Search Results (388)

According to the National Institutes of Health, approximately 465 million individuals are affected by type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and could benefit from managing their condition with a high-quality diet based on proper, nutrient-rich food choices. A plant-based diet not only has health benefits but also helps mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but the Mediterranean diet has the most beneficial effect on overall health. In contrast, ultra-processed foods have a negative impact on T2DM outcomes. Reviewing the nutritional profile of different meals, snacks and desserts would be helpful in enhancing their quality, strengthening the role of dietitians and doctors and protecting against T2DM complications. This approach would also increase simplification and education for consumers. The PubMed-Medline, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane Library databases were searched for relevant articles published up to May, from 2000 (based on publication date). The results support the need to reinforce health claims and highlight public demand for food choices while also improving patient quality of life. Full article

Camelina sativa (CS) is an emerging sustainable oilseed crop with interesting feed application potentialities. The research assessed the potentiality of Camelina sativa (CS) in the diet for free-range laying hens, aiming at reaching a nutritional claim. To this purpose, two feeding groups of hens (n = 100 Livorno hens, n = 25 hens/pen) were farmed outdoor and received either a Control diet, which was a commercial diet for laying hens, or a CS diet. The latter was formulated to include the 5% CS cake and 1% CS oil, replacing conventional feedstuffs. Diets were isoprotein and isoenergy and were available ad libitum throughout the laying period (February–September). At day 1, n = 12 eggs/diet were sampled to assess the initial proximate composition and FA profile. Every 7 days the sampling was repeated to analyze the eggs’ FA profile, up to day 35. At the end of the laying season, n = 6 hens/dietary treatment were slaughtered and subjected to meat quality evaluations. Results highlighted that a 28-day feeding was the period required to obtain 227 mg of C18:3 n-3 and 81 mg of C20:5 n-3 + C22:6 n-3/100 g egg, whereas a further 7 days of feeding trial were ineffective in further enhancing the omega-3 FA content of eggs. CS eggs were comparable to Control ones for overall physical traits, proximate composition, and shelf-life. In addition, at the end of the laying period, the meat of CS hens was also found to be healthier than that of Control ones, thanks to a higher omega-3 FA proportion (p < 0.01), which was, however, not sufficient to reach any nutritional claim. Instead, the proximate composition of CS meat was overall comparable to Control hens. In conclusion, the present research demonstrated that feeding Camelina sativa meal and oil to laying hens is feasible and allows to reach the nutritional claim in eggs “rich in omega-3 FA” after a feeding period of 28 days, without any negative effects on other eggs’ quality trials. Camelina sativa can thus be defined as a promising sustainable feedstuff for the poultry sector for diversification purposes and to enhance the nutritional quality of eggs. Full article

This review contains a compilation of data about the occurrence, mining, refining, and biological actions of lithium, without claiming completeness of knowledge. This should give a baseline for judging future pollutions of environmental and agricultural items and human nutrition and may show still existing gaps of screening. Emerging electromobility and use of computers leads to a steep increase in Li-based batteries, which are a source of hazardous waste unless recycled. Lack of recovery methods from effluents and sewage, however, will increase pollution with soluble Li-salts from increasing mining and waste in the future; therefore, biochemical effects of levels out of ambient range have been included. Many published data are hidden in multi-element tables, including the data of the author. Mobile fractions of soils and soil-to-plant transfer, as well as retainment in animal tissues, are low. A lot of data, starting from geology via soils, plants, water, and human nutrition, lead to a largely unknown average daily intake for men. With respect to nutrition of dairy cows, the contribution of Li from water was highest among all elements investigated, but only 4% of intake. Main sources for human nutrition are mineral water and table salt. Li is not labelled on mineral water bottles, nor table salt, which are the main sources. Though some data have been gathered, for human nutrition, the average daily intake is uncertain to estimate because some mineral waters are quite high in Li. Full article

Dry matter (DM) is a critical parameter for avocado quality and commercialization, particularly in the ‘Hass’ cultivar, where it is closely associated with the oil content and flavor. This study evaluated the fatty acid composition and sensory attributes of ‘Hass’ avocados with varying DM levels (19%, 21%, 24%, and 27%) cultivated in the Canary Islands. Additionally, the impact of dehydration methods (oven and microwave) and sample preparation techniques on the oil content and lipid profiles were assessed. Six main fatty acids were identified, with oleic acid (38–43%) and palmitic acid (30–36%) being predominant. Higher DM levels were associated with increased concentrations of palmitoleic and linoleic acids. Drying methods did not significantly alter the fatty acid profile, supporting the crushed microwave-dried (CMW) method as a practical, low-cost approach for preserving lipid integrity. Consumer panelists showed a clear preference for avocados with higher DM contents (24–27%), associating the flavor (86.2%) and texture (59.6%) with the purchase intent. The high monounsaturated fatty acid content, particularly oleic acid, qualifies these avocados for the European nutritional claim ‘high in monounsaturated fat.’ This is the first study to characterize these parameters in ‘Hass’ avocados from the Canary Islands, contributing to both quality assessments and potential marketing strategies based on nutritional and sensory attributes. Full article

Wild edible mushrooms (WEMs) are a popular delicacy in Thailand, prized for their unique flavor, texture, and nutritional value. Despite their widespread consumption, there is limited scientific research on their chemical compositions, biological activities, and potential health benefits. To bridge this knowledge gap, a comprehensive study was conducted on sixteen WEM species from ten families—Polyporaceae, Pleurotaceae, Russulaceae, Marasmiaceae, Pluteaceae, Boletinellaceae, Diplocystaceae, Lyophyllaceae, Psathyrellaceae, and Auriculariaceae—commonly found in northern Thailand. The proximate composition varied significantly among the WEM species, particularly in crude protein (12–51% w/w), crude fiber (1–30% w/w), and glucans (4–25% w/w). Astraeus odoratus exhibited the highest phenolic content, while P. cf. portentosus demonstrated the most potent antioxidant activity. WEM extracts also displayed notable inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase (5.82–79.43%) and α-amylase (1.30–90.79%). All extracts induced antioxidant regulators of Nrf2 and NQO1, suggesting that WEMs can help protect cells from oxidative stress, environmental toxins, and xenobiotics from food. Importantly, all extracts maintained high cell viability (>80%), indicating their safety for consumption. Furthermore, the mushrooms demonstrated a strong ability to reduce hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cells induced by tert-butyl hydrogen peroxide, highlighting their potential in preventing liver damage. This study not only underscores the nutritional and health benefits of WEMs but also establishes a vital scientific foundation for future research on their health effects and in vivo applications. In turn, these findings could serve as a crucial resource for optimizing the use of WEMs in ethnic cuisines and strengthening claims regarding their functional food properties. Full article

In recent years, functional foods have garnered increasing scientific and public health interest due to their potential to confer physiological benefits beyond basic nutritional value. International bodies such as EFSA, FDA, and WHO define functional foods as those containing bioactive components that may contribute to the prevention and management of chronic non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers. The evolving paradigm of “food as medicine” reflects a broader shift in nutritional science towards proactive, health-oriented dietary strategies. This article provides a comprehensive, interdisciplinary overview of functional foods by examining their biological mechanisms, clinical evidence, public health significance, regulatory frameworks, and future prospects—particularly in the context of advances in personalized nutrition and nutrigenomics. A thorough literature review was conducted, drawing from recent peer-reviewed studies and guidelines from key health authorities. The review highlights the roles of specific compounds such as probiotics and prebiotics in modulating the gut microbiome, flavonoids and polyphenols in anti-inflammatory processes, omega-3 fatty acids in cardiometabolic regulation, and vitamins and minerals in supporting immune function. While an expanding body of clinical trials and meta-analyses supports the health benefits of these compounds—including reductions in LDL cholesterol, improved insulin sensitivity, and mitigation of oxidative stress—the integration of functional foods into everyday diets remains challenging. Socioeconomic disparities and limited health literacy often impede their accessibility and widespread adoption in public health practice. Functional foods represent a promising component of prevention-focused modern healthcare. To maximize their impact, a coordinated, evidence-based approach is essential, involving collaboration among healthcare professionals, nutrition scientists, policymakers, and the food industry. Looking forward, innovations in artificial intelligence, microbiome research, and genomic technologies may unlock novel opportunities for the targeted and effective application of functional foods in population health. Full article

As pet owners become increasingly mindful of pet health and sustainability, labeling plays a crucial role in shaping informed purchasing decisions for pet food. This study evaluated the nutritional adequacy and pricing of plant-based, hybrid, and animal-based dog foods. Using the Mintel database, we analyzed product labels, ingredient compositions, and marketing claims for various dog food categories. The findings revealed notable differences in key nutrients, such as protein, fiber, fat, ash, and moisture content. Plant-based dog foods generally offer higher fiber and ash content but often fall short in protein and fat levels, particularly in snacks and treats, which may impact their suitability for meeting the dietary needs of canines. Hybrid dog foods, which blend plant and animal ingredients, show greater variability, with some achieving balanced protein and fat content, while fiber levels depend on the plant-based proportion. Animal-based foods tend to excel in protein and fat content, particularly in wet and dry formats, while being lower in fiber and ash content. A key concern is the reliance on additives, particularly in plant-based and hybrid options, which raises questions about the long-term health impacts on pets. Pricing trends indicate that plant-based dog foods are generally more expensive than hybrid and animal-based options, although the cost varies widely across all categories. Full article

Apple, tomato, and grape pomaces, as well as an apple–grape (1:1) mixed pomace, were employed in the formulation of fruit-based spreads to valorize these underutilized by-products. The influence of pectin addition on the physicochemical and sensory properties of the spreads was also examined. All spread preparations carried the ‘high fiber’ nutrition claim. The apple pomace spread demonstrated the highest total and soluble dietary fiber contents (14.13 and 4.28%, respectively). Colorimetry showed higher L* and a* values for the tomato pomace spreads. Rheometry of the spreads revealed pseudoplastic flow and weak gel-like behavior (G′ > G″); the tomato and grape pomace spreads with pectin exhibited the highest η*, G′, and G″ values. A texture analysis (spreadability test) indicated that pectin addition affected only the mixed pomace spread, resulting in the least spreadable product. Regarding bioactive compounds, the apple pomace had the highest total phenolic content, and the grape pomace exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, both of which were also reflected in their corresponding spreads. A principal component analysis indicated a strong correlation among flavor, mouthfeel, and moisture content, which were negatively correlated with color intensity and spreadability. The apple pomace spread with added pectin was the most widely preferred by consumers due to its appealing mouthfeel, spreadability and flavor. Full article

Background: Protein supplements are among the most popular, available and growing complementary products. Fraud related to the mislabeling, inaccurate analysis or declaration of ingredient quantities, and health claims not aligned with those approved by EFSA is high. This study aims to analyze the claims related to protein supplements in commercial messages. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted to analyze the content and the degree to which health claims stated on the labeling or technical data sheets of protein supplements comply with those authorized by current European legislation and supported by existing scientific evidence. The products were searched for using Amazon and Google Shopping. Results: Of the 209 health claims evaluated, 60 claims fully complied with the recommendations, representing 28.7% of the total (n = 209). In contrast, 12 claims in which the stated text did not conform to the health claims established by EFSA were identified, representing 5.7% of the total (n = 209). The most widely used unauthorized health claims on the market are those referring to “Post-workout recovery” (11.1%), followed by “Promotes muscle recovery (casein)” (9.5% each), referring to whey protein and casein, respectively. Of all the products analyzed in the study, 43.8% (n = 46) of the products made health claims not authorized by the EFSA. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the high-quality advertising of protein supplements should engage consumers, industry stakeholders, scientific research, and the European Food Safety Authority to ensure compliance with European regulations, provide accurate guidance for manufacturers, and protect consumer rights under current legislation. Full article

Canning is an excellent solution to provide convenient, affordable, nutritious, and safe seafood with a long shelf life. However, many canned products use tuna, sardines, and Atlantic chub mackerel, species that raise sustainability concerns and whose overuse can put additional pressure on them. Hence, this study aimed to i) develop and assess a nutritious and sustainable canned meal prototype using the Atlantic horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) (whose EU allowable-catch amounts have increased, particularly, in Iberian waters) and vegetables in light brine in terms of stability, sterility, and physicochemical and sensory properties over a 4-month period at room temperature and ii) evaluate its nutritional contribution for different population groups. After preparation, the meal was stored for one month at ≈20 °C and ≈40 °C (to simulate the 4 months). Although the pH was not stable, the meal was considered commercially sterile according to the challenge accelerated tests. Moreover, aging did not significantly affect the meal’s physicochemical and sensory properties. This innovative meal prototype can be claimed to be “low-fat”, “reduced in NaCl/Na”, a “source of protein, phosphorus, iron, selenium and vitamin D”, and “high in vitamin B12”. It proved to be both nutritious and appealing for consumption, with potential to be scaled up. Full article

Pea and lentil flours are added to baked foods, pastas, and snacks to improve nutritional quality and functionality compared to products made solely with refined wheat flour. However, the effect of whole pulses versus their serving size equivalent of flour on blood glucose has not been investigated in persons with altered glycemic response. Health claims for whole pulses are based on a ½ cup amount whereas commercial pulse flour servings are typically a smaller size. The glycemic responses of four treatment meals containing 50 g available carbohydrate as ½ cup whole pulse or the dry weight equivalent of pulse flour were compared with a control beverage (Glucola^®). Eleven adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and eight adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS) completed the study. Venous blood samples were collected at fasting and at 30 min intervals postprandial for three hours. Changes in net difference in plasma glucose over time from baseline and incremental area under the curve (iAUC) segments were analyzed. All four pulse meals attenuated the iAUC compared to the control from 0 to 120 min for T2DM participants and 0–180 min for MetS participants. Whole pulses produced a lower glycemic response than pulse flours in the early postprandial period for persons with T2DM and during the overall test period for those with MetS. Full article

The Nutrition and Health Claims Regulation (NHCR) has introduced a new regulatory perspective in food manufacturing, along with influencing consumers’ perception of health-related food claims. Since 2006, a new standard of science-based claims has significantly impacted the European health food market. Over the years, numerous additional decisions have been made, and the ongoing process remains challenging for policymakers striving to harmonize consumer protection and trade within and outside the European Union (EU). This paper presents the current state of the NHCR’s implementation, along with key events aimed at enhancing understanding among consumer organizations and food industry stakeholders, while also offering an insider perspective on relevant policy issues. Additionally, we address two pertinent policy issues to elucidate the associated challenges and opportunities, providing insights to support informed decision-making by policymakers. We use the nutrient profiles framework as a case study to illustrate considerations underpinning the objective of “consumer protection”, while the “probiotics” market serves as an example for exploring the goal of “facilitation of trade”. This historical perspective and reflection lead us to propose possible solutions for future food regulation. Full article

Fish oil is one of the most popular dietary nutritional supplements. Reports on the qualities of fish oils from Chinese markets are scarce, although the consumption of fish oil products in China is huge and increasing. This study systematically investigated the qualities of commercial encapsulated fish oils (CFs) and bulk fish oils (BFs) from Chinese markets, including oxidative level, sensory quality, color, metal element content, and unsaturated fatty acid content. Significant quality variations were observed both among individual CFs and between BFs: 65.2% of CFs (excluding one flavored sample) and one BF sample met China’s Grade II fish oil oxidation product standards; 80.8% of CFs and three BFs were within regulatory limits for heavy metal contamination. A distinct fishy odor was detected in four CFs and one BF sample, while a pronounced rancid odor was observed in one CF sample. The EPA contents in 64% of CFs and DHA contents in 48% of CFs met their labeled claims. Furthermore, these five quality parameter categories demonstrated non-significant intercorrelations, with the fish oil unit price being independent of quality. These findings indicated that most BFs require refinement, and CFs require implementation of low-temperature dark storage/transportation protocols. This study provided comprehensive quality benchmarks for fish oil production and marketing. Full article

Background/Objectives: Health and nutrition are increasingly important to people, which has increased the popularity of products promoted for their contribution to health, such as food supplements. Methods: This study encompassed 87 herbal food supplements, assessing the compliance of health claims with regulatory requirements. The study was conducted in Serbia, a European country with a regulatory framework harmonized with the one in the EU; however, it requires the pre-market registration of supplements. Results: Health claims were listed on as many as 86.2% of the labels, but only 10.7% of them, all associated with vitamin and mineral ingredients, were compliant with the EU Register of authorized health claims. An additional 38.7% of supplements carried “on-hold” claims from the EFSA Register of questions for botanicals. The remaining ones (50.6%) comprised those attributed with strictly prohibited properties of disease prevention, treatment, or cure (9.3%), and those containing at least one botanical-related health claim out of the scope of the Register of questions. Conclusions: The study unequivocally showed the worrying lack of adherence to regulations in the Serbian settings. Considering the importance of labelling for consumer protection and public health, the authors of this paper advocate for significant improvement in quality assurance of the registration process, tightening of market control, and an effective solution for on-hold claims on botanicals continuously used under transitional regulatory measures. Full article

Amid the global rise in chronic diseases and escalating costs, functional foods have become a preventive solution, offering benefits beyond essential nutrition. However, the regulatory landscape remains complex, requiring a balance between consumer protection and industry innovation. Previous studies seldom examine how markets and regulation evolve, leaving a clear gap that this review addresses. This study aims to propose a framework focusing on the risk side (quality and safety) and benefit side (functionality) to analyze functional food regulations, and to examine the evolution of regulatory systems and their impact on industry development through a historical analysis of Japan’s functional food regulation from the 1960s. The results reveal that regulations have co-evolved with industry growth, dynamically balancing the risk and benefit sides. Milestones, such as the introduction of the Foods with Function Claims (FFC) system and the Beni-koji (red yeast rice) contamination incident in 2024, highlight adjustments in this balance. The findings suggest that the risk-/benefit-side framework provides a valuable lens for understanding the interplay between regulation and innovation in the functional food industry. This study contributes to regulatory science by offering empirical evidence from the sector and has practical implications for policymakers seeking to design frameworks that promote both innovation and consumer welfare. Full article