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Search Results (218)

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Keywords = odorous emissions

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15 pages, 961 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Chemical Composition and Odor Characteristics in Particleboards Decorated by Resin-Impregnated Paper, Polypropylene Film and Polyvinyl Chloride Film
by Liming Zhu, Minghui Yang, Lina Tang, Qian Chen, Xiaorui Liu, Xianwu Zou, Yuejin Fu and Bo Liu
Polymers 2025, 17(15), 2145; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17152145 - 5 Aug 2025
Viewed by 316
Abstract
Analysis of changes in TVOC and VOCs chemical composition or odor characteristics of particleboard before and after decoration treatment with resin-impregnated paper (RIP), polypropylene (PP) film and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film were studied. The effects of these three decoration treatments on masking or [...] Read more.
Analysis of changes in TVOC and VOCs chemical composition or odor characteristics of particleboard before and after decoration treatment with resin-impregnated paper (RIP), polypropylene (PP) film and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film were studied. The effects of these three decoration treatments on masking or suppressing the release of VOCs and odorants from particleboard were explored. The substances that were covered or suppressed and newly introduced before and after processing were identified to provide a basis for reducing the odor emissions of PVC-, PP- and RIP-decorated particleboard. Taking undecorated particleboard and particleboard treated by three types of decorative materials as research subjects, the air permeability of the three decorative materials was tested using the Gurley Permeability Tester. TVOC emissions from the boards were evaluated using the 1 m3 environmental chamber method. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the samples were conducted via thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (TD-GCMS). The contribution of odor substances was determined using odor activity value (OAV). The results indicated that the permeability from high to low was PVC film, PP film and RIP. Compared with undecorated particleboard, the TVOC emissions of PVC-decorated boards decreased by 93%, PP-decorated particleboard by 83% but the TVOC emissions of RIP-decorated particleboard increased by 67%. PP decoration treatment masked or suppressed the release of 20 odor substances but introduced xylene, which can increase potentially the health risks for PP-decorated particleboard. PVC decoration treatment masked or suppressed 19 odor substances, but it introduced 12 new compounds, resulting in an overall increase in TVOC emissions. RIP treatment did not introduce new odor substances. After PP film and RIP treatments, both the variety of VOCs released and the number of key odor-contributing compounds and modifying odorants decreased. In contrast, the number of modifying odorants and potential odorants increased after PVC treatment. VOC emissions were effectively masked or suppressed by three decoration treatments, same as the release of substances contributing to overall odor of particleboard was reduced. Among them, PP and RIP decorative materials demonstrate better effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly Supramolecular Polymeric Materials, 2nd Edition)
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17 pages, 3246 KiB  
Article
Rosemary Extract Reduces Odor in Cats Through Nitrogen and Sulfur Metabolism by Gut Microbiota–Host Co-Modulation
by Ziming Huang, Miao Li, Zhiqin He, Xiliang Yan, Yinbao Wu, Peiqiang Mu, Jun Jiang, Xu Wang and Yan Wang
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2101; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142101 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 796
Abstract
Odors from pet cats can negatively affect the quality of life of cat owners. The diverse bioactive compounds in plant extracts make them a promising candidate for effective odor reduction. This study evaluated twelve plant extracts for deodorizing efficacy via in vitro fermentation [...] Read more.
Odors from pet cats can negatively affect the quality of life of cat owners. The diverse bioactive compounds in plant extracts make them a promising candidate for effective odor reduction. This study evaluated twelve plant extracts for deodorizing efficacy via in vitro fermentation tests. Rosemary extract and licorice extract exhibited better deodorizing effects, with fractions of rosemary extract below 100 Da demonstrating the most effective deodorizing performance. Based on these findings, subsequent feeding trials were conducted using rosemary extract and its fractions below 100 Da. In the feeding trial, adult British Shorthair cats were divided into three groups (Control Check, RE, and RE100) and housed in a controlled-environment respiration chamber for 30 days. Measurements included odor emissions, fecal and blood physicochemical parameters, immune parameters, microbiota composition based on 16S rRNA sequencing, and metabolome analysis. The results of the feeding trial indicated that rosemary extract significantly reduced ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions (46.84%, 41.64%), while fractions below 100 Da of rosemary extract achieved even greater reductions (55.62%, 53.87%). Rosemary extract regulated the intestinal microbial community, significantly increasing the relative abundance of the intestinal probiotic Bifidobacterium (p < 0.05) and reducing the population of sulfate-reducing bacteria (p < 0.05). It also significantly reduced urease and uricase activities (p < 0.05) to reduce ammonia production and inhibited the degradation of sulfur-containing proteins and sulfate reduction to reduce hydrogen sulfide emissions. Furthermore, rosemary extract significantly enhanced the immune function of British Shorthair cats (p < 0.05). This study suggests that rosemary extract, particularly its fractions below 100 Da, is a highly promising pet deodorizer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)
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12 pages, 216 KiB  
Article
Effects of Dietary Additives on Nitrogen Balance, Odor Emissions, and Yolk Corticosterone in Laying Hens Fed Low-Protein Diets
by Ju-Yong Song, Yun-Ji Heo, Jina Park, Hyun-Kwan Lee, Yoo Bhin Kim, Byung-Yeon Kwon, Da-Hye Kim and Kyung-Woo Lee
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2021; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142021 - 9 Jul 2025
Viewed by 352
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of various feed additives on odor emissions, gut health, and stress responses in laying hens fed low-protein diets. Four commercially available functional feed additives (Bacillus subtilis, protease, saponin, and thyme-based essential [...] Read more.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of various feed additives on odor emissions, gut health, and stress responses in laying hens fed low-protein diets. Four commercially available functional feed additives (Bacillus subtilis, protease, saponin, and thyme-based essential oil) were selected for this study. A total of 288 Hy-Line brown laying hens aged 49 weeks were randomly fed on one of six experiment diets: a 16% standard crude protein diet, a 12% low-crude-protein (LCP) diet, and LCP diets supplemented with Bacillus-based probiotic, protease, saponin, or thyme-based essential oils prepared for 8 weeks. Each treatment had eight replicates with six birds per replicate. Lowering crude protein levels affected the laying performance, nitrogen balance, odor production (i.e., ammonia), and nutrient digestibility but did not alter eggshell quality or fecal short-chain fatty acids. Dietary additives added into the LCP diet did not affect the laying performance, egg qualities, and nitrogen balance but increased crude ash digestibility compared with the LCP-diet-fed laying hens. Branched-chain fatty acids tended to be higher in all laying hens fed low-CP diets, irrespective of feed additives. Notably, low vs. standard protein diets tended to increase yolk corticosterone levels, which is an indicator of stress responses in chickens. This low-CP-mediated increase in yolk corticosterone was partially decreased by 20.8–48.6% on average, depending on the additives used. Our study suggests that low-protein diets could effectively lower nitrogen excretion and odor emissions. However, adding dietary additives into low-protein diets has minimal effects on low-CP-diet-fed laying hens, which needs further studies to clarify the role of low-crude-protein diets and dietary additives in modulating hindgut fermentation via shaping the gut microbiota and stress responses of laying hens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)
23 pages, 2069 KiB  
Article
Evaluating the Odor Mitigation Effects of Biochar-Enhanced Bedding Materials in a Simulated Bedded Pack Dairy Barn Environment: A Laboratory-Scale Study
by Jinho Shin, Daehun Kim, Yangjoon Lee, Seunghun Lee, Riuh Wardhani and Heekwon Ahn
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 6361; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15116361 - 5 Jun 2025
Viewed by 933
Abstract
This study evaluated the odor mitigation potential of rice husk biochar in a simulated dairy bedded pack over 21 days. Biochar was incorporated into a dairy manure–sawdust mixture at 5% and 10% dry weight. Emissions of key odorous compounds—ammonia (NH3), sulfur [...] Read more.
This study evaluated the odor mitigation potential of rice husk biochar in a simulated dairy bedded pack over 21 days. Biochar was incorporated into a dairy manure–sawdust mixture at 5% and 10% dry weight. Emissions of key odorous compounds—ammonia (NH3), sulfur compounds, volatile fatty acids, phenol, p-cresol, and indole—were evaluated. Odor units were assessed to determine perceived odor reduction. Biochar significantly reduced NH3 and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) emissions: NH3 by 27% and 43%, and DMS by 53% and 75%, at 5% and 10% application, respectively. The NH3 reduction was attributed to ammoniacal nitrogen adsorption, while the DMS reduction likely resulted from enhanced air permeability suppressing anaerobic bacterial activity. The 5% biochar treatment, achieving 63% and 70% of the NH3 and DMS reductions attained by the 10% treatment, respectively, offers a more practical and cost-effective option. Other odorous compounds were not significantly affected. A temporary reduction in odor units was observed on day 7. Rice husk biochar contains 14.5% atomic Si, primarily as silica, which supports structural stability but hinders pore development, reducing adsorption efficiency. These findings demonstrate the importance of biochar’s physicochemical properties in odor mitigation. Future research should evaluate long-term field performance, microbial interactions, and silica modification strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Science and Technology)
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12 pages, 1295 KiB  
Article
Risk Assessment and Management Strategies for Odor Release During the Emergency Excavation of VOC-Contaminated Wastes
by Xiaowei Xu, Jun Zhang, Yi Wang, Haifeng Tu, Yang Lv, Zehua Zhao, Dapeng Zhang and Qi Yu
Toxics 2025, 13(6), 457; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13060457 - 30 May 2025
Viewed by 377
Abstract
This study examines the assessment and management strategies for odor risks during emergency cleanup of VOC-contaminated waste. By analyzing illegally dumped VOC waste, the impact on odor intensity levels and exceedance probabilities in nearby residential areas was evaluated. Utilizing a VOC source emission [...] Read more.
This study examines the assessment and management strategies for odor risks during emergency cleanup of VOC-contaminated waste. By analyzing illegally dumped VOC waste, the impact on odor intensity levels and exceedance probabilities in nearby residential areas was evaluated. Utilizing a VOC source emission model, a Gaussian plume dispersion model, and Monte Carlo simulations under various meteorological conditions, the effectiveness of the control measures was assessed. Key pollutants included ethylbenzene, toluene, styrene, and m/p-xylene, which, despite posing minimal short-term health risks (PHI: 0.17–0.64), exhibited significant odor risks (Odor PHI: 127–1156). At 20 m from the source, the probability of the odor intensity exceeding Level 2.5 approached 100%, decreasing to 85% at 50 m and further declining with distance. Atmospheric stability shifts—from very unstable (Class A) to stable (Class F)—increased the odor intensity from 0.5 to 2.5. Under moderately stable conditions (Class E), m/p-xylene had a 44.2% probability of exceeding an odor intensity level of 2.5. Even at 250 m, the odor intensity levels ranged between 1.2 and 1.7, remaining perceptible. Effective mitigation strategies include establishing appropriate buffer distances and using adsorption materials like activated carbon. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Air Pollution and Health)
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22 pages, 736 KiB  
Review
Application of Smart Packaging on the Preservation of Different Types of Perishable Fruits
by Andreas Panou, Dimitrios G. Lazaridis and Ioannis K. Karabagias
Foods 2025, 14(11), 1878; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14111878 - 26 May 2025
Viewed by 1959
Abstract
The packaging of perishable products, such as fruits, contributes to their preservation during storage and safe transportation. The use of suitable packaging materials contributes to forming a desirable atmosphere inside the package so that the level of respiration, transpiration, and ethylene emission can [...] Read more.
The packaging of perishable products, such as fruits, contributes to their preservation during storage and safe transportation. The use of suitable packaging materials contributes to forming a desirable atmosphere inside the package so that the level of respiration, transpiration, and ethylene emission can be kept low. However, it would be useful for consumers to know relevant information on the deterioration rate of different types of fruit (tree fruits, berries, stone fruits, and aggregate accessory fruits). The technology of intelligent and active packaging systems (smart packaging) enables the provision of information related to the deterioration rate of fruits to consumers and, in parallel, extends the shelf life of fruits and other plant-based foods, maintaining a high quality. Intelligent packaging systems include biosensors and gas sensors, along with microbial, freshness, and time–temperature indicators. On the other hand, the active packaging system includes the use of moisture, odor, and gas absorbers, along with antioxidant and antimicrobial agents to maintain the quality of plant-based foods and extend their shelf life. This review article aims to make an in-depth evaluation of the most relevant literature on this topic by highlighting the challenges, trends, and future directions related to different types of fruits. Full article
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20 pages, 1691 KiB  
Article
MEMS-Based Micropacked Thermal Desorption GC/PID for In-Field Volatile Organic Compound Profiling from Hot Mix Asphalt
by Stefano Dugheri, Giovanni Cappelli, Riccardo Gori, Stefano Zampolli, Niccolò Fanfani, Ettore Guerriero, Donato Squillaci, Ilaria Rapi, Lorenzo Venturini, Alexander Pittella, Chiara Vita, Fabio Cioni, Domenico Cipriano, Mieczyslaw Sajewicz, Ivan Elmi, Luca Masini, Simone De Sio, Antonio Baldassarre, Veronica Traversini and Nicola Mucci
Separations 2025, 12(5), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations12050133 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 2455
Abstract
Background: In response to the growing demand for the real-time, in-field characterization of odorous anthropogenic emissions, this study develops and uses a MEMS-based micropacked thermal desorption Gas Chromatography system coupled with a PhotoIonization Detector (GC/PID) for Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) plant emissions. Methods: [...] Read more.
Background: In response to the growing demand for the real-time, in-field characterization of odorous anthropogenic emissions, this study develops and uses a MEMS-based micropacked thermal desorption Gas Chromatography system coupled with a PhotoIonization Detector (GC/PID) for Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) plant emissions. Methods: The innovative portable device, Pyxis GC, enables the high-sensitivity profiling of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), particularly aldehydes and ketones, with sub-ppb detection limits using ambient air as the carrier gas. A comprehensive experimental design optimized the preconcentration parameters, resulting in an efficient, green analytical method evaluated via the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI). Sorbent comparison showed quinoxaline-bridged cavitands outperform the conventional materials. Results and conclusions: The method was successfully deployed on site for source-specific sampling at an HMA plant, generating robust emission fingerprints. To assess environmental impact, a Generalized Additive Model (GAM) was developed, incorporating the process temperature and Sum of Odour Activity Values (SOAV) to predict odour concentrations. The model revealed a significant non-linear influence of temperature on emissions and validated its predictive capability despite the limited sample size. This integrated analytical–statistical approach demonstrates the utility of MEMS technology for real-time air quality assessment and odour dispersion modelling, offering a powerful tool for environmental monitoring and regulatory compliance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Separation Techniques on a Miniaturized Scale)
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36 pages, 1330 KiB  
Review
Advantages and Limitations of Measurement Methods for Assessing Odour Nuisance in Air—A Comparative Review
by Izabela Wysocka and Marcin Dębowski
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 5622; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105622 - 18 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1023
Abstract
The odour quality of atmospheric air plays an important role in the comfort of life and human health. Odours can originate from various sources, including municipal facilities, the agricultural and food sectors or industrial plants. A holistic approach to reducing the formation and [...] Read more.
The odour quality of atmospheric air plays an important role in the comfort of life and human health. Odours can originate from various sources, including municipal facilities, the agricultural and food sectors or industrial plants. A holistic approach to reducing the formation and emission of odorous substances should therefore include the development of odour-neutral process solutions, deodorisation techniques and analytics to measure and monitoring such pollutants in the atmosphere. The implementation of appropriate measures in these three areas can enable the effective management and control of odour emissions. The aim of the work is to carry out a comparative analysis of current methods for measuring the content of odorous substances in the air and for monitoring this type of pollutant. The characterisation of existing solutions carried out became the basis for determining the strengths and weaknesses of the applied protocols and indicating the directions for their further development and improvement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Air Pollution Detection and Air Quality Research)
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16 pages, 7177 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds from Compost
by Shastine K. Berger, Rosario C. Morales, Katherine A. McCown, Kylie C. Wilson, Bertram T. Jobson and Nancy A. C. Johnston
Atmosphere 2025, 16(5), 591; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16050591 - 14 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 675
Abstract
Many US states have adopted regulations to divert food waste from landfills to composts. While this may lower greenhouse emissions from landfills, volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from compost may contain hazardous air pollutants or produce odors, posing potential public health concerns. Effective [...] Read more.
Many US states have adopted regulations to divert food waste from landfills to composts. While this may lower greenhouse emissions from landfills, volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from compost may contain hazardous air pollutants or produce odors, posing potential public health concerns. Effective methods to analyze speciated VOCs in compost are needed to better understand VOC source generation. Here, a two-component compost sampling method was developed and employed consisting of a chilled impinger and pump apparatus to trap water-soluble VOCs, and dual sorbent tubes to capture hydrophobic VOCs in yard and food/yard waste compost. VOCs were measured via headspace gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (HS-GC-FID) and thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). Overall, there was higher VOC generation within higher-temperature compost piles, with concentrations ranging up to 27,000 ppm for ethanol and 3500 ppm for methanol. Alpha-pinene and D-limonene were seen in these piles with concentrations over 1600 ppb. Methanol and ethanol were more than one thousand times as concentrated in mixed food/yard waste than yard waste alone, while terpenes were seen in slightly higher concentrations for yard waste than the mixed food/yard waste. Methanol was observed to be higher than permissible indoor levels and may pose potential health risks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biosphere/Hydrosphere/Land–Atmosphere Interactions)
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22 pages, 6821 KiB  
Article
Dispersion Modeling of Odor Emissions from Area Sources in a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant
by Cristian Constantin, Cristina Modrogan, Annette Madelene Dancila, Georgeta Olguta Gavrila, Simona Mariana Calinescu, Alexandru Cirstea, Valeriu Danciulescu, Gheorghita Tanase and Gabriela Geanina Vasile
Atmosphere 2025, 16(5), 577; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16050577 - 12 May 2025
Viewed by 812
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) generate significant emissions of gaseous substances, such as H2S, NH3, and VOCs, which cause discomfort and pose health risks to residents in surrounding areas. The objective of this study was to estimate pollutant concentrations under [...] Read more.
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) generate significant emissions of gaseous substances, such as H2S, NH3, and VOCs, which cause discomfort and pose health risks to residents in surrounding areas. The objective of this study was to estimate pollutant concentrations under various scenarios through a mathematical modeling of the pollutant dispersion in the surrounding air using the AERMOD View software platform, version 11.2.0. In this study, four mathematical models with two different scenarios were conducted to illustrate the odor concentrations both on site and in nearby areas under the most unfavorable weather conditions. The “1st Highest Values” and “98th Percentile” metrics were used to represent the peak concentrations and to exclude the 2% of conditions with the worst-case dispersion, respectively. In the first scenario, under normal operating conditions with all treatment equipment functioning, the maximum on-site odor concentration was estimated at 36.8 ouE/m3 using the 1st highest value function, and it was 20.4 ouE/m3 using the 98th percentile function. The second scenario considered all emission sources, with the grease collection system of the de-sanding/grease separation Unit Line 1 and the sludge collection system of the primary settling decanter (Unit 4) out of service. In this case, the maximum on-site odor concentration reached 749 ouE/m3 over 98% of a one-year period and 956.5 ouE/m3 using the 1st highest value function. These findings underscore the necessity for ongoing monitoring, strict adherence to environmental regulations, and stakeholder engagement to improve mitigation techniques and foster community trust in environmental management. Regular inspections are essential to ensure that all equipment operates within normal parameters, supporting both regulatory compliance and improved operational efficiency, including the control of odor emissions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Odour (2nd Edition))
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17 pages, 2891 KiB  
Article
Unlocking the Potential of Thermal Post-Treatments: A Study on Odor Emission Control in Eucalyptus Wood Particleboard
by Wenhang Yin, Yueyun Zhang, Churan Li, Boxiao Wu, Zhaojin Yang, Heming Huang, Bangrui Luo, Guanben Du, Ping Zhao and Xiaoqin Yang
Molecules 2025, 30(9), 1949; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30091949 - 28 Apr 2025
Viewed by 486
Abstract
Eucalyptus wood particleboard (EPB), commonly used in indoor decoration, releases volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can adversely affect indoor air quality and human health. This study systematically examined the VOC emission characteristics of EPB using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography [...] Read more.
Eucalyptus wood particleboard (EPB), commonly used in indoor decoration, releases volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can adversely affect indoor air quality and human health. This study systematically examined the VOC emission characteristics of EPB using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 65 VOCs were identified, with medium-volatility organic compounds (MVOCs) accounting for 28 compounds, low-volatility organic compounds (LVOCs) for 26, and high-volatility organic compounds (HVOCs) for 11. Terpenoids dominated the VOCs, comprising 78.46%, followed by aldehydes (10.77%) and alkanes (7.69%). Key odorant compounds (KOCs) were identified using the relative odor activity value (ROAV), with hexanal (ROAV = 100) and o-cymene (ROAV = 76.90) emerging as the most significant contributors to the overall odor profile. Thermal post-treatment at temperatures of 50–60 °C for durations of 6–12 h was found to be an effective method for reducing the residual VOCs and KOCs in the EPB, leading to a marked decrease in the peak areas of key odorants. The findings suggest several strategies for minimizing VOC emissions and eliminating residual odor, including reducing the use of miscellaneous wood materials, controlling the production of o-cymene, and employing thermal post-treatment at moderate temperatures. These measures provide a promising approach to reducing VOC and odor emissions from EPB and similar composite wood products, thereby enhancing their suitability for indoor applications. This study innovatively establishes an evaluation system for VOC emission characteristics in wood-based panels based on the ROAV. It elucidates the contribution mechanisms of key odor-active substances (e.g., hexanal and pentanal) and presents a thermal post-treatment process for source control, achieving simultaneous VOCs and odor elimination. A ROAV-guided hierarchical management strategy is proposed, providing scientific guidelines for the industrial production of high-quality particleboards with ultralow emissions (TVOC < 50 μg/m3) and minimal odor intensity (OI < Grade 3). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Analytical Chemistry)
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15 pages, 3019 KiB  
Article
Screening and Identification of SOB and Its Effect on the Reduction in H2S in Dairy Farms
by Yuang Cao, Shuhao Yu, Keqiang Zhang, Xiaoyu Xu, Khinkhin Phyu, Suli Zhi and Junfeng Liang
Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3551; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083551 - 15 Apr 2025
Viewed by 364
Abstract
The problem of the foul odor caused by H2S in livestock farms has become a major complaints. In this study, optimal sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) strains were screened from dairy farm wastewater and the adjacent soil for odor treatment. The strains and [...] Read more.
The problem of the foul odor caused by H2S in livestock farms has become a major complaints. In this study, optimal sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) strains were screened from dairy farm wastewater and the adjacent soil for odor treatment. The strains and physiological functions were determined by identification and genome comparison, and the optimal operating conditions were determined by experiments under different conditions. The identification results showed that the strain that had the highest homology with Halomonas mongoliensis was Halomonas sp. AEB2. The comparative genomic results showed that the average nucleotide identity and DNA–DNA hybridization value were 95.8% and 68.6%, respectively. The optimization results were as follows: sodium succinate-carbon (10 g/L) and ammonium chloride-nitrogen (0.07 g/L). The optimal operating conditions were as follows: seeding rate 4%, temperature 30 °C, stirring speed 90 rpm, and pH 8. The oxidation products of AEB2 were mainly elemental sulfur and tetrathionate, and the metabolic pathway of AEB2 was constructed accordingly. This study suggests a feasible path to reduce H2S emissions from dairy farms, and it provides theoretical support for the restoration of livestock environment and sustainability. Full article
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43 pages, 1040 KiB  
Review
Malodorous Gases in Aquatic Environments: A Comprehensive Review from Microbial Origin to Detection and Removal Techniques
by Gabriela Meléndez-Plata, Jesus R. A. Mastrogiacomo, Martha L. Castellanos, Juan P. Romero, Victor Hincapié, Héctor Lizcano, Juan D. Acero, María Francisca Villegas-Torres, Jorge M. Gómez, Juan C. Cruz and Luis H. Reyes
Processes 2025, 13(4), 1077; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13041077 - 3 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1114
Abstract
Malodorous gases—particularly hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), and volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs)—significantly degrade water quality, threaten public health, and disrupt ecosystems. Their production stems from microbial activity, nutrient overload, and industrial discharges, often magnified by low dissolved oxygen. This [...] Read more.
Malodorous gases—particularly hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), and volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs)—significantly degrade water quality, threaten public health, and disrupt ecosystems. Their production stems from microbial activity, nutrient overload, and industrial discharges, often magnified by low dissolved oxygen. This review integrates current insights into the microbial sulfur and nitrogen cycles to elucidate how these gases form, and surveys advances in detection technologies such as gas chromatography and laser-based sensors. We also assess diverse mitigation methods—including biotechnological approaches (e.g., biofilters, biopercolators), physicochemical treatments, and chemical conversion (Claus Process)—within relevant regulatory contexts in Colombia and worldwide. A case study of the Bogotá River exemplifies how unmanaged effluents and eutrophication perpetuate odor issues, underscoring the need for integrated strategies that reduce pollution at its source, restore ecological balance, and employ targeted interventions. Overall, this review highlights innovative, policy-driven solutions and collaborative efforts as pivotal for safeguarding aquatic environments and surrounding communities from the impacts of odorous emissions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Green Processes)
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10 pages, 1337 KiB  
Article
Degradation Kinetics of Common Odorants Emitted from WWTPs: A Methodological Approach for Estimating Half-Life Through Reactions with Hydroxyl Radicals
by Marouane Dhia Eddine Bouguerra, Bartłomiej Witkowski, Tomasz Gierczak and Radosław J. Barczak
Atmosphere 2025, 16(3), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16030340 - 18 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 556
Abstract
In contemporary times, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were recognized as substantial sources of odorous emissions, potentially impacting nearby communities’ sensory experience. This study investigates the half-lives (T½) of odorous compounds emitted from WWTPs and their degradation due to atmospheric hydroxyl radicals (•OH) in [...] Read more.
In contemporary times, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were recognized as substantial sources of odorous emissions, potentially impacting nearby communities’ sensory experience. This study investigates the half-lives (T½) of odorous compounds emitted from WWTPs and their degradation due to atmospheric hydroxyl radicals (•OH) in different environmental settings. The calculated half-lives of specific odorants in rural areas ranged from 31.36 min to 517.33 days, in urban areas from 42.50 min to 1550 days, and in the marine boundary layer from 42.50 min to 129,861 days. These results show that compounds with high reactivity and short T½, such as methanethiol and ethanethiol, degrade rapidly and are less likely to contribute to long-term odor nuisances. In contrast, compounds with longer half-lives, such as carbonyl sulfide and ammonia, persist longer in the atmosphere, with higher potential for sustained odor issues. The findings suggest that •OH plays a significant role in degrading odorous compounds. These insights into odorant–oxidant kinetics may aid in predicting atmospheric half-lives and their contribution to secondary aerosol formation, thus informing regulatory and mitigation strategies to improve air quality. Full article
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16 pages, 1930 KiB  
Article
Olfactometric and Chemical Characterisation of Gaseous Emission from Crude Oils
by Elisa Polvara, Vittoria Legnani, Marzio Invernizzi and Selena Sironi
Molecules 2025, 30(5), 1136; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30051136 - 1 Mar 2025
Viewed by 697
Abstract
This study focuses on the olfactometric and chemical characterisation of gaseous and vapour emissions from different crude oils. To investigate this topic, laboratory experiments were set up to obtain comparable gaseous samples: they were estimated in terms of odour concentration (Cod), [...] Read more.
This study focuses on the olfactometric and chemical characterisation of gaseous and vapour emissions from different crude oils. To investigate this topic, laboratory experiments were set up to obtain comparable gaseous samples: they were estimated in terms of odour concentration (Cod), via dynamic olfactometry, and chemical-specific characterisation. It was found that, even if considered similar in regard to physical properties and chemical composition, the gaseous emissions of different crude oils are significantly different in terms of odorous potential. The observed discrepancy appears to be associated with the presence of volatile organic sulphur compounds (VOSCs), and the highest values of Cod were found in samples containing mercaptans and sulphides. In addition, from the conducted comparison, it appeared that crude odorous potential, in terms of Cod, is not strictly linked to the quantity of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs), H2S concentration, or a priori knowledge of the percentage of elemental sulphur in the crude; on the contrary, the presence of volatile organic sulphur compounds in the gaseous emissions is the most influential parameter for the odour potential of this matrix. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Analytical Methods to Evaluate and Monitor the Pollutants)
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