Search Results (2,487)

Understanding how sensory preferences shape the acceptance of nutrient-dense foods is essential for improving prenatal nutrition. This exploratory study examined taste, smell, texture, appearance, and enjoyment factors influencing food acceptability among (n = 21) African American pregnant women, examining how determinants must be met for consumption. We administered surveys to identify preferred foods and analyzed the nutrient quantity of vitamin A, B vitamins, vitamin D, iodine, iron, calcium, magnesium, selenium, and omega-3 fatty acids in each food, given their influence on prenatal health. Nutrient-dense, anti-inflammatory foods were identified by ranking preferred foods by nutrients and selecting those that consistently ranked as top contributors. Focus groups further explored conditions that promote or hinder intake, and content analysis was conducted using NVivo. Preferred nutrient-dense, anti-inflammatory foods included cashews, peanuts, almonds, pistachios, black-eyed peas, pinto beans, salmon, carrots, red bell peppers, and spinach. Participants cited low acceptance due to allergies, undesirable textures (“dry” or “slimy”), unpleasant taste or appearance, a lack of cravings, preference for alternatives, unenjoyable preparation methods, and foods perceived as “display-only.” High acceptance was linked to appealing taste and texture, flexible preparation options, and perceived health benefits. These considerations suggest that taste, texture, appearance, and enjoyment are important considerations for prenatal food intake. Full article

Sarcopenia is an age-related progressive decline in skeletal muscle mass, strength, and physical performance that increases the risk of falls, disability, and reduced quality of life among older adults. Its pathogenesis is multifactorial and involves chronic low-grade inflammation, hormonal disturbances, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to an imbalance between muscle protein synthesis and degradation. The aim of this study was to summarise current knowledge regarding the mechanisms underlying sarcopenia, contemporary diagnostic methods, and the effectiveness of modern nutritional and exercise-based strategies, with particular emphasis on technologies supporting patient monitoring. This study is a structured narrative review conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, with the literature search completed on 1 March 2026. Separate searches were performed for thematic sections, including pathophysiology, diagnosis, physical activity, nutritional interventions, plant-derived compounds, and digital health technologies. While the core search focused on publications from 2023–2025, specific time-bound deviations were applied: the search for plant-derived compounds was extended back to 2020, and combined interventions were searched up to March 2026 to ensure the inclusion of the most recent evidence. The review included 53 peer-reviewed primary studies (RCTs and observational) and secondary literature (reviews and meta-analyses) involving individuals aged ≥60 years. The most robust evidence supports multicomponent interventions, particularly the synergy between resistance training and adequate protein intake (1.2–1.5 g/kg/day), often supplemented with leucine, vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, and creatine. Such strategies effectively counteract anabolic resistance by combining mechanical loading with the stimulation of the mTORC1 signalling pathway, leading to significant improvements in muscle mass, strength, and physical function. While isolated protein or micronutrient supplementation shows limited effectiveness in the absence of exercise, their role as supportive elements in multimodal strategies is well-documented. Furthermore, emerging digital health technologies—including wearable sensors and telerehabilitation—are proving essential for clinical practice, enabling precise, continuous monitoring of physical activity and gait parameters under free-living conditions, which enhances both patient adherence and long-term therapeutic outcomes. Full article

Background/Objectives: Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, and surgical resection is the primary curative treatment for patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients undergoing lung cancer surgery are frequently affected by malnutrition, systemic inflammation, sarcopenia, and cancer-related cachexia, which may adversely affect postoperative recovery and clinical outcomes. Perioperative immunonutrition has been proposed as a strategy to support immune and metabolic responses associated with surgical stress. This narrative review summarizes current evidence regarding the role of perioperative immunonutrition in patients undergoing lung cancer surgery. Methods: This narrative review summarizes current evidence regarding perioperative immunonutrition in patients undergoing lung cancer surgery. Relevant studies evaluating perioperative immunonutrition, including formulations enriched with arginine, omega-3 fatty acids, glutamine, and nucleotides, were analyzed. Particular attention was given to clinical studies in thoracic surgical oncology, perioperative outcomes, inflammatory response, and current nutritional guideline recommendations. Results: Available evidence suggests that perioperative immunonutrition may improve nutritional and immunological status in patients undergoing lung cancer surgery. Clinical studies have reported reductions in postoperative complications, shorter chest drainage duration, improved nutritional indices, and decreased inflammatory markers in patients receiving immunonutritional support. Experimental and translational studies also indicate potential beneficial effects on immune cell function and inflammatory regulation. However, current thoracic-specific evidence remains limited because of small study populations, heterogeneity of nutritional protocols, and variability in study design. Conclusions: Perioperative immunonutrition appears to be a promising adjunct to comprehensive perioperative care in patients undergoing lung cancer surgery. Although preliminary evidence suggests potential benefits in postoperative recovery and nutritional optimization, its implementation should be individualized according to the patient’s nutritional status, disease stage, and overall treatment strategy. As immunonutrition modulates metabolic and immune pathways that may also influence tumor biology, nutritional interventions should be evidence-based, carefully monitored, and integrated within multidisciplinary perioperative care to maximize clinical benefits while minimizing potential unintended effects. Further large, well-designed randomized clinical trials are needed to establish standardized protocols and clarify the role of immunonutrition in thoracic surgical oncology. Full article

Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) are endogenous lipid mediators that actively orchestrate the resolution of inflammation rather than relying solely on broad suppression of inflammatory signaling. At the ocular surface, lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, maresins, and related pro-resolving mediators regulate epithelial repair, leukocyte responses, angiogenesis, conjunctival goblet-cell secretion, tear-film homeostasis, and corneal nerve regeneration. This review synthesizes evidence for local SPM biosynthesis and receptor signaling in the cornea and conjunctiva, together with tear lipid mediator profiling, with emphasis on anterior-segment and ocular-surface disease models. Particular attention is given to the endogenous lipoxin A4 circuit, resolvin-mediated control of corneal inflammation and viral keratitis, docosanoid regulation of corneal nerve regeneration, SPM modulation of conjunctival goblet-cell mucin secretion, tear lipid mediator signatures, and the translational development of resolvin E1 (RvE1)-based analogs for dry eye disease. Current evidence positions SPMs as mechanistically distinct therapeutic candidates for ocular-surface disease; however, clinical translation will require optimized delivery, biomarker-guided patient selection, and rigorous validation in disease-state cohorts. Full article

Chemotherapy is a treatment designed to contain or eradicate neoplastic cells; however, patients may experience various treatment-related adverse effects. Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment (CRCI), clinically referred to as “chemobrain,” is a frequent complication with a duration ranging from months to years, affecting between 17% and 70% of cancer patients. These cognitive deficits not only impair social, educational, and occupational functioning but may also impact survival outcomes, possibly by interfering with medication adherence and health-related behaviors. Emerging evidence has converged on an integrative cascade in which chemotherapy-induced systemic inflammation, intestinal dysbiosis, blood–brain barrier disruption, microglial/astroglial activation, and impaired hippocampal neurogenesis act in sequence rather than as independent pathways. Underlying pathophysiological mechanisms include neuroinflammation, reduced neurogenesis, loss of dendritic spines, oxidative stress, hormonal changes, epigenetic modifications, and mitochondrial dysfunction. In contrast, repair mechanisms involve complex glial responses, particularly those of astrocytes and microglia. Emerging studies suggest a link between changes in the microbiome and cognitive decline, demonstrating the importance of bidirectional communication in the gut–brain axis. Current research seeks to determine appropriate tests to identify chemobrain. Therefore, several biomarkers, such as GFAP, S100β, and isoprostanes, have been proposed to assess chemobrain, alongside screening tools such as MoCA, MMSE, and CAB-CF, to evaluate cognitive impairment and enable early detection. Pharmacological candidates—including lithium, fluoxetine, methylphenidate, modafinil, metformin, agomelatine, and melatonin—as well as nutritional and lifestyle interventions such as physical exercise, omega-3 fatty acids, curcumin, probiotics, and traditional Chinese medicine formulations—have been investigated, predominantly in animal models. These remain candidate, not validated, therapies; clinical evidence in CRCI populations is limited, heterogeneous, or absent, and well-powered randomized controlled trials are required before any recommendation can be issued. However, optimal strategies for symptom improvement remain unclear, as various approaches have yielded mixed outcomes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of chemobrain, focusing on its molecular mechanisms, interactions with the gut–brain axis, and potential therapeutic targets to improve the quality of life for cancer survivors. Full article

Pollen limitation compromises honey bee health and pollination services, and existing pollen substitutes are typically formulated around crude protein content while lacking the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids naturally present in pollen and bee-collected re-sources. To address both protein and fatty acid gaps in current substitutes, this study evaluated marine-protein and insect-larvae-based diets. We assessed how formulations using Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) and insect larvae affect the nutrition, physiology, longevity, and gut microbiota of Apis mellifera L. Newly emerged bees were fed for 35 days on: sugar syrup (negative control), sugar syrup and natural pollen (positive control), or four experimental diets: seabass-based (SB), or SB supplemented with meal-worm (SBM), or wax moth (SBW), or black soldier fly (SBB). Experimental diets (12.48–15.59% crude protein, vs. 17.24% in natural pollen) while SB supplied eicosapentaenoic acid (39.3–53.3 mg/100 g) and docosahexaenoic acid (37.2–52.3 mg/100 g), and SBB was additionally rich in lauric acid (604.3 mg/100 g). SBB- and SBM-fed bees exhibited the greatest hypopharyngeal gland development (0.123 mm and 0.115 mm, respectively, vs. 0.060 mm in sugar-only controls), with no significant difference from SB alone. All SB-based diets supported significantly greater survival than the sugar-only control (log-rank p < 0.0001) and did not differ significantly from the natural pollen treatment with SBB showing the highest and most consistent day-35 survival (81.1%). All sea-bass-based diets significantly altered the gut microbial community structure, promoting short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-associated bacteria such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Blautia wexlerae. This enrichment may reflect not only the omega-3 and lauric acid content of the diets but also the presence of substrates that can be utilized by gut microbes, which may exert prebiotic-like effects by favoring SCFA-producing bacteria. These results demonstrate that marine and insect-derived nutrients can supply protein while also providing beneficial lipids and microbially utilizable substrates that promote the enrichment of beneficial SCFA-associated bacteria not typically dominant in the honey bee gut. These enriched diets, particularly SBB, are promising candidates war-ranting further evaluation at the colony and field levels. Full article

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid with important health benefits. However, DHA enrichment in ruminant milk is limited by inefficient post-absorptive transport. This study evaluated whether combined supplementation of rumen-protected algae powder (RPA) and rumen-protected choline (RPC) enhances DHA enrichment in goat milk. Nine lactating dairy goats were assigned to three groups (n = 3/group) for 28 days: RPA alone, RPA + low-dose RPC (5 g/d), and RPA + high-dose RPC (10 g/d). Milk DHA content, bioconversion efficiency, serum biochemical parameters, and lipid profiles were analyzed. Compared with RPA alone, low- and high-dose RPC increased milk DHA content to 27.98 and 33.50 mg/100 mL, respectively, representing increases of 23.0% and 47.3%, and enhanced DHA bioconversion efficiency to 20.66% and 24.29% compared with 16.86% in the RPA group. RPC supplementation increased serum VLDL and triglyceride concentrations, and lipidomics revealed increased DHA-containing triglycerides (TG-DHA). These findings suggest that RPC may enhance DHA enrichment in goat milk by promoting VLDL-mediated DHA transport. Further studies with larger animal populations are required to confirm these effects. These findings contribute to a better understanding of nutritional regulation of DHA transfer and provide insights into strategies for developing DHA-enriched dairy products. Full article

Background/Objectives: Natural products derived from plants, animals, and microorganisms have long been used as nutritional supplements and are increasingly recognized for their potential role in preventing and managing human diseases. This narrative review aims to summarize current evidence on the therapeutic relevance of natural products as dietary supplements across major disease categories and to highlight their mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, and safety considerations. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using peer-reviewed articles, systematic reviews, and clinical studies focusing on natural products used as nutritional supplements in disease management. Relevant data were analyzed thematically, with emphasis on bioactive compounds, mechanisms of action, and evidence from preclinical and clinical research. Results: Natural products, particularly plant-derived polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, omega-3 fatty acids, and probiotic-derived metabolites, exhibit diverse biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antimicrobial effects. Evidence suggests potential benefits in cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity, neurodegenerative conditions, certain cancers, gastrointestinal disorders, and infectious diseases. However, clinical efficacy varies depending on compound type, dosage, and formulation. Key limitations include low bioavailability, variability in composition, and insufficient large-scale clinical trials. Safety concerns such as herb–drug interactions and lack of standardization remain significant challenges. Conclusions: Natural products as nutritional supplements represent a promising adjunct strategy in the prevention and management of various human diseases. While preclinical and early clinical evidence is encouraging, stronger clinical validation, improved standardization, and clearer regulatory frameworks are required to fully integrate these agents into evidence-based medical practice. Full article

Background/Objectives: Post-COVID follow-up may provide an opportunity to reassess persistent and modifiable cardiometabolic risk. We characterized six-month cardiometabolic and vascular trajectories after COVID-19 hospitalization and explored associations with routinely documented dietary counseling and omega-3 recommendations. Methods: This single-center retrospective longitudinal cohort included 238 adults hospitalized with COVID-19 between March 2020 and December 2024. Patients were classified according to recorded post-discharge management as usual care (n = 64), dietary management (n = 60), omega-3 supplementation (n = 59), or combined management (n = 55). Outcomes were assessed at the index visit and at visits labeled approximately three and six months later. Longitudinal changes were estimated using generalized estimating equations; six-month associations were evaluated using baseline-adjusted ANCOVA with robust standard errors and Benjamini–Hochberg correction. Results: Mean age was 54.0 ± 10.6 years, 54.6% were women, 82.4% had hypertension, 40.8% had diabetes, and mean body mass index was 33.8 ± 4.6 kg/m². At six months, endpoint-specific data were available for 182 participants for blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL-C; 180 for waist circumference; 179 for SCORE; 177 for LDL-C and bilateral carotid IMT analyses; 173 for HOMA-IR; and 164 for IL-6. Across the cohort, systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased by 7.91 and 4.75 mmHg; several lipid, anthropometric, and insulin-resistance markers also improved. No omnibus group-by-time interaction was significant. After false-discovery-rate correction, only higher six-month HDL-C in the dietary and combined-management groups versus usual care remained statistically significant; all other between-group findings were nonsignificant after correction. Conclusions: Several cardiometabolic risk markers improved during follow-up, but no recorded management category showed consistent trajectory-level superiority. Because intervention content and adherence, time-updated medication use, acute COVID-19 severity, and lifestyle changes were not captured, the comparative findings are exploratory and noncausal. The isolated HDL-C associations should not be interpreted as evidence of cardiovascular benefit. No cardiac biomarkers, echocardiographic measures, incident heart failure, or cardiovascular events were assessed. Full article

Obesity is a chronic relapsing disease associated with excess adiposity, metabolic dysfunction, low-grade inflammation, and persistent epigenetic alterations. Changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and non-coding RNAs may contribute to adipose tissue dysfunction, insulin resistance, impaired metabolic flexibility, and weight regain. This narrative review aimed to critically examine current evidence on the epigenetic effects of physical activity and epigenetically active supplements in obesity, with particular attention to their potential shared and complementary mechanisms. A focused literature search covering publications from January 2000 to May 2026 was conducted using scientific databases. The search strategy was constructed around four main thematic areas: obesity and metabolic dysfunction, physical activity and exercise interventions, bioactive supplementation, and epigenetic regulation. Current evidence indicates that physical activity is a strong epigenetic stimulus, particularly in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Exercise-induced epigenetic modifications may regulate biological pathways involved in mitochondrial function, inflammation, insulin sensitivity, and metabolic adaptation. In contrast, evidence for omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, polyphenols, and multi-ingredient anti-inflammatory supplementation is more heterogeneous and relies largely on blood-derived or systemic biomarkers. Integrated exercise–supplementation strategies are biologically plausible, but their obesity-specific epigenetic effects require confirmation in long-term, well-controlled human studies. Full article

The quality of edible oils is determined not only by the raw material, but also by the applied processing technology. Rapeseed oil is widely valued for its favorable fatty acid profile, however, the effects of combined pressing conditions and low-temperature bleaching on its lipid profile and calculated nutritional quality indices remain insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of oil production method and bleaching earth addition on the fatty acid profile, nutritional quality indices, and oxidizability-related indices of rapeseed oil from an applied food processing perspective. Rapeseed oil samples were obtained from a commercial producer using cold pressing, hot pressing, and mixed two-stage pressing. The oils were subjected to low-temperature bleaching with 1–5% bleaching earth. The fatty acid profile was determined by gas chromatography, and selected fatty acid-based indices were calculated and grouped into three categories: fatty acid class ratios, nutritional quality indices, and oxidizability-related indices. These included ratios describing the balance between omega-6 s omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (Σ PUFA n-6/n-3), unsaturated and saturated fatty acids (Σ UFA/Σ SFA), and polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids (Σ PUFA/Σ SFA). Health-oriented indices such as the Desirable Fatty Acids/Undesirable Fatty Acids ratio (Σ DFA/Σ OFA), hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (h/H), Nutritive Value Index (NVI), Atherogenic Index (AI), and Thrombogenic Index (TI), and oxidizability-related indices including the Unsaturation Index (UI), Peroxidizability Index (PI), Oxidizability Index (OI), calculated Oxidizability Value (Cox), and Oxidative Stability Index (OS). The results showed that the production method significantly influenced saturated fatty acid content and selected fatty acid-based nutritional quality indices. Cold-pressed oil was characterized by the lowest saturated fatty acid content and the most beneficial values of selected nutritional quality indices. Hot-pressed oil showed higher saturated fatty acid content and less favorable values for selected indices, whereas mixed oil generally showed values between those of cold-pressed and hot-pressed oils. However, differences in the main unsaturated fatty acid fractions were limited and, for most monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid parameters, were not statistically significant. Across all processing variants, the nutritional quality indices remained advantageous, with omega-6/omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio values of 2.1–2.4, atherogenic index values of approximately 0.04–0.05, and thrombogenic index values of approximately 0.08–0.09. Although significant interactions between production method and bleaching earth addition were observed for selected oxidizability-related indices, the magnitude of bleaching-induced changes was limited. Overall, the findings indicate that low-temperature bleaching may be applied as a mild processing step without substantially compromising the fatty acid-based quality characteristics of rapeseed oil. The study provides practical insight into the relationship between pressing technology, bleaching conditions, and lipid quality assessment in industrial rapeseed oil production. Full article

Background: This study was conducted to determine the effect of various fatty acid ratios added to diets of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) on some sperm parameters and parameters related to arginase activity. Methods: A total of 99 male rainbow trout were used in this study, with the fish averaging 3 years old. Semen was collected by abdominal massage. Four different experimental groups were created in the study: a control group without n-3 series fatty acids added to their diets, and groups with n-3 series fatty acids added at ratios of 1% (D1), 2% (D2), and 3% (D3), respectively. Results: While no significant difference in semen volume was observed between the D1 and D3 groups and the control group, semen volume was significantly higher in the D2 group. Compared with the control group, the time required for sperm motility to decline to both 50% and 0% was significantly prolonged in the D1 and D3 groups. Seminal plasma arginase activity did not differ significantly in the D2 and D3 groups compared with the control group but was significantly higher in the D1 group. Conclusions: Consequently, considering the doses used in the study, fatty acid supplementation was found to lead to changes in sperm quality parameters, specifically volume (only 2%) and arginase activity (only 1%). Given that the rate of decrease in sperm motility was later in groups D1 and D2, it was concluded that the added fatty acids may be beneficial. Full article

Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the most common causes of irreversible impairment of central vision in the elderly population. Although anti-VEGF therapy remains the standard treatment for neovascular AMD, nutritional factors may influence disease progression and retinal health. The aim of this prospective controlled study was to evaluate the effects of an individualized dietary intervention with nutraceutical characteristics on serum concentrations of lutein, zeaxanthin, lycopene, vitamin A, and vitamin E in patients with neovascular AMD receiving anti-VEGF therapy. Methods: This prospective controlled study included 43 patients with neovascular AMD who completed a six-month follow-up period. Participants were allocated to either a control group receiving anti-VEGF therapy alone or an intervention group receiving anti-VEGF therapy combined with an individualized dietary plan. The dietary intervention emphasized foods naturally rich in carotenoids, antioxidant vitamins, trace elements, dietary fiber, and omega-3 fatty acids. Serum concentrations of lutein + zeaxanthin, lycopene, vitamin A, and vitamin E were determined using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) at baseline and after six months. Results: Serum lutein + zeaxanthin concentrations increased significantly within both groups (control 0.31 ± 0.61 to 0.49 ± 0.69 mg/L; intervention 0.51 ± 0.54 to 0.87 ± 0.89 mg/L). The increase was numerically larger in the intervention group, but the between-group difference was not statistically significant after adjustment for baseline concentrations (ANCOVA, p = 0.30). Lycopene increased significantly within the intervention group only (0.20 ± 0.15 to 0.43 ± 0.30 μmol/L); the between-group difference was not significant after baseline adjustment (p = 0.24). Vitamin A increased significantly within both groups and vitamin E within the intervention group only; however, no between-group difference remained significant after baseline adjustment (vitamin A p ≈ 1.00, vitamin E p = 0.96). The greatest increase in lutein + zeaxanthin concentrations was observed among participants with improved retinal status. These descriptive findings should be interpreted cautiously because subgroup analyses were not powered. Correlation analyses performed after six months demonstrated positive associations between serum lutein + zeaxanthin, lycopene, and vitamin A concentrations. Conclusions: An individualized dietary intervention rich in naturally occurring bioactive compounds was associated with within-group improvements in serum carotenoid and antioxidant vitamin status. After adjustment for baseline values, between-group differences did not reach statistical significance, consistent with the exploratory, non-powered pilot design. These preliminary findings, including the observed effect sizes, are intended to inform the design of an adequately powered future study rather than to establish a between-group benefit of dietary management. Particularly pronounced changes were observed for lutein + zeaxanthin and lycopene concentrations. These findings support the potential role of dietary management as an adjunct to anti-VEGF therapy. However, given the nature of the study and the relatively small sample size, larger multicenter studies are needed to confirm these observations. Full article

Background/Objectives: Tendon and ligament injuries are challenging conditions because of limited vascularization, slow collagen turnover, and prolonged rehabilitation timelines. This narrative review aimed to synthesize current evidence on nutritional strategies that may support connective tissue rehabilitation and return-to-activity or return-to-sport progression. Methods: This narrative review synthesized the relevant clinical, mechanistic, and applied sports nutrition literature identified through targeted database searches and manual reference screening. Results: Adequate energy availability and protein intake emerged as foundational priorities for tissue repair, endocrine and immune function, and tolerance to progressive loading. Collagen or gelatin supplementation with vitamin C before tendon- or ligament-loading exercise may provide targeted substrate and cofactor support for collagen remodeling. Creatine may assist muscle preservation during reduced loading, while micronutrient adequacy and omega-3 fatty acids may support musculoskeletal health and inflammation resolution. Conclusions: Nutrition should be viewed as an adjunct to, rather than a replacement for, structured rehabilitation loading. Phase-specific and individualized nutritional strategies may support rehabilitation when integrated with structured loading; however, additional well-designed clinical trials are needed to determine their effects on clinically meaningful outcomes, including return-to-sport time, reinjury risk, and long-term tissue outcomes. Full article

Iron supplementation in patients with tuberculosis remains a controversial issue due to the complex role of iron in the host immune response and in the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Although supplementation may be beneficial for some patients with persistent iron deficiency, the available evidence does not support its routine use. The efficacy and safety of such an intervention appear to depend, among other factors, on the activity of the inflammatory process, the severity of iron metabolism disturbances, and the timing of supplementation initiation. Current evidence highlights the need for an individualized assessment of iron status and for further research to establish clear clinical recommendations. At the same time, growing interest has been directed toward the role of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), as potential modulators of immune and inflammatory responses in tuberculosis. EPA and DHA may influence immune cell function, cytokine production, and the formation of lipid mediators involved in the resolution of inflammation. Experimental evidence suggests that omega-3 fatty acids may reduce the severity of inflammation and infection-associated anemia; however, their effectiveness may depend on baseline fatty acid status, the stage of disease, and interactions with other nutrients, including iron. Human clinical evidence remains very limited and is currently based mainly on one small intervention study, therefore, clinical claims regarding omega-3 fatty acids supplementation should be interpreted cautiously and should not be understood as a recommendation for routine use. The aim of this review is to discuss the significance of iron metabolism and omega-3 fatty acids in tuberculosis, with particular emphasis on their roles in the regulation of inflammation, immune responses, anemia, and potential nutritional support. Current evidence underscores the need for individualized nutritional interventions and further clinical research to determine the safety, efficacy, and optimal timing of iron and omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in patients with tuberculosis. Full article