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Search Results (18,038)

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21 pages, 3814 KiB  
Article
Features of the Structure of Layered Epoxy Composite Coatings Formed on a Metal-Ceramic-Coated Aluminum Base
by Volodymyr Korzhyk, Volodymyr Kopei, Petro Stukhliak, Olena Berdnikova, Olga Kushnarova, Oleg Kolisnichenko, Oleg Totosko, Danylo Stukhliak and Liubomyr Ropyak
Materials 2025, 18(15), 3620; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18153620 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025
Abstract
Difficult, extreme operating conditions of parabolic antennas under precipitation and sub-zero temperatures require the creation of effective heating systems. The purpose of the research is to develop a multilayer coating containing two metal-ceramic layers, epoxy composite layers, carbon fabric, and an outer layer [...] Read more.
Difficult, extreme operating conditions of parabolic antennas under precipitation and sub-zero temperatures require the creation of effective heating systems. The purpose of the research is to develop a multilayer coating containing two metal-ceramic layers, epoxy composite layers, carbon fabric, and an outer layer of basalt fabric, which allows for effective heating of the antenna, and to study the properties of this coating. The multilayer coating was formed on an aluminum base that was subjected to abrasive jet processing. The first and second metal-ceramic layers, Al2O3 + 5% Al, which were applied by high-speed multi-chamber cumulative detonation spraying (CDS), respectively, provide maximum adhesion strength to the aluminum base and high adhesion strength to the third layer of the epoxy composite containing Al2O3. On this not-yet-polymerized layer of epoxy composite containing Al2O3, a layer of carbon fabric (impregnated with epoxy resin) was formed, which serves as a resistive heating element. On top of this carbon fabric, a layer of epoxy composite containing Cr2O3 and SiO2 was applied. Next, basalt fabric was applied to this still-not-yet-polymerized layer. Then, the resulting layered coating was compacted and dried. To study this multilayer coating, X-ray analysis, light and raster scanning microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used. The thickness of the coating layers and microhardness were measured on transverse microsections. The adhesion strength of the metal-ceramic coating layers to the aluminum base was determined by both bending testing and peeling using the adhesive method. It was established that CDS provides the formation of metal-ceramic layers with a maximum fraction of lamellae and a microhardness of 7900–10,520 MPa. In these metal-ceramic layers, a dispersed subgrain structure, a uniform distribution of nanoparticles, and a gradient-free level of dislocation density are observed. Such a structure prevents the formation of local concentrators of internal stresses, thereby increasing the level of dispersion and substructural strengthening of the metal-ceramic layers’ material. The formation of materials with a nanostructure increases their strength and crack resistance. The effectiveness of using aluminum, chromium, and silicon oxides as nanofillers in epoxy composite layers was demonstrated. The presence of structures near the surface of these nanofillers, which differ from the properties of the epoxy matrix in the coating, was established. Such zones, specifically the outer surface layers (OSL), significantly affect the properties of the epoxy composite. The results of industrial tests showed the high performance of the multilayer coating during antenna heating. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Metals and Alloys)
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21 pages, 3648 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Physicochemical Evaluation of Ionically Cross-Linked Chitosan Nanoparticles Intended for Agricultural Use
by Maria Karayianni, Emi Haladjova, Stanislav Rangelov and Stergios Pispas
Polysaccharides 2025, 6(3), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides6030067 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025
Abstract
The search for sustainable, economically viable, and effective plant protection strategies against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses is a major challenge in modern agricultural practices. Chitosan (CS) is an abundant cationic natural biopolymer known for its biocompatibility, low toxicity, and antimicrobial properties. Its [...] Read more.
The search for sustainable, economically viable, and effective plant protection strategies against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses is a major challenge in modern agricultural practices. Chitosan (CS) is an abundant cationic natural biopolymer known for its biocompatibility, low toxicity, and antimicrobial properties. Its potential use in agriculture for pathogen control is a promising alternative to traditional chemical fertilisers and pesticides, which raise concerns regarding public health, environmental protection, and pesticide resistance. This study focused on the preparation of chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) through cross-linking with organic molecules, such as tannic acid (TA). Various formulations were explored for the development of stable nanoscale particles having encapsulation capabilities towards low compounds of varying polarity and with potential agricultural applications relevant to plant health and growth. The solution properties of the NPs were assessed using dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering (DLS and ELS); their morphology was observed through atomic force microscopy (AFM), while analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) measurements provided insights into their molar mass. Their properties proved to be primarily influenced by the concentration of CS, which significantly affected its intrinsic conformation. Additional structural insights were obtained via infrared and UV–Vis spectroscopic measurements, while detailed fluorescence analysis with the use of three different probes, as model cargo molecules, provided information regarding the hydrophobic and hydrophilic microdomains within the particles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Bioactive Polysaccharides)
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17 pages, 902 KiB  
Review
Cancer Stem Cells in Melanoma: Drivers of Tumor Plasticity and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies
by Adrian-Horațiu Sabău, Andreea-Cătălina Tinca, Raluca Niculescu, Iuliu Gabriel Cocuz, Andreea Raluca Cozac-Szöke, Bianca Andreea Lazar, Diana Maria Chiorean, Corina Eugenia Budin and Ovidiu Simion Cotoi
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7419; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157419 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025
Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma is an extraordinarily aggressive and heterogeneous cancer that contains a small subpopulation of tumor stem cells (CSCs) responsible for tumor initiation, metastasis, and recurrence. Identification and characterization of CSCs in melanoma is challenging due to tumor heterogeneity and the lack [...] Read more.
Cutaneous malignant melanoma is an extraordinarily aggressive and heterogeneous cancer that contains a small subpopulation of tumor stem cells (CSCs) responsible for tumor initiation, metastasis, and recurrence. Identification and characterization of CSCs in melanoma is challenging due to tumor heterogeneity and the lack of specific markers (CD271, ABCB5, ALDH, Nanog) and the ability of cells to dynamically change their phenotype. Phenotype-maintaining signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, Hedgehog, HIF-1) promote self-renewal, treatment resistance, and epithelial–mesenchymal transitions. Tumor plasticity reflects the ability of differentiated cells to acquire stem-like traits and phenotypic flexibility under stress conditions. The interaction of CSCs with the tumor microenvironment accelerates disease progression: they induce the formation of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and neo-angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, and recruitment of immunosuppressive cells, facilitating immune evasion. Emerging therapeutic strategies include immunotherapy (immune checkpoint inhibitors), epigenetic inhibitors, and nanotechnologies (targeted nanoparticles) for delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. Understanding the role of CSCs and tumor plasticity paves the way for more effective innovative therapies against melanoma. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanisms of Resistance to Melanoma Immunotherapy)
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12 pages, 3641 KiB  
Article
Metallic Lanthanum (III) Hybrid Magnetic Nanocellulose Composites for Enhanced DNA Capture via Rare-Earth Coordination Chemistry
by Jiayao Yang, Jie Fei, Hongpeng Wang and Ye Li
Inorganics 2025, 13(8), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13080257 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025
Abstract
Lanthanide rare earth elements possess significant promise for material applications owing to their distinctive optical and magnetic characteristics, as well as their versatile coordination capabilities. This study introduced a lanthanide-functionalized magnetic nanocellulose composite (NNC@Fe3O4@La(OH)3) for effective phosphorus/nitrogen [...] Read more.
Lanthanide rare earth elements possess significant promise for material applications owing to their distinctive optical and magnetic characteristics, as well as their versatile coordination capabilities. This study introduced a lanthanide-functionalized magnetic nanocellulose composite (NNC@Fe3O4@La(OH)3) for effective phosphorus/nitrogen (P/N) ligand separation. The hybrid material employs the adaptable coordination geometry and strong affinity for oxygen of La3+ ions to show enhanced DNA-binding capacity via multi-site coordination with phosphate backbones and bases. This study utilized cellulose as a carrier, which was modified through carboxylation and amination processes employing deep eutectic solvents (DES) and polyethyleneimine. Magnetic nanoparticles and La(OH)3 were subsequently incorporated into the cellulose via in situ growth. NNC@Fe3O4@La(OH)3 showed a specific surface area of 36.2 m2·g−1 and a magnetic saturation intensity of 37 emu/g, facilitating the formation of ligands with accessible La3+ active sites, hence creating mesoporous interfaces that allow for fast separation. NNC@Fe3O4@La(OH)3 showed a significant affinity for DNA, with adsorption capacities reaching 243 mg/g, mostly due to the multistage coordination binding of La3+ to the phosphate groups and bases of DNA. Simultaneously, kinetic experiments indicated that the binding process adhered to a pseudo-secondary kinetic model, predominantly dependent on chemisorption. This study developed a unique rare-earth coordination-driven functional hybrid material, which is highly significant for constructing selective separation platforms for P/N-containing ligands. Full article
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16 pages, 4770 KiB  
Article
Developing a CeS2/ZnS Quantum Dot Composite Nanomaterial as a High-Performance Cathode Material for Supercapacitor
by Shan-Diao Xu, Li-Cheng Wu, Muhammad Adil, Lin-Feng Sheng, Zi-Yue Zhao, Kui Xu and Xin Chen
Batteries 2025, 11(8), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11080289 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025
Abstract
To develop high-performance electrode materials for supercapacitors, in this paper, a heterostructured composite material of cerium sulfide and zinc sulfide quantum dots (CeS2/ZnS QD) was successfully prepared by hydrothermal method. Characterization through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission [...] Read more.
To develop high-performance electrode materials for supercapacitors, in this paper, a heterostructured composite material of cerium sulfide and zinc sulfide quantum dots (CeS2/ZnS QD) was successfully prepared by hydrothermal method. Characterization through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that ZnS QD nanoparticles were uniformly composited with CeS2, effectively increasing the active sites surface area and shortening the ion diffusion path. Electrochemical tests show that the specific capacitance of this composite material reaches 2054 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g (specific capacity of about 256 mAh/g), significantly outperforming the specific capacitance of pure CeS2 787 F/g at 1 A/g (specific capacity 98 mAh/g). The asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) assembled with CeS2/ZnS QD and activated carbon (AC) retained 84% capacitance after 10,000 charge–discharge cycles. Benefited from the synergistic effect between CeS2 and ZnS QDs, the significantly improved electrochemical performance of the composite material suggests a promising strategy for designing rare-earth and QD-based advanced energy storage materials. Full article
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17 pages, 1139 KiB  
Article
Ag/TA@CNC Reinforced Hydrogel Dressing with Enhanced Adhesion and Antibacterial Activity
by Jiahao Yu, Junhao Liu, Yicheng Liu, Siqi Liu, Zichuan Su and Daxin Liang
Gels 2025, 11(8), 591; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11080591 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025
Abstract
Developing multifunctional wound dressings with excellent mechanical properties, strong tissue adhesion, and efficient antibacterial activity is crucial for promoting wound healing. This study prepared a novel nanocomposite hydrogel dressing based on sodium alginate-polyacrylic acid dual crosslinking networks, incorporating tannic acid-coated cellulose nanocrystals (TA@CNC) [...] Read more.
Developing multifunctional wound dressings with excellent mechanical properties, strong tissue adhesion, and efficient antibacterial activity is crucial for promoting wound healing. This study prepared a novel nanocomposite hydrogel dressing based on sodium alginate-polyacrylic acid dual crosslinking networks, incorporating tannic acid-coated cellulose nanocrystals (TA@CNC) and in-situ reduced silver nanoparticles for multifunctional enhancement. The rigid CNC framework significantly improved mechanical properties (elastic modulus of 146 kPa at 1 wt%), while TA catechol groups provided excellent adhesion (36.4 kPa to pigskin, 122% improvement over pure system) through dynamic hydrogen bonding and coordination interactions. TA served as a green reducing agent for uniform AgNPs loading, with CNC negative charges preventing particle aggregation. Antibacterial studies revealed synergistic effects between TA-induced membrane disruption and Ag+-triggered reactive oxygen species generation, achieving >99.5% inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The TA@CNC-regulated porous structure balanced swelling performance and water vapor transmission, facilitating wound exudate management and moist healing. This composite hydrogel successfully integrates mechanical toughness, tissue adhesion, antibacterial activity, and biocompatibility, providing a novel strategy for advanced wound dressing development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Research on Medical Hydrogels)
11 pages, 1401 KiB  
Communication
Graphene-Enhanced FePO4 Composites with Superior Electrochemical Performance for Lithium-Ion Batteries
by Jinde Yu, Shuchun Hu, Yaohan Zhang, Yin Liu, Wenjuan Ren, Aipeng Zhu, Yanqi Feng, Zhe Wang, Dunan Rao, Yuqin Yang, Heng Zhang, Runhan Liu and Shunying Chang
Materials 2025, 18(15), 3604; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18153604 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025
Abstract
In this study, we successfully synthesized olivine-type FePO4 via an in situ oxidation method and further developed two composite cathode materials (o-FePO4-1/GR-1 and o-FePO4-1/GR-2) by incorporating graphene. The composites were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction [...] Read more.
In this study, we successfully synthesized olivine-type FePO4 via an in situ oxidation method and further developed two composite cathode materials (o-FePO4-1/GR-1 and o-FePO4-1/GR-2) by incorporating graphene. The composites were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), revealing a three-dimensional porous layered structure with an enhanced surface area and strong interaction between FePO4 nanoparticles and graphene layers. Electrochemical tests demonstrated that the composite electrodes exhibited significantly improved performance compared to pristine FePO4, with discharge capacities of 147 mAh g−1 at 1C and 163 mAh g−1 at 0.1C for o-FePO4-1/GR-2, approaching the level of LiFePO4. The incorporation of graphene effectively enhanced the electrochemical reaction kinetics, highlighting the innovation of our method in developing high-performance cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Electronic Materials)
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26 pages, 9475 KiB  
Article
Microalgae-Derived Vesicles: Natural Nanocarriers of Exogenous and Endogenous Proteins
by Luiza Garaeva, Eugene Tolstyko, Elena Putevich, Yury Kil, Anastasiia Spitsyna, Svetlana Emelianova, Anastasia Solianik, Eugeny Yastremsky, Yuri Garmay, Elena Komarova, Elena Varfolomeeva, Anton Ershov, Irina Sizova, Evgeny Pichkur, Ilya A. Vinnikov, Varvara Kvanchiani, Alina Kilasoniya Marfina, Andrey L. Konevega and Tatiana Shtam
Plants 2025, 14(15), 2354; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152354 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanoscale membrane-enclosed particles, are natural carriers of proteins and nucleic acids. Microalgae are widely used as a source of bioactive substances in the food and cosmetic industries and definitely have a potential to be used as the producers of EVs [...] Read more.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanoscale membrane-enclosed particles, are natural carriers of proteins and nucleic acids. Microalgae are widely used as a source of bioactive substances in the food and cosmetic industries and definitely have a potential to be used as the producers of EVs for biomedical applications. In this study, the extracellular vesicles isolated from the culture medium of two unicellular microalgae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlamy-EVs) and Parachlorella kessleri (Chlore-EVs), were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), cryo-electronic microscopy (cryo-EM), and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). The biocompatibility with human cells in vitro (HEK-293T, DF-2 and A172) and biodistribution in mouse organs and tissues in vivo were tested for both microalgal EVs. An exogenous therapeutic protein, human heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), was successfully loaded to Chlamy- and Chlore-EVs, and its efficient delivery to human glioma and colon carcinoma cell lines has been confirmed. Additionally, in order to search for potential therapeutic biomolecules within the EVs, their proteomes have been characterized. A total of 105 proteins were identified for Chlamy-EVs and 33 for Chlore-EVs. The presence of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the Chlamy-EV constituents allows for considering them as antioxidant agents. The effective delivery of exogenous cargo to human cells and the possibility of the particle yield optimization by varying the microalgae growth conditions make them favorable producers of EVs for biotechnology and biomedical application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Cell Biology)
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24 pages, 7353 KiB  
Article
Characterization and Application of Synergistically Degraded Chitosan in Aquafeeds to Promote Immunity, Antioxidative Status, and Disease Resistance in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
by Thitirat Rattanawongwiboon, Natthapong Paankhao, Wararut Buncharoen, Nantipa Pansawat, Benchawan Kumwan, Pakapon Meachasompop, Phunsin Kantha, Tanavan Pansiri, Theeranan Tangthong, Sakchai Laksee, Suwinai Paankhao, Kittipong Promsee, Mongkhon Jaroenkittaweewong, Pattra Lertsarawut, Prapansak Srisapoome, Kasinee Hemvichian and Anurak Uchuwittayakul
Polymers 2025, 17(15), 2101; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17152101 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025
Abstract
This study investigated the immunonutritional potential of high-molecular-weight (Mw~85 kDa), non-degraded chitosan (NCS) and gamma-radiation-degraded, low-molecular-weight chitosan (RCS) incorporated into aquafeeds for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). RCS was produced by γ-irradiation (10 kGy) in the presence of 0.25% (w/ [...] Read more.
This study investigated the immunonutritional potential of high-molecular-weight (Mw~85 kDa), non-degraded chitosan (NCS) and gamma-radiation-degraded, low-molecular-weight chitosan (RCS) incorporated into aquafeeds for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). RCS was produced by γ-irradiation (10 kGy) in the presence of 0.25% (w/v) H2O2, yielding low-viscosity, colloidally stable nanoparticles with Mw ranging from 10 to 13 kDa. Five diets were formulated: a control, NCS at 0.50%, and RCS at 0.025%, 0.050%, and 0.075%. No adverse effects on growth were observed, confirming safety. Immune gene expression (e.g., ifng1, nfκb, tnf), antioxidant markers (e.g., reduced MDA, increased GSH and GR), and nonspecific humoral responses (lysozyme, IgM, and bactericidal activity) were significantly enhanced in the NCS-0.50, RCS-0.050, and RCS-0.075 groups. Notably, these benefits were achieved with RCS at 10-fold lower concentrations than NCS. Following challenge with Edwardsiella tarda, fish fed RCS-0.050 and RCS-0.075 diets exhibited the highest survival rates and relative percent survival, highlighting robust activation of innate and adaptive immunity alongside redox defense. These results support the use of low-Mw RCS as a biologically potent, cost-effective alternative to traditional high-Mw chitosan in functional aquafeeds. RCS-0.050 and RCS-0.075 show strong potential as immunonutritional agents to enhance fish health and disease resistance in aquaculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polysaccharides: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)
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28 pages, 9865 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Stability of Multi-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles and Potential Anticancer Efficacy on Human Cervical Cancer Cells
by Aurora Mocanu, Madalina Anca Ujica, Ossi Horovitz, Gheorghe Tomoaia, Olga Soritau, Cristina Teodora Dobrota, Cristina Roxana Popa, Attila Kun, Horea-Rares-Ciprian Benea, Ionel Marius Mang, Gheorghe Borodi, Viorica Raischi, Marius Roman, Lucian Cristian Pop and Maria Tomoaia-Cotisel
Biomedicines 2025, 13(8), 1861; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13081861 - 31 Jul 2025
Abstract
Objectives: In this research study, we introduce a novel approach to develop an innovative nanocarrier system comprising gold nanoparticles (GNPs) loaded with doxorubicin (D) in combination with natural molecules, such as trans-resveratrol (R), piperine (P), and icariin (Ic), against human cervical cancer. The [...] Read more.
Objectives: In this research study, we introduce a novel approach to develop an innovative nanocarrier system comprising gold nanoparticles (GNPs) loaded with doxorubicin (D) in combination with natural molecules, such as trans-resveratrol (R), piperine (P), and icariin (Ic), against human cervical cancer. The final objective is to improve the anticancer efficacy of doxorubicin on HeLa and CaSki cell lines. Methods: Resveratrol was also used for the synthesis of GNP_R1 nanoparticles. Multi-functional GNPs loaded with D, R, P, and Ic (e.g., GNP_R1@D/R/P/Ic) were successfully prepared and fully characterized by SPR, TEM, HR-TEM, XRD, AFM, DLS, and zeta potential. They were investigated for in vitro stability in various biological media. The cytotoxicity activity was tested on HeLa and CaSki cell lines, using the MTT assay, for their applications as anticancer agents. Results: Our results demonstrate that the novel multi-functional GNPs (such as GNP_R1@D/R and GNP_R1@D/R/P/Ic) can effectively target the cervical cancer cells, improving the bioavailability of therapeutic agents and enhancing their cytotoxicity against cervical cancer cells. In vitro assessments demonstrated that the multi-functional GNPs exhibited improved stability and potential anticancer efficacy on human cervical cancer cells. Conclusions: The described strategy connects the benefits of biomolecules with functional nanoparticles toward the development of various GNP_R1@D/R/P/Ic nanocarriers for their applications as anticancer agents against human cervical cancer. This study provides compelling evidence that the innovative nanoparticles can enhance the therapeutic efficacy of doxorubicin against cervical cancer and offer a more advantageous alternative compared to doxorubicin monotherapy. Full article
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20 pages, 1573 KiB  
Article
Polyvalent Mannuronic Acid-Coated Gold Nanoparticles for Probing Multivalent Lectin–Glycan Interaction and Blocking Virus Infection
by Rahman Basaran, Darshita Budhadev, Eleni Dimitriou, Hannah S. Wootton, Gavin J. Miller, Amy Kempf, Inga Nehlmeier, Stefan Pöhlmann, Yuan Guo and Dejian Zhou
Viruses 2025, 17(8), 1066; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17081066 - 30 Jul 2025
Abstract
Multivalent lectin–glycan interactions (MLGIs) are vital for viral infection, cell-cell communication and regulation of immune responses. Their structural and biophysical data are thus important, not only for providing insights into their underlying mechanisms but also for designing potent glycoconjugate therapeutics against target MLGIs. [...] Read more.
Multivalent lectin–glycan interactions (MLGIs) are vital for viral infection, cell-cell communication and regulation of immune responses. Their structural and biophysical data are thus important, not only for providing insights into their underlying mechanisms but also for designing potent glycoconjugate therapeutics against target MLGIs. However, such information remains to be limited for some important MLGIs, significantly restricting the research progress. We have recently demonstrated that functional nanoparticles, including ∼4 nm quantum dots and varying sized gold nanoparticles (GNPs), densely glycosylated with various natural mono- and oligo- saccharides, are powerful biophysical probes for MLGIs. Using two important viral receptors, DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR (together denoted as DC-SIGN/R hereafter), as model multimeric lectins, we have shown that α-mannose and α-manno-α-1,2-biose (abbreviated as Man and DiMan, respectively) coated GNPs not only can provide sensitive measurement of MLGI affinities but also reveal critical structural information (e.g., binding site orientation and mode) which are important for MLGI targeting. In this study, we produced mannuronic acid (ManA) coated GNPs (GNP-ManA) of two different sizes to probe the effect of glycan modification on their MLGI affinity and antiviral property. Using our recently developed GNP fluorescence quenching assay, we find that GNP-ManA binds effectively to both DC-SIGN/R and increasing the size of GNP significantly enhances their MLGI affinity. Consistent with this, increasing the GNP size also significantly enhances their ability to block DC-SIGN/R-augmented virus entry into host cells. Particularly, ManA coated 13 nm GNP potently block Ebola virus glycoprotein-driven entry into DC-SIGN/R-expressing cells with sub-nM levels of EC50. Our findings suggest that GNP-ManA probes can act as a useful tool to quantify the characteristics of MLGIs, where increasing the GNP scaffold size substantially enhances their MLGI affinity and antiviral potency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Lectins in Viral Infections and Antiviral Intervention)
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20 pages, 4676 KiB  
Article
Self-Healing 3D-Printed Polyurethane Nanocomposites Based on Graphene
by Justyna Gołąbek, Natalia Sulewska and Michał Strankowski
Micromachines 2025, 16(8), 889; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16080889 - 30 Jul 2025
Abstract
This study explores the self-healing properties of polyurethane nanocomposites enhanced by multiple hydrogen bonds from ureido-pyrimidinone and the incorporation of 1–3 wt.% graphene nanoparticles, based on polyol α,ω-dihydroxy[oligo(butylene-ethylene adipate)]diol, which, according to our knowledge, has not been previously used in such systems. These [...] Read more.
This study explores the self-healing properties of polyurethane nanocomposites enhanced by multiple hydrogen bonds from ureido-pyrimidinone and the incorporation of 1–3 wt.% graphene nanoparticles, based on polyol α,ω-dihydroxy[oligo(butylene-ethylene adipate)]diol, which, according to our knowledge, has not been previously used in such systems. These new materials were synthesized via a two-step process and characterized by their thermal, mechanical, chemical, and self-healing properties. The mechanical analysis revealed that all nanocomposites exhibited high self-healing efficiencies (88–91%). The PU containing 2% graphene stands out as it exhibits the highest initial mechanical strength of ~5 MPa compared to approximately 2MP for a pristine PU while maintaining excellent self-healing efficiency (88%). A cut on the PU nanocomposite with 2% graphene can be completely healed after being heated at 80 °C for 1 h, which shows that it has a fast recovery time. Moreover, 3D printing was also successfully used to assess their processability and its effect on self-healing behavior. Three-dimensional printing did not negatively affect the material regeneration properties; thus, the material can be used in a variety of applications as expected in terms of dimensions and geometry. Full article
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18 pages, 4279 KiB  
Article
Chemophotothermal Combined Therapy with 5-Fluorouracil and Branched Gold Nanoshell Hyperthermia Induced a Reduction in Tumor Size in a Xenograft Colon Cancer Model
by Sarah Eliuth Ochoa-Hugo, Karla Valdivia-Aviña, Yanet Karina Gutiérrez-Mercado, Alejandro Arturo Canales-Aguirre, Verónica Chaparro-Huerta, Adriana Aguilar-Lemarroy, Luis Felipe Jave-Suárez, Mario Eduardo Cano-González, Antonio Topete, Andrea Molina-Pineda and Rodolfo Hernández-Gutiérrez
Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(8), 988; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17080988 (registering DOI) - 30 Jul 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The heterogeneity of cancer disease and the frequent ineffectiveness and resistance observed with currently available treatments highlight the importance of developing new antitumor therapies. The properties of gold nanoparticles, such as their photon-energy heating, are attractive for oncology therapy; this can [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The heterogeneity of cancer disease and the frequent ineffectiveness and resistance observed with currently available treatments highlight the importance of developing new antitumor therapies. The properties of gold nanoparticles, such as their photon-energy heating, are attractive for oncology therapy; this can be effective and localized. The combination of chemotherapy and hyperthermia is promising. Our aim was to evaluate the combination therapy of photon hyperthermia with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) both in vitro and in vivo. Methods: This study evaluated the antitumor efficacy of a combined chemo-photothermal therapy using 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and branched gold nanoshells (BGNSs) in a colorectal cancer model. BGNSs were synthesized via a seed-mediated method and characterized by electron microscopy and UV–vis spectroscopy, revealing an average diameter of 126.3 nm and a plasmon resonance peak at 800 nm, suitable for near-infrared (NIR) photothermal applications. In vitro assays using SW620-GFP colon cancer cells demonstrated a ≥90% reduction in cell viability after 24 h of combined treatment with 5-FU and BGNS under NIR irradiation. In vivo, xenograft-bearing nude mice received weekly intratumoral administrations of the combined therapy for four weeks. The group treated with 5-FU + BGNS + NIR exhibited a final tumor volume of 0.4 mm3 on day 28, compared to 1010 mm3 in the control group, corresponding to a tumor growth inhibition (TGI) of 100.74% (p < 0.001), which indicates not only complete inhibition of tumor growth but also regression below the initial tumor volume. Thermographic imaging confirmed that localized hyperthermia reached 45 ± 0.5 °C at the tumor site. Results: These findings suggest that the combination of 5-FU and BGNS-mediated hyperthermia may offer a promising strategy for enhancing therapeutic outcomes in patients with colorectal cancer while potentially minimizing systemic toxicity. Conclusions: This study highlights the potential of integrating nanotechnology with conventional chemotherapy for more effective and targeted cancer treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanotechnology for Combination Therapy and Diagnosis)
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19 pages, 4297 KiB  
Article
Bioactivity of Glass Carbomer Versus Conventional GICs in Sound Enamel and Dentine: A 12-Month SEM-EDS Study
by Dubravka Turjanski, Suzana Jakovljević, Dragutin Lisjak, Petra Bučević Sojčić, Fran Glavina, Kristina Goršeta and Domagoj Glavina
Materials 2025, 18(15), 3580; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18153580 (registering DOI) - 30 Jul 2025
Abstract
Glass ionomer cements (GICs) are bioactive restorative materials valued for their sustained ion release and remineralisation capacity. However, their long-term interactions with sound enamel and dentine remain underexplored. This 12-month in vitro study aimed to evaluate microstructural and compositional changes in sound dental [...] Read more.
Glass ionomer cements (GICs) are bioactive restorative materials valued for their sustained ion release and remineralisation capacity. However, their long-term interactions with sound enamel and dentine remain underexplored. This 12-month in vitro study aimed to evaluate microstructural and compositional changes in sound dental tissues adjacent to four GICs—Ketac Universal, Fuji IX and Equia Forte Fil (conventional GICs) and the advanced Glass Carbomer (incorporating hydroxyapatite nanoparticles)—using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Glass Carbomer uniquely formed hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and mineralised regions indicative of active biomineralisation—features not observed with conventional GICs. It also demonstrated greater fluoride uptake into dentine and higher silicon incorporation in both enamel and dentine. Conventional GICs exhibited filler particle dissolution and mineral deposition within the matrix over time; among them, Equia Forte released the most fluoride while Fuji IX released the most strontium. Notably, ion uptake was consistently higher in dentine than in enamel for all materials. These findings indicate that Glass Carbomer possesses superior bioactivity and mineralising potential which may contribute to the reinforcement of sound dental tissues and the prevention of demineralisation. However, further in vivo studies are required to confirm these effects under physiological conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Dental Materials)
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27 pages, 2602 KiB  
Article
Folate-Modified Albumin-Functionalized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Theranostics: Engineering and In Vitro PDT Treatment of Breast Cancer Cell Lines
by Anna V. Bychkova, Maria G. Gorobets, Anna V. Toroptseva, Alina A. Markova, Minh Tuan Nguyen, Yulia L. Volodina, Margarita A. Gradova, Madina I. Abdullina, Oksana A. Mayorova, Valery V. Kasparov, Vadim S. Pokrovsky, Anton V. Kolotaev and Derenik S. Khachatryan
Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(8), 982; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17080982 - 30 Jul 2025
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Abstract
Background/Objectives: Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), human serum albumin (HSA) and folic acid (FA) are prospective components for hybrid nanosystems for various biomedical applications. The magnetic nanosystems FA-HSA@IONPs (FAMs) containing IONPs, HSA, and FA residue are engineered in the study. Methods: [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), human serum albumin (HSA) and folic acid (FA) are prospective components for hybrid nanosystems for various biomedical applications. The magnetic nanosystems FA-HSA@IONPs (FAMs) containing IONPs, HSA, and FA residue are engineered in the study. Methods: Composition, stability and integrity of the coating, and peroxidase-like activity of FAMs are characterized using UV/Vis spectrophotometry (colorimetric test using o-phenylenediamine (OPD), Bradford protein assay, etc.), spectrofluorimetry, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and electron magnetic resonance (EMR). The selectivity of the FAMs accumulation in cancer cells is analyzed using flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results: FAMs (dN~55 nm by DLS) as a drug delivery platform have been administered to cancer cells (human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines) in vitro. Methylene blue, as a model photosensitizer, has been non-covalently bound to FAMs. An increase in photoinduced cytotoxicity has been found upon excitation of the photosensitizer bound to the coating of FAMs compared to the single photosensitizer at equivalent concentrations. The suitability of the nanosystems for photodynamic therapy has been confirmed. Conclusions: FAMs are able to effectively enter cells with increased folate receptor expression and thus allow antitumor photosensitizers to be delivered to cells without any loss of their in vitro photodynamic efficiency. Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of FAMs in oncology are discussed. Full article
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