March 2022–1 March 2024, respectively. Results: A total of 27 patients met the inclusion criteria; 13 patients (48%) were in the pre-pandemic group and 14 patients (52%) in the post-pandemic group. Contrary to other reports, our results showed relatively low pneumonia rates in hospitalized schizophrenia patients (1.02% pre-pandemic and 1.63% post-pandemic), and rates were higher in female patients (61.54% pre-pandemic and 71.43% post-pandemic). Post-pandemic, most cases (42.86%) were registered during summer, in a schizophrenia population with mostly urban residence and with lower smoking rates than the pre-pandemic group. Physical restraints were, however, more frequently utilized in the post-pandemic group. Conclusions: Pneumonia risk factors might register a change in the post-pandemic years. Polypharmacy and physical restraints are probably underestimated risk factors for pneumonia in schizophrenia patients, while a multidisciplinary approach and preventive measures might exert a protective role. Full article

Background: The phenomenon of fear of movement is called kinesiophobia. Kinesiophobia is a significant factor that complicates the treatment process. Fear of movement and physical activity is a risk factor for the transformation of acute pain into chronic pain. Therefore, the assessment of the level of kinesiophobia is a prognostic factor for disability and mental stress, thus having a significant impact on the quality of life of people with lower back pain. One of the psychometric diagnostic tools for assessing the level of kinesiophobia is the Kinesiophobia Causes Scale (KCS). The aim of the study was to assess the reliability of the KCS test used in people suffering from chronic nonspecific lower back pain (nsLBP). Methods: The study included a group of 112 people suffering from chronic nsLBP. The subjects completed the same Polish version of the KCS questionnaire 4 weeks apart. Results: Good internal consistency was recorded for both domains—the biological and psychological one—as well as the general KCS index (Cronbach’s alpha index α from 0.8 to 0.9). Reliability was excellent for both domains (95% CI of ICC_3.1 biological domain: 0.86–0.93 and for psychological domain: 0.92–0.96) and for the total score of the Kinesiophobia Causes Scale (95% CI of ICC_3.1: 0.91–0.93). Conclusions: These results indicate very good measurement reliability of the Polish version of the KCS questionnaire among people suffering from chronic nsLBP. Full article

Objectives/Background: Aarskog–Scott syndrome (AAS), also known as faciogenital dysplasia, is a rare X-linked genetic disorder primarily characterized by its diverse physical manifestations. Previous evidence suggests a potential association between AAS and neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods: This case study presents a male adolescent with ASD and a novel genetic variant in FGD1 underlying AAS. We conducted comprehensive clinical, genetic, and behavioral assessments to characterize the neurodevelopmental presentation. Moreover, we examined the existing literature on AAS and comorbid neurodevelopmental disorders. Results: The patient demonstrated features consistent with both AAS and ASD, presenting with characteristic physical features of AAS and meeting diagnostic criteria for ASD on both ADI-R and ADOS-2. Cognitive assessment revealed above-average nonverbal IQ (Leiter-3, NVIQ = 115), while adaptive functioning was notably impaired (Vineland composite score = 65). Executive function deficits were identified through several assessments, though ADHD diagnostic criteria were not met. The literature review considered 64 studies, including 151 individuals with AAS. ASD was observed in 4.0%, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in 10.6%, and Intellectual Disability (ID) in 14.2% of cases. Conclusions: The combination of ASD with preserved nonverbal intelligence but impaired adaptive functioning in this AAS case demonstrates the complex neurodevelopmental manifestations possible in this rare genetic condition. The prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders among people with AAS may be higher than their prevalence in the general population. However, a comprehensive assessment of developmental progress was rarely performed in previous studies, which may lead to systematic underestimation of co-occurring neurodevelopmental difficulties in AAS. Full article

Wheelchair basketball (WB) grants important benefits for people with disabilities but also presents a relevant risk of injury. Wheelchair straps are restraint devices that can improve safety and performance, but limited research has explored their use in WB. This study aims to analyze the use of different types of straps among professional WB players, according to classification score. A cross-sectional study was conducted through an online survey. Participants were divided into two groups based on classification score: low-point players (LPPs; 1.0–2.5), who have greater physical impairment, and high-point players (HPPs; 3.0–4.5), who have lower physical impairment. A total of 82 WB players participated (43 LPPs; 39 HPPs). The Chi-squared test was used to compare variables between groups. Significant differences emerged: chest (p = 0.036), abdominal (p = 0.036), and foot (p = 0.016) straps were more frequently used by LPPs, while thigh (p = 0.020) and leg (p = 0.050) straps were more common among HPPs. No significant difference was found for pelvic strap. Straps used in WB vary with classification score, reflecting the influence of functional ability. These findings offer insights into individualized wheelchair setup and classification procedures. Further studies are needed to expand knowledge on this topic. Full article

Ageing is a global demographic trend that has increased the total prevalence of multimorbidity, disability and frailty, posing ever greater challenges for public health systems. For older people, ageing is often associated with a loss of quality of life, independence and well-being. This study analyses the role of urban gardens as spaces that promote active ageing and contribute to the physical, psychological and social well-being of older adults. Focusing on the urban areaof Valencia, this research adopts a qualitative approach based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with 15 older adults who regularly participate in urban gardens. The findings indicate that urban gardens contribute significantly to active ageing by providing opportunities for regular physical activity, emotional well-being, social engagement, and improved nutrition through the cultivation of food by the participants themselves. These spaces also enhance autonomy, stimulate cognitive functions, elevate mood, and offer a renewed sense of purpose following retirement. Moreover, urban gardens serve as inclusive environments that promote intergenerational interaction and reinforce community bonds. As multifunctional spaces, they hold considerable potential for enhancing the quality of life among older adults and addressing key public health challenges associated with population ageing. Consequently, their integration into urban planning frameworks should be prioritised. Full article

Background/Objectives: Globally, one in eight people live with a mental disorder, with depression being a leading cause of disability. This study aimed to identify sociodemographic factors associated with public belief and perception of mental disorders among adults in Poland. Methods: A cross-sectional study with a self-prepared questionnaire (5-point Likert scale) was administered to a nationally representative quota sample of 1114 Polish adults (March 2025). The computer-assisted web interview (CAWI) method was applied. Results: A cross-sectional survey of 1114 adults found that 23.2% had visited psychiatrists, 15.9% psychotherapists, and 21.1% reported a family history of mental disorders. Most respondents (73.8%) believed employers are reluctant to hire individuals with mental disorders, and 53.8% perceived discrimination. Additionally, 19.4% thought mental health patients receive lower-quality care than those with physical illnesses like diabetes. Respondents from large cities (≥500,000 residents, aOR: 1.67; 95%CI: 1.11–2.51; p = 0.01), with higher education (aOR: 1.62; 95%CI: 1.26–2.07; p < 0.001), or a family history of mental disorders (p < 0.05) were more likely to hold this view. Higher education (aOR: 1.47; 95%CI: 1.11–1.94; p = 0.01), good economic status (aOR: 1.60; 1.06–2.40; p = 0.02), and personal psychiatric experience (aOR: 1.89; 95%CI: 1.24–2.87; p = 0.003) increased belief in treatment effectiveness. Males (aOR: 1.88; 95%CI: 1.36–2.61; p < 0.001) and medium-city residents (aOR: 1.82; 95%CI: 1.01–3.27; p = 0.04) more often perceived mental disorders as a sign of weakness, while women (aOR: 1.74; 95%CI: 1.36–2.22; p < 0.001) and those with affected relatives (p < 0.05) more frequently reported discrimination. Older respondents (p < 0.05), those with higher education (aOR: 1.65), and individuals with a family history of mental disorders (p < 0.05) were more likely to state that employers fear hiring people with psychiatric conditions. Conclusions: These findings underscore the need for public health interventions to reduce stigma, improve awareness, and address misconceptions about mental disorders in Poland. Full article

Background/Objectives: The presence of Ehlers–Danlos Syndromes (EDSs) has significant effects on overall health and results in varying levels of pain and disability. The effects of sleep are not well documented in this population. The purpose of this study is to report the sleep characteristics of people with EDS. Methods: An electronic survey regarding sleep characteristics was created and distributed through the EDS website. Results: Sleep disturbance is common in people with EDS, with 65.3% of respondents sleeping fewer than 8 h and 26.2% averaging fewer than 6 h. Those who slept fewer than 6 h reported more days of poor mental and physical health days. Sleep aids were commonly used with 41.40% of patients regularly taking prescription medication to get to sleep. Sleep latency of greater than 30 min was also found in 67.5% of subjects. Conclusions: The results demonstrate an association between people with EDS and poorer sleep duration, increased sleep latency, and increased use of sleep aids including prescription sleep medication compared to the general population. While more research needs to be completed in this area, sleep may be an important aspect to address in the management of EDS. Full article

Inclusive Education emphasizes equal opportunities for all students by reducing or eliminating barriers that hinder participation and learning, encompassing cultural, social, practical, and political dimensions. In this context, the development of positive attitudes towards disability is a key component for the success of inclusive educational practices, particularly in adapted physical education. Following a prior analysis of the impact of academic curricula on attitudes toward disability, the need to implement training programs focused on attitudes toward disability becomes evident. The aim of this study is to analyze how a training program, with a specific focus on attitudes toward disability, affect the attitudes among university students. A quasi-experimental approach with a control group was employed to evaluate the impact of the training. A total of 137 University students from Extremadura, across Physical Activity and Sport Science and Early Childhood Education programs within the same educational department, participated in this study. The Spanish Attitudes Toward People with Disabilities Scale for Professionals was administered to students at the beginning, after the theoretical intervention, and after having a guided contact with people with disability. Results revealed improvements in attitudes in the social relationships and normalized life dimensions, as well as in the total score, particularly among students from Early Childhood Education. No significant changes were observed in the intervention program dimension. Within-group analysis indicated significant longitudinal improvements in normalized life for both experimental groups, Sports Science and Early Childhood Education students, and in the total score for Early Childhood Education students by the end of the intervention. These findings highlight the importance of targeted training interventions in promoting inclusive attitudes, especially when direct contact with individuals with disabilities is incorporated. Full article

Across the globe, many animals with disabilities live in zoos and aquariums, yet these institutions often face difficult questions about how to share those stories with the public in a way that raises awareness and minimizes concern about the animals’ well-being. This study explored whether anthropomorphic narrative signage could help visitors form meaningful emotional connections with these animals and, in doing so, encourage greater understanding and support for people with disabilities. Drawing on ideas from contact and transfer theories, we conducted observational research in zoo settings, comparing visitor reactions to no signage, detailed signage, and simple signage. We found that simple signage resulted in fewer negative comments, fewer questions about the animal’s health, and less frustration directed at the organization. In a related survey experiment, participants who saw a photo and brief story about an animal with a disability were more likely to express empathy and hold more positive views toward both animals and people with disabilities. These findings highlight the power of accessible messaging in informal learning spaces to reduce stigma and promote inclusion. The project was led by a diverse, interdisciplinary team of zoo professionals and disability scholars, most of whom bring personal experience with physical or cognitive disabilities to the work. Full article

Physical accessibility is a human right constituted in legal regulations, which mandates guaranteeing inclusive and equitable spaces in higher education, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals, especially with goal 4, which guarantees inclusive and equitable quality education, goal 10, which aims to reduce inequalities by promoting the inclusion of people with disabilities, and goal 11 which seeks to create sustainable and accessible environments. University centers must adhere to the strict principles of universal accessibility to ensure that all individuals, regardless of their abilities, can navigate and use their facilities independently and safely. In this context, the objective of this article is to evaluate the physical accessibility of an Ecuadorian university’s campus, identifying barriers that limit the full inclusion of university students with disabilities. For this purpose, an ad hoc instrument was applied based on the guidelines of national and international regulations on accessibility. The evaluation was conducted in one of the buildings with the highest student concentrations in Quito, Ecuador. It is concluded that the campus has made significant progress in implementing accessibility, although it is necessary to make important changes, as almost half of the evaluated elements are barely accessible. Full article

Introduction: People with disabilities are characterized by suboptimal health and lower self-rating health. Their need for health care is greater, they often have a higher prevalence of health problems and they have more difficulty accessing health care. The aim of this study was to assess the health behaviors and health indicators of 12–18-year-old young people with intellectual disabilities and autism spectrum disorder, and to explore their school-related perceptions in the Northern Great Plain region of Hungary. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted with the participation of 185 young people. A custom questionnaire was used, based on the Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey, assessing eating habits, oral care, physical activity, mental well-being, and self-reported health status. The sample was categorized into three groups: the ID1 (Intellectual Disability level 1) group, encompassing young individuals with mild intellectual disability; the ID2 group, encompassing young people with moderate intellectual disability; and the ID+ASD group, encompassing young individuals affected by both intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. Results: Consumption of various food types was below optimal levels. Low intake of fruits and vegetables was common, with only 21.6% of the respondents consuming fruit daily and 23.8% consuming vegetables daily. ID1 group reported significantly higher rates of nervousness several times a week (17.8% vs. 5.6% and 6.9%, p < 0.001), sleep difficulties (28.8% vs. 7.4% and 15.5%, p = 0.032), and dizziness (9.6% vs. 1.9% and 3.4%, p = 0.022) compared to the other two groups. A third school-related factor, related to negative emotions, showed a near-significant difference (p = 0.064), suggesting that students with both autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability perceive lower levels of acceptance from teachers. On school-free days, computer usage was significantly highest in the ID+ASD group; 50% of them used a computer for at least 4 h per day. Conclusions: To improve mental well-being among affected children, psychological support and the implementation of mental health programs are recommended. In addition to teaching stress management techniques and coping mechanisms, integrating relaxation techniques into comprehensive developmental programs—both individually and in groups—is advised. For teachers, it is recommended to acquire disability-specific communication strategies. Full article

Independent living is a central goal for people with disabilities, and the accessibility of the home environment plays a key role in achieving it. In particular, circulation areas within the household are essential to ensure autonomous and safe mobility. Although regulations guide the design of accessible housing, they do not always account for the specific needs of users. This study proposes a method for evaluating the design of universally accessible housing (UAH) through virtual reality simulations, with an emphasis on circulation areas. The Design Science Research Methodology (DSRM) was used to structure the study, guiding the development of an immersive virtual environment that integrates a housing model designed according to physical accessibility standards established by Chilean regulations. The simulation recreated everyday situations related to independent living, assessing indicators such as collisions with environmental elements, the time required to perform specific tasks, and the difficulty of maneuvering a wheelchair. The results show that the use of virtual reality enables the early identification of accessibility barriers from the end-user perspective, allowing design adjustments before construction and contributing to more inclusive and user-centered planning. Full article