Search Results (24)

Background/Aim: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of oxygen-based adjunct therapies in patients with periodontitis, including ozone therapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and local oxygen delivery, as adjuncts to subgingival instrumentation. These interventions have been proposed to counteract tissue hypoxia and inflammation, which sustain an environment favorable to anaerobic pathogens in periodontitis. Methods: An electronic search was conducted in MEDLINE PubMed, the Cochrane Library, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and SciELO. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2. Standardized mean difference was calculated for gains in clinical attachment level, and a random effects model was applied due to high variability. Results: The meta-analysis of adjunct ozone therapies presented a pooled standardized mean difference of 0.53 (95% CI [−0.14, 1.19]), indicating a clinically relevant medium effect in favor of ozone therapies, though this effect was not statistically significant and substantial heterogeneity was observed (I² = 70%, p < 0.01). Meta-analysis was restricted to adjunct ozone therapies due to the limited availability of qualifying studies for hyperbaric oxygen therapy and local oxygen therapies. Conclusions: While the medium effect size in favor of ozone therapies could be clinically relevant, the statistical non-significance underscores the need for more evidence before widespread adoption. Individual studies reported significant benefits for adjunct HBOT and ozonated olive oil, but comparison between oxygen delivery modes was not possible due to heterogeneous protocols. Full article

Background/Objectives: Wound management remains a clinical challenge, particularly in chronic and refractory conditions. Ozone, due to its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and tissue-regenerative properties, has emerged as promising adjuvant therapy. This integrative re-view aimed to critically analyze the therapeutic effects, routes of administration, benefits, and limitations of ozone in wound treatment. Methods: The review followed the Joanna Briggs In-stitute methodology and the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Studies were identified through compre-hensive search in the SCOPUS, CINAHL Ultimate, MEDLINE Ultimate, and MedicLatina data-bases, with no time restrictions. Inclusion criteria encompassed primary studies involving adults (≥18 years) with wounds treated with ozone. The methodological quality of the selected studies was assessed using the tools recommended by JBI. Results: Nine reports published between 2019 and 2025 met the inclusion criteria. The findings consistently demonstrated clinical benefits of ozone therapy, including accelerated wound healing, pain reduction, and infection control. The forms of application included ozonated water, ozonated olive oil, and gaseous ozone. However, heterogeneity was observed in ozone concentration, frequency, and treatment duration. The methodological quality of the included studies ranged from moderate to high. Conclusions: The available evidence indicates that ozone may represent promising adjuvant treatment for certain types of wounds; however, the quality and independence of the existing studies are limited, and the lack of standardized protocols as well as methodological variability restrict the generalizability of the findings. Therefore, more robust clinical trials are needed to strengthen the evidence base and support its clinical implementation. Full article

The search for broad-spectrum antimicrobial products that do not generate resistance upon multiple applications has led to increased scientific and clinical interest in ozonated oils. The aim of this preliminary study was to evaluate the physico-chemical structure and antimicrobial properties of 1–12 h ozonated extra virgin olive oil produced in a veterinary clinic with a medical-grade generator. Prolonging the ozonation time causes a decrease in the iodine index, followed by significant increases in viscosity, acidity index, and peroxide values (p < 0.001). Other similar studies using industrial generators obtained satisfactory clinical results at peroxide values between 335 and 3590 mEq O₂/Kg. Contrary to these established minimum thresholds, we found that ozonated olive oil with a peroxide index of 184 and 224 mEq O₂/Kg exhibits fungicidal and bactericidal effects, demonstrating significant differences (p < 0.05) between tested and control samples for strains such as Staphylococcus aureus, E. faecalis, and E. coli. The 12 h ozonated oil showed itself to be efficient in the treatment of a 3-year-old cat presenting a chronic infected wound. The results encourage more detailed investigations of the antimicrobial effect of ozonated oils obtained with medical-grade generators and their evaluation on bacterial strains isolated from different individuals, followed by clinical evaluations and standardization. Full article

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the clinical and microbiological efficacy of a novel Activated Ozonated Extra-Virgin Olive Oil (AOEOO) gel as a topical adjunct in the treatment of periodontal pockets. Methods: In this double-blind, randomized clinical trial, patients diagnosed with stage II–IV periodontitis received either scaling and root planing (SRP) and placebo gel or SRP combined with subgingival AOEOO gel application (test group). Periodontal indices—probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI), and bleeding on probing (BOP)—were measured at baseline, 3, and 6 months. Microbiological analysis using real-time PCR quantified six key periodontal pathogens at baseline and after 6 months. Results: AOEOO-treated patients showed significantly greater improvements in PPD, CAL, PI, and BOP at both 3 and 6 months compared to the placebo group (p < 0.05). Also, microbiologically, the AOEOO group exhibited a significant reduction in total bacterial load and in all target pathogens, with reductions ranging from 63.8% to 98.7% (p < 0.05). No adverse effects were reported. Conclusions: The adjunctive use of AOEOO gel significantly improved periodontal outcomes and reduced pathogenic bacterial load, supporting its potential role as a safe and effective supportive treatment in periodontitis management. Full article

Staining removal is an issue of interest in dentistry. Current treatments deal with staining removal on enamel, while few studies concentrate on resin composites. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the efficacy in staining removal of an ozonated gel on dental composites. The study sample consisted of 40 specimens of restorative composites: 20 specimens were stained for 1 day in tea solution (tea group) and 20 specimens were stained for 1 day in physiological solution (NaCl group). Both the tea and NaCl groups underwent the experimental treatment as follows: five specimens underwent ozonized gel application, five specimens underwent an ozonized spray, five specimens underwent an application of olive oil, and five specimens were not treated. A colorimetric evaluation was performed with a spectrophotometer, using CIEDE2000 data elaboration at the baseline (T0), after staining (T1), and after staining removal (T2). In the T0–T1 time frame, significantly different color changes (ΔE₀₀) were found between tea groups and NaCl groups (p < 0.05), except for control groups (p > 0.05). After staining removal in the T1–T2 period, no significant differences in ΔE₀₀ were found (p > 0.05). Higher values were found for groups treated with ozonized gel, denoting a stain removal effect. The groups treated with olive oil, instead, exhibited higher ΔE₀₀ values, showing a greater staining effect. In conclusion, the ozonized gel tested showed staining removal activity on restorative resin composites. Future clinical applications are required to validate the in vitro results obtained. Full article

Many ozone-based products that promote the healing process of wounds have been released in recent years. In this study, we evaluate a new spray dressing preparation based on stable ozonides with Vitamin E Acetate in children operated for distal hypospadias. Methods: We included all patients with distal hypospadias, who underwent Tubularized Incised Plate Urethroplasty (TIPU) over a 12-month period. The patients were randomized in two groups according to the type of medication: ozonide spray with Vitamin E Acetate (G1); hyaluronic acid cream (G2). After discharge, parents changed the dressing twice a day for 2–3 weeks postoperatively. The patients were evaluated at 7, 14, 21, 30, 60, and 180 postoperative days and thereafter annually. At the end of the treatment, we submitted a satisfaction questionnaire to parents. Results: Eighty-six patients (median age 18 months) were included. The wound healing was significantly faster in G1 compared with G2 (p = 0.001). No adverse skin reactions occurred in either group. Foreskin dehiscence and re-operation rates were lower in G1. Postoperative foreskin retractability was better in G1, with a significantly higher incidence of secondary phimosis in G2. The median treatment costs were significantly lower in G1 compared with G2 (p = 0.001). Group 1 found the spray dressing easy to use, improving patient management and adherence. Conclusions: The new preparation of ozonide-based product adopted promoted faster wound healing compared to conventional dressing. Furthermore, this spray preparation is easy to apply, economical, and simpler to preserve. This is better for parents who do not have to touch the wound to apply the product. Full article

Ozonated olive oils have emerged as a promising alternative for natural antimicrobial agents in the food industry due to their potential to inhibit microbial growth. However, the stability and effectiveness of these oils under different storage conditions has not been thoroughly explored. This study examines the changes in the physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity of ozonated virgin olive oil (VOO) and pomace olive oil (POO), stored at 4 °C and 20 °C for 6 months. The peroxide index (PI), acidity index (AI), iodine value (IV), and viscosity (V) were analyzed, along with their antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (STCC 45), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (STCC109), and Staphylococcus aureus (STCC 239). The results showed that both oils underwent changes in their physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity over time. The PI initially increased up to day 30, with VOO reaching a peak value of 741.44 ± 32.16 meq O₂/kg and POO reaching 1067.23 ± 56.56 meq O₂/kg, but after this point, it began to decrease in both oils and at both temperatures (4 °C and 20 °C). The acidity index (AI) increased over time, particularly in POO, which reached a final value of 6.32 ± 0.14 mg KOH/g. Both oils showed a reduction in iodine value (IV), and an increase in viscosity (V) over time. In terms of antimicrobial activity, P. aeruginosa remained stable with an average inhibition zone of 9.41 ± 0.23 mm, while E. coli showed the greatest increase in activity over time, reaching 21.31 ± 4.01 mm in POO at 20 °C. On the other hand, S. aureus exhibited the highest average antimicrobial activity, with a mean inhibition diameter of 14.49 ± 0.36 mm, and the largest inhibition zone of Ø = 18.97 ± 1.46 mm observed after 180 days of storage. A Spearman correlation analysis revealed a strong positive relationship (ρ > 0.85, p < 0.05) among PI, AI, and the antimicrobial activity with storage duration. This study provides novel insights into the stability of ozonated oils, offering valuable perspectives for their application in the food industry, especially using pomace olive oil, a key by-product in olive oil production. Full article

The growing emergence of resistance mechanisms and side effects associated with antifungal agents highlight the need for alternative therapies. This study aims to investigate the antifungal potential of ozonated extra-virgin olive oil (EOO) against Candida albicans, with the goal of developing eco-friendly and highly effective treatments based on natural products. Antifungal activity was evaluated via cell viability and biofilm formation assays using Crystal Violet and Sytox green staining. The results showed that EOO reduced C. albicans viability in a dose-dependent manner, achieving over 90% cell death at a 3% (v/v) concentration. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) revealed cell wall structural damage, and ROS levels increased by approximately 60% compared to untreated controls within 10 min of treatment. Additionally, the expression of autophagy-related genes atg-7 and atg-13was upregulated by 2- and 3.5-fold, respectively, after 15 min, suggesting a stress-induced cell death response. EOO also significantly inhibited hyphal formation and biofilm development, thus reducing C. albicans pathogenicity while preserving cell biocompatibility. EOO antifungal activity was also observed in the case of Candida glabrata. In conclusion, ozonated olive oil demonstrates potent antifungal activity against C. albicans by reducing cell viability, inhibiting hyphal and biofilm formation, and triggering oxidative stress and autophagy pathways. These findings position EOO as a promising alternative therapy for fungal infections. Full article

Infectious skin diseases are quite common in veterinary medicine. These diseases can be caused by both bacteria and pathogenic fungi. Antimicrobial drugs are usually used for treatment. An alternative to these drugs could be ozonated oils with antibacterial and antifungal properties. Four different ozonated oils (linseed, hemp seed, sunflower, and olive) were tested in order to develop an optimal pharmaceutical form for the treatment of skin infections in animals. Chemical parameters such as acid and acidity value, iodine and peroxide value, viscosity, and infrared spectres were analysed. The ozonation of oils resulted in changes in their chemical composition. The antimicrobial activity of the tested oils was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations and zones of inhibition in agar. After ozonation, the acid content increased in all the tested oils. The highest acidity was found in linseed oil (13.00 ± 0.11 mg KOH/g; 6.1%). Hemp oil, whose acidity was also significant (second only to linseed oil), was the least acidified by ozonation (11.45 ± 0.09 mg KOH/g; 5.75%). After ozonation, the iodine value in oils was significantly reduced (45–93%), and the highest amounts of iodine value remained in linseed (47.50 ± 11.94 g Iodine/100 g oil) and hemp (44.77 ± 1.41 Iodine/100 g oil) oils. The highest number of peroxides after the ozonation of oils was found in sunflower oil (382 ± 9.8 meqO₂/kg). It was found that ozonated hemp and linseed oils do not solidify and remain in liquid form when the temperature drops. The results showed a tendency for the reference strains of S. aureus, E. faecalis, and E. coli to have broader zones of inhibition (p < 0.001) than clinical strains. Overall, ozonated linseed oil had the highest antibacterial activity, and ozonated olive oil had the lowest, as determined by both methods. It was found that ozonated linseed oil was the most effective on bacteria, while the most sensitive were S. aureus ATCC 25923, MRSA, and S. pseudointermedius (MIC 13.5 mg/mL, 4.6 mg/mL, and 13.5 mg/mL, respectively, and sterile zones 20.67 ± 0.98 mm, 20.25 ± 0.45 mm, and 18.25 ± 0.45 mm, respectively). The aim and new aspect of this work is the characterisation of selected ozonated vegetable oils, especially hemp oil, according to chemical and antibacterial parameters, in order to select suitable candidates for preclinical and clinical animal studies in the treatment of bacterial or fungal skin infections in terms of safety and efficacy. Full article

Frequent colonization and bacterial infection of skin wounds in small animals prevent or impair their healing. However, the broadly applied antimicrobial therapy of wounds is not always necessary and promotes the spread of bacterial resistance. Thus, alternatives to antimicrobial therapy, including preventive measures in the form of wound dressings with antibiotic properties, should be searched for. The aim of this study was to develop a new, efficient, cost-effective and non-toxic formulation with antimicrobial properties to serve as an alternative to antibiotic administration in wound-healing stimulation in companion animals. Nano/microencapsulated ozonated olive oil in a hyaluronan matrix was developed, with ozone concentration high enough to prevent bacterial growth. The presence and size of nano- and microcapsules were determined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Antibacterial activity of developed formulations was examined in vitro on 101 Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria isolated from the wounds of companion animals. The highest ozone concentration in the developed formulations inhibited the growth of 40.59% bacteria. Species and genus-specific differences in reactions were observed. Enterococcus spp. proved the least susceptible while non-pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria were the most susceptible to the examined formulations. Changes in the bacterial morphology and cell structure of Psychrobacter sanguinis suspension mixed with Ca-stabilized formulations with nano/microencapsulated ozonized olive oil were revealed during SEM observations. The combination of compounds that promote wound healing (hyaluronic acid, olive oil, ozone and calcium) with the antibacterial activity of the developed formula makes it a promising bionanocomposite for use as a topical dressing. Full article

Drug resistance represents one of the great plagues of our time worldwide. This largely limits the treatment of common infections and requires the development of new antibiotics or other alternative approaches. Noteworthy, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics is mostly responsible for the selection of mutations that confer drug resistance to microbes. In this regard, recently, ozone has been raising interest for its unique biological properties when dissolved in natural oils. Ozonated oils have been reported to act in a non-specific way on microorganisms hindering the acquisition of advantageous mutations that result in resistance. Here, we focused on the antimicrobial effect of two commercial olive (OOO) and sunflower seeds (OSO) oils. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and thermal analysis showed the change in the chemical composition of the oils after ozonation treatment. Different ozonated oil concentrations were then used to evaluate their antimicrobial profile against Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli by agar diffusion and broth dilution methods. Cytotoxicity was also evaluated in keratinocytes and epithelial cells. Overall, our results revealed that both OOO and OSO showed a potent microbicidal effect, especially against C. albicans (IC50 = OOO: 0.3 mg/mL and OSO: 0.2 mg/mL) and E. faecalis (IC50 = OOO: 0.4 mg/mL and OSO: 2.8 mg/mL) albeit exerting a certain effect also against S. aureus and E. coli. Moreover, both OOO and OSO do not yield any relevant cytotoxic effect at the active concentrations in both cell lines. This indicates that the ozonated oils studied are not toxic for mammalian cells despite exerting a potent antimicrobial effect on specific microorganisms. Therefore, OOO and OSO may be considered to integrate standard therapies in the treatment of common infections, likely overcoming drug resistance issues. Full article

The purpose of this study was to develop and characterise bionanocomposites based on chitosan (CHIT) and alginate (ALG) in two series, which were subsequently functionalised with emulsions based on a combination of water, oil, ozonated oil and hibiscus flower extracts. The structure and morphology of the materials produced were characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and ultraviolet and visible light (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy, along with a surface colour analysis and the determination of the mechanical and thermal properties of the resulting composites. Functionalisation did affect the analysed composite parameters. The FTIR spectra indicated that the polysaccharide matrix components were compatible. The SEM images also confirmed the presence of nano/microcapsules in the polysaccharide matrix. The obtained results indicate that the order of adding polysaccharides has a significant impact on the encapsulation capacity. The encapsulation resulted in the improved thermal stability of the composites. The emissions analysis showed that the composites containing nano/microcapsules are characterised by a higher emission intensity and are sensitive to acid or base changes. Significant differences in emission intensity were observed even at low concentrations of acids and bases. A drop in the mechanical properties was observed following functionalisation. The results of this study suggest that these bionanocomposites can be used as active and/or smart packaging materials. Full article

(1) Background: Currently, more and more studies reveal the fact that the use of ozonated oil in dentistry brings visible benefits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ozonated olive oil by evaluating daily index changes (2) Methods: The available products were used in this study: ozonized olive oil (Ozon Relive) and organic cold-pressed extra virgin olive oil. At the start of the study, all mouthwashes are placed in the same type of containers and labeled with numbers from 1 to 20. The recommended dose is one teaspoon of oil, about 6 mL per day. (3) Results: Ozonated oil (Group 1) and olive oil (Group 2) groups showed statistically significant differences to oral indices (p < 0.001 in both). (4) Conclusions: The results suggested that ozonized olive oil can be fully included among the products able to assist in controlling the causative factors of gingivitis while reducing its clinical manifestations. Full article

Hydrogels, based on natural polymers, such as hyaluronic acid, are gaining an increasing popularity because of their biological activity. The antibacterial effect of ozone is widely known and used, but the instability the gas causes, severely limits its application. Ozone entrapment in olive oil by its reaction with an unsaturated bond, allows for the formation of stable, therapeutically active ozone derivatives. In this study, we obtained an innovative hydrogel, based on hyaluronic acid containing micro/nanocapsules of ozonated olive oil. By combination of the biocompatible polymer with a high regenerative capacity and biologically active ingredients, we obtained a hydrogel with regenerative properties and a very weak inhibitory effect against both bacterial commensal skin microbiota and pathogenic Candida-like yeasts. We assessed the stability and rheological properties of the gel, determined the morphology of the composite, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and particle size by the dynamic light scattering (DLS) method. We also performed Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy. The functional properties, including the antimicrobial potential were assessed by the microbiological analysis and in vitro testing on the HaCat human keratinocyte cell line. The studies proved that the obtained emulsions were rheologically stable, exhibited an antimicrobial effect and did not show cytotoxicity in the HaCat keratinocyte model. Full article

Background: Sequential chemical application for irrigating a root canal during chemomechanical debridement can affect the dentin microstructure. Understanding the effects of various irrigants on chemical properties of dentin can elucidate their effects on physical properties and thereby explain the higher incidence of structural failure in endodontically treated teeth. This in vitro research aimed to compare and evaluate the effects of three different irrigating solutions on the chemical structure of root canal dentin in extracted human teeth. Methods: Forty-eight extracted single-rooted mandibular premolar teeth were sectioned at the cemento–enamel junction by a diamond disc and were then randomly assigned to four groups of twelve samples each. The groups were irrigated using 5.25% NaOCl, ozonated olive oil, silver citrate, or distilled water. Dentin sections measuring 1.5 mm were obtained from the root portion and each section and were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). FTIR and EDS values are reported as means ± standard deviations. Data were analyzed using an ANOVA and a post hoc Bonferroni test (p < 0.05). Results: A comparison of the FTIR and EDS values among the groups using ANOVA revealed statistically significant differences in the organic and inorganic peak values among the groups. An intergroup comparison between NaOCl with silver citrate and ozonated olive oil revealed significant reductions in the carbonate and phosphate peak values in the NaOCl group (p < 0.05). The EDS values tabulated for the carbon, oxygen, phosphorous, and calcium peak levels showed significant differences between the groups using an ANOVA. An SEM analysis was conducted under 1500× magnification, which revealed smear layer removal in the silver citrate group. Conclusions: The silver citrate solution and the ozonated olive oil caused less changes in the organic and mineral contents of dentin than sodium hypochlorite. Full article