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25 pages, 3258 KiB  
Article
MTRSRP: Joint Design of Multi-Triangular Ring and Self-Routing Protocol for BLE Networks
by Tzuen-Wuu Hsieh, Jian-Ping Lin, Chih-Min Yu, Meng-Lin Ku and Li-Chun Wang
Sensors 2025, 25(15), 4773; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25154773 (registering DOI) - 3 Aug 2025
Abstract
This paper presents the multi-triangular ring and self-routing protocol (MTRSRP), which is a new decentralized strategy designed to boost throughput and network efficiency in multiring scatternets. MTRSRP comprises two primary phases: leader election and scatternet formation, which collaborate to establish an effective multi-triangular [...] Read more.
This paper presents the multi-triangular ring and self-routing protocol (MTRSRP), which is a new decentralized strategy designed to boost throughput and network efficiency in multiring scatternets. MTRSRP comprises two primary phases: leader election and scatternet formation, which collaborate to establish an effective multi-triangular ring topology. In the leader election phase, nodes exchange broadcast messages to gather neighbor information and elect coordinators through a competitive process. The scatternet formation phase determines the optimal number of rings based on the coordinator’s collected node information and predefined rules. The master nodes then send unicast connection requests to establish piconets within the scatternet, following a predefined role table. Intra- and inter-bridge nodes were activated to interconnect the piconets, creating a cohesive multi-triangular ring scatternet. Additionally, MTRSRP incorporates a self-routing addressing scheme within the triangular ring architecture, optimizing packet transmission paths and reducing overhead by utilizing master/slave relationships established during scatternet formation. Simulation results indicate that MTRSRP with dual-bridge connectivity outperforms the cluster-based on-demand routing protocol and Bluetooth low-energy mesh schemes in key network transmission performance metrics such as the transmission rate, packet delay, and delivery ratio. In summary, MTRSRP significantly enhances throughput, optimizes routing paths, and improves network efficiency in multi-ring scatternets through its multi-triangular ring topology and self-routing capabilities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wireless Sensor and Mobile Networks)
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24 pages, 673 KiB  
Article
Bridge Tower Warning Method Based on Improved Multi-Rate Fusion Under Strong Wind Action
by Yan Shi, Yan Wang, Lu-Nan Wang, Wei-Nan Wang and Tao-Yuan Yang
Buildings 2025, 15(15), 2733; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15152733 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025
Abstract
The displacement of bridge towers is relatively large under strong wind action. Changes in tower displacement can reflect the usage status of the bridge towers. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct performance warning research on tower displacement under strong wind action. In this [...] Read more.
The displacement of bridge towers is relatively large under strong wind action. Changes in tower displacement can reflect the usage status of the bridge towers. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct performance warning research on tower displacement under strong wind action. In this paper, the triple standard deviation method, multiple linear regression method, and interpolation method are used to preprocess monitoring data with skipped points and missing anomalies. An improved multi-rate data fusion method, validated using simulated datasets, was applied to correct monitoring data at bridge tower tops. The fused data were used to feed predictive models and generate structural performance alerts. Spectral analysis confirmed that the fused displacement measurements achieve high precision by effectively merging the low-frequency GPS signal with the high-frequency accelerometer signal. Structural integrity monitoring of wind-loaded bridge towers used modeling residuals as alert triggers. The efficacy of this proactive monitoring strategy has been quantitatively validated through statistical evaluation of alarm accuracy rates. Full article
16 pages, 2389 KiB  
Article
Designing an SOI Interleaver Using Genetic Algorithm
by Michael Gad, Mostafa Fedawy, Mira Abboud, Hany Mahrous, Gamal A. Ebrahim, Mostafa M. Salah, Ahmed Shaker, W. Fikry and Michael Ibrahim
Photonics 2025, 12(8), 775; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12080775 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 55
Abstract
A multi-objective genetic algorithm is tailored to optimize the design of a wavelength interleaver/deinterleaver device. An interleaver combines data streams from two physical channels into one. The deinterleaver does the opposite job. The WDM requirements for this device include channel spacing of 50 [...] Read more.
A multi-objective genetic algorithm is tailored to optimize the design of a wavelength interleaver/deinterleaver device. An interleaver combines data streams from two physical channels into one. The deinterleaver does the opposite job. The WDM requirements for this device include channel spacing of 50 GHz, channel bandwidth of 20 GHz, free spectral range of 100 GHz, maximum channel dispersion of 30 ps/nm, and maximum crosstalk of −23 dB. The challenges for the optimization process include the lack of a closed-form expression for the device performance and the trade-off between the conflicting performance parameters. So, for this multi-objective problem, the proposed approach maneuvers to find a compromise between the performance parameters within a few minutes, saving the designer the laborious design process previously proposed in the literature, which relies on visually inspecting the Z-plane for the dynamics of the transmission poles and zeros. Designs of better performance are achieved, with fewer ring resonators, a channel dispersion as low as 1.6 ps/nm, and crosstalk as low as −30 dB. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Devices for Silicon Photonics)
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15 pages, 4375 KiB  
Article
Design of 5G-Advanced and Beyond Millimeter-Wave Filters Based on Hybrid SIW-SSPP and Metastructures
by Qingqing Liao, Guangpu Tang, Tong Xiao, Chengguo Liu, Lifeng Huang and Hongguang Wang
Electronics 2025, 14(15), 3026; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14153026 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 156
Abstract
This article investigates how to exploit the high-frequency mmWave for 5G-advanced and beyond, which requires new filters for the wide bandpass and its multi-sub-band. Based on the substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW), spoof surface plasmon polariton (SSPP), and metastructures, like complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs), the [...] Read more.
This article investigates how to exploit the high-frequency mmWave for 5G-advanced and beyond, which requires new filters for the wide bandpass and its multi-sub-band. Based on the substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW), spoof surface plasmon polariton (SSPP), and metastructures, like complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs), the development of a wide bandpass filter and a multi-sub-band filter is proposed, along with an experimental realization to verify the model. The upper and lower cutoff frequencies of the wide bandpass are controlled through an SIW-SSPP structure, whereas the corresponding wide bandpass and its multi-sub-band filters are designed through incorporating new metastructures. The frequency range of 24.25–29.5 GHz, which covers the n257, n258, and n261 bands for 5G applications, was selected for verification. The basic SIW-SSPP wide bandpass structure of 24.25–29.5 GHz was designed first. Then, by incorporating an Archimedean spiral configuration, the insertion loss within the passband was reduced from 1 dB to 0.5 dB, while the insertion loss in the high-frequency stopband was enhanced from 40 dB to 70 dB. Finally, CSRRs were integrated to effectively suppress undesired frequency components within the bandpass, thereby achieving multi-sub-band filters with low insertion losses with a triple-sub-band filter of 0.5 dB, 0.7 dB, and 0.8 dB in turn. The experimental results showed strong agreement with the design scheme, thereby confirming the rationality of the design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Microwave and Wireless Communications)
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37 pages, 9111 KiB  
Article
Conformal On-Body Antenna System Integrated with Deep Learning for Non-Invasive Breast Cancer Detection
by Marwa H. Sharaf, Manuel Arrebola, Khalid F. A. Hussein, Asmaa E. Farahat and Álvaro F. Vaquero
Sensors 2025, 25(15), 4670; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25154670 - 28 Jul 2025
Viewed by 273
Abstract
Breast cancer detection through non-invasive and accurate techniques remains a critical challenge in medical diagnostics. This study introduces a deep learning-based framework that leverages a microwave radar system equipped with an arc-shaped array of six antennas to estimate key tumor parameters, including position, [...] Read more.
Breast cancer detection through non-invasive and accurate techniques remains a critical challenge in medical diagnostics. This study introduces a deep learning-based framework that leverages a microwave radar system equipped with an arc-shaped array of six antennas to estimate key tumor parameters, including position, size, and depth. This research begins with the evolutionary design of an ultra-wideband octagram ring patch antenna optimized for enhanced tumor detection sensitivity in directional near-field coupling scenarios. The antenna is fabricated and experimentally evaluated, with its performance validated through S-parameter measurements, far-field radiation characterization, and efficiency analysis to ensure effective signal propagation and interaction with breast tissue. Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) distributions within breast tissues are comprehensively assessed, and power adjustment strategies are implemented to comply with electromagnetic exposure safety limits. The dataset for the deep learning model comprises simulated self and mutual S-parameters capturing tumor-induced variations over a broad frequency spectrum. A core innovation of this work is the development of the Attention-Based Feature Separation (ABFS) model, which dynamically identifies optimal frequency sub-bands and disentangles discriminative features tailored to each tumor parameter. A multi-branch neural network processes these features to achieve precise tumor localization and size estimation. Compared to conventional attention mechanisms, the proposed ABFS architecture demonstrates superior prediction accuracy and interpretability. The proposed approach achieves high estimation accuracy and computational efficiency in simulation studies, underscoring the promise of integrating deep learning with conformal microwave imaging for safe, effective, and non-invasive breast cancer detection. Full article
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20 pages, 2772 KiB  
Article
Cable Force Optimization of Circular Ring Pylon Cable-Stayed Bridges Based on Response Surface Methodology and Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization
by Shengdong Liu, Fei Chen, Qingfu Li and Xiyu Ma
Buildings 2025, 15(15), 2647; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15152647 - 27 Jul 2025
Viewed by 161
Abstract
Cable force distribution in cable-stayed bridges critically impacts structural safety and efficiency, yet traditional optimization methods struggle with unconventional designs due to nonlinear mechanics and computational inefficiency. This study proposes a hybrid approach combining Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization [...] Read more.
Cable force distribution in cable-stayed bridges critically impacts structural safety and efficiency, yet traditional optimization methods struggle with unconventional designs due to nonlinear mechanics and computational inefficiency. This study proposes a hybrid approach combining Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) to overcome these challenges. RSM constructs surrogate models for strain energy and mid-span displacement, reducing reliance on finite element analysis, while MOPSO optimizes Pareto solution sets for rapid cable force adjustment. Validated through an engineering case, the method reduces the main girder’s max bending moment by 8.7%, mid-span displacement by 31.2%, and strain energy by 7.1%, improving stiffness and mitigating stress concentrations. The response surface model demonstrates prediction errors of 0.35% for strain energy and 5.1% for maximum vertical mid-span deflection. By synergizing explicit modeling with intelligent algorithms, this methodology effectively resolves the longstanding efficiency–accuracy trade-off in cable force optimization for cable-stayed bridges. It achieves over 80% reduction in computational costs while enhancing critical structural performance metrics. Engineers are thereby equipped with a rapid and reliable optimization framework for geometrically complex cable-stayed bridges, delivering significant improvements in structural safety and construction feasibility. Ultimately, this approach establishes both theoretical substantiation and practical engineering benchmarks for designing non-conventional cable-stayed bridge configurations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
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23 pages, 8273 KiB  
Article
Multidisciplinary Approach in the Structural Diagnosis of Historic Buildings: Stability Study of the Bullring of Real Maestranza de Caballería de Ronda (Spain)
by Pablo Pachón, Carlos Garduño, Enrique Vázquez-Vicente, Juan Ramón Baeza and Víctor Compán
Heritage 2025, 8(8), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8080297 - 25 Jul 2025
Viewed by 298
Abstract
The structural health monitoring of historic buildings represents one of the most significant challenges in contemporary structural analysis, particularly for large-scale structures with accumulated damage. Obtaining reliable diagnostics is crucial yet complex due to the inherent uncertainties in both geometric definition and material [...] Read more.
The structural health monitoring of historic buildings represents one of the most significant challenges in contemporary structural analysis, particularly for large-scale structures with accumulated damage. Obtaining reliable diagnostics is crucial yet complex due to the inherent uncertainties in both geometric definition and material properties of historic constructions, especially when structural stability may be compromised. This study presents a comprehensive structural assessment of the Bullring of the Real Maestranza de Caballería de Ronda (Spain), an emblematic 18th-century structure, through an innovative multi-technique approach aimed at evaluating its structural stability. The methodology integrates various non-destructive techniques: 3D laser scanning for precise geometric documentation, operational modal analysis (OMA) for global dynamic characterisation, experimental modal analysis (EMA) for local assessment of critical structural elements, and sonic tests (ST) to determine the elastic moduli of the principal materials that define the historic construction. The research particularly focuses on the inner ring of sandstone columns, identified as the most vulnerable structural component through initial dynamic testing. A detailed finite-element (FE) model was developed based on high-precision laser-scanning data and calibrated using experimental dynamic properties. The model’s reliability was validated through the correlation between numerical predictions and experimental observations, enabling a thorough stability analysis of the structure. Results reveal concerning stability issues in specific columns of the inner ring, identifying elements at significant risk of collapse. This finding demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed methodology in detecting critical structural vulnerabilities in historic buildings, providing crucial information for preservation strategies. Full article
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27 pages, 18522 KiB  
Article
Summer Cooling Effect of Rivers in the Yangtze Basin, China: Magnitude, Threshold and Mechanisms
by Pan Xiong, Dongjie Guan, Yanli Su and Shuying Zeng
Land 2025, 14(8), 1511; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081511 - 22 Jul 2025
Viewed by 229
Abstract
Under the dual pressures of global climate warming and rapid urbanization, the Yangtze River Basin, as the world’s largest urban agglomeration, is facing intensifying thermal environmental stress. Although river ecosystems demonstrate significant thermal regulation functions, their spatial thresholds of cooling effects and multiscale [...] Read more.
Under the dual pressures of global climate warming and rapid urbanization, the Yangtze River Basin, as the world’s largest urban agglomeration, is facing intensifying thermal environmental stress. Although river ecosystems demonstrate significant thermal regulation functions, their spatial thresholds of cooling effects and multiscale driving mechanisms have remained to be systematically elucidated. This study retrieved land surface temperature (LST) using the split window algorithm and quantitatively analyzed the changes in the river cold island effect and its driving mechanisms in the Yangtze River Basin by combining multi-ring buffer analysis and the optimal parameter-based geographical detector model. The results showed that (1) forest land is the main land use type in the Yangtze River Basin, with built-up land having the largest area increase. Affected by natural, socioeconomic, and meteorological factors, the summer temperatures displayed a spatial pattern of “higher in the east than the west, warmer in the south than the north”. (2) There are significant differences in the cooling magnitude among different land types. Forest land has the maximum daytime cooling distance (589 m), while construction land has the strongest cooling magnitude (1.72 °C). The cooling effect magnitude is most pronounced in upstream areas of the basin, reaching 0.96 °C. At the urban agglomeration scale, the Chengdu–Chongqing urban agglomeration shows the greatest temperature reduction of 0.90 °C. (3) Elevation consistently demonstrates the highest explanatory power for LST spatial variability. Interaction analysis shows that the interaction between socioeconomic factors and elevation is generally the strongest. This study provides important spatial decision support for formulating basin-scale ecological thermal regulation strategies based on refined spatial layout optimization, hierarchical management and control, and a “natural–societal” dual-dimensional synergistic regulation system. Full article
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16 pages, 2823 KiB  
Article
Electronic Properties of Molybdenum Disulfide Rings-Based Chains Associated with Length and Bias
by Yang Shu, Jie Li, Rukai Liu and Junnan Guo
Coatings 2025, 15(7), 827; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070827 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 224
Abstract
Molybdenum disulfide is more attractive and valuable at the molecular level due to its unique structure and exceptional properties. Here, new-type MoS2-ring chains are constructed and theoretically investigated for relevant electronic properties influenced by the length of the chain and the [...] Read more.
Molybdenum disulfide is more attractive and valuable at the molecular level due to its unique structure and exceptional properties. Here, new-type MoS2-ring chains are constructed and theoretically investigated for relevant electronic properties influenced by the length of the chain and the bias. Different from traditional wires, our findings demonstrate that the conductance of such a new-type chain presents unusually non-exponential decay with the length of the chain, with a particularly anomalous length of seven rings, which shows stronger equilibrium conductance than a shorter four-ring chain. Multi-peaks of electron transmission and delocalized electronic states contribute such uniqueness. Mo atoms play a vital role in electron transport. Essentially, a narrower “HOMO-LUMO” (the two closest energy levels to the Fermi level of MoS2-ring chain) gap compensates for the lower device density of states of new-type molybdenum disulfide-ring chains. The usual electronic structure of a seven-ring chain is derived from its slightly arched structure and mainly originates from interference, which is the resonance occurring between the electrodes. Noticeably, the bias could greatly enhance conductance, which could reach 1000 times more than the equilibrium conductance. At a certain bias, the conductance of a seven-ring chain even exceeds the shortest one- or two-ring chain. Furthermore, the threshold voltage (at which the maximum conductance appears) gradually decreases with the length of the chain and eventually remains at 0.7 V. The valuable negative differential resistance (NDR) effect could be found in such a molecular chain, which becomes more obvious as the length rises until the seven-ring chain reaches the peak. Our findings shed light on the relations between electronic properties and the length of a new-type molybdenum disulfide-ring chain, and provide support for such new-type chains in applications of innovative low-power and controllable electronics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research in Laser Welding and Surface Treatment Technology)
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26 pages, 5873 KiB  
Article
Pyridine–Quinoline and Biquinoline-Based Ruthenium p-Cymene Complexes as Efficient Catalysts for Transfer Hydrogenation Studies: Synthesis and Structural Characterization
by Nikolaos Zacharopoulos, Gregor Schnakenburg, Eleni I. Panagopoulou, Nikolaos S. Thomaidis and Athanassios I. Philippopoulos
Molecules 2025, 30(14), 2945; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30142945 - 11 Jul 2025
Viewed by 469
Abstract
Searching for new and efficient transfer hydrogenation catalysts, a series of new organometallic ruthenium(II)-arene complexes of the formulae [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(L)Cl][PF6] (18) and [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(L)Cl][Ru(η6-p-cymene)Cl3] ( [...] Read more.
Searching for new and efficient transfer hydrogenation catalysts, a series of new organometallic ruthenium(II)-arene complexes of the formulae [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(L)Cl][PF6] (18) and [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(L)Cl][Ru(η6-p-cymene)Cl3] (911) were synthesized and fully characterized. These were prepared from the reaction of pyridine–quinoline and biquinoline-based ligands (L) with [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(μ-Cl)Cl]2, in 1:2 and 1:1, metal (M) to ligand (L) molar ratios. Characterization includes a combination of spectroscopic methods (FT-IR, UV-Vis, multi nuclear NMR), elemental analysis and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The pyridine–quinoline organic entities encountered, were prepared in high yield either via the thermal decarboxylation of the carboxylic acid congeners, namely 2,2′-pyridyl-quinoline-4-carboxylic acid (pqca), 8-methyl-2,2′-pyridyl-quinoline-4-carboxylic acid (8-Mepqca), 6′-methyl-2,2′-pyridyl-quinoline-4-carboxylic acid (6′-Mepqca) and 8,6′-dimethyl-2,2′-pyridyl-quinoline-4-carboxylic acid (8,6′-Me2pqca), affording the desired ligands pq, 8-Mepq, 6′-Mepq and 8,6′-Me2pq, or by the classical Friedländer condensation, to yield 4,6′-dimethyl-2,2′-pyridyl-quinoline (4,6′-Me2pq) and 4-methyl-2,2′-pyridyl-quinoline (4-Mepq), respectively. The solid-state structures of complexes 14, 6, 8 and 9 were determined showing a distorted octahedral coordination geometry. The unit cell of 3 contains two independent molecules (Ru-3), (Ru′-3) in a 1:1 ratio, due to a slight rotation of the arene ring. All complexes catalyze the transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone, using 2-propanol as a hydrogen donor in the presence of KOiPr. Among them, complexes 1 and 5 bearing methyl groups at the 8 and 4 position of the quinoline moiety, convert acetophenone to 1-phenylethanol quantitatively, within approximately 10 min with final TOFs of 1600 h−1. The catalytic performance of complexes 111, towards the transfer hydrogenation of p-substituted acetophenone derivatives and benzophenone, ranges from moderate to excellent. An inner-sphere mechanism has been suggested based on the detection of ruthenium(II) hydride species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Coordination Chemistry, 3rd Edition)
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21 pages, 1362 KiB  
Article
Decentralized Consensus Protocols on SO(4)N and TSO(4)N with Reshaping
by Eric A. Butcher and Vianella Spaeth
Entropy 2025, 27(7), 743; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27070743 - 11 Jul 2025
Viewed by 316
Abstract
Consensus protocols for a multi-agent networked system consist of strategies that align the states of all agents that share information according to a given network topology, despite challenges such as communication limitations, time-varying networks, and communication delays. The special orthogonal group [...] Read more.
Consensus protocols for a multi-agent networked system consist of strategies that align the states of all agents that share information according to a given network topology, despite challenges such as communication limitations, time-varying networks, and communication delays. The special orthogonal group SO(n) plays a key role in applications from rigid body attitude synchronization to machine learning on Lie groups, particularly in fields like physics-informed learning and geometric deep learning. In this paper, N-agent consensus protocols are proposed on the Lie group SO(4) and the corresponding tangent bundle TSO(4), in which the state spaces are SO(4)N and TSO(4)N, respectively. In particular, when using communication topologies such as a ring graph for which the local stability of non-consensus equilibria is retained in the closed loop, a consensus protocol that leverages a reshaping strategy is proposed to destabilize non-consensus equilibria and produce consensus with almost global stability on SO(4)N or TSO(4)N. Lyapunov-based stability guarantees are obtained, and simulations are conducted to illustrate the advantages of these proposed consensus protocols. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lie Group Machine Learning)
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9 pages, 211 KiB  
Opinion
Pelvic Fractures in Adults and the Importance of Associated Injuries—A Current Multi-Disciplinary Approach
by Jakub Ohla, Piotr Walus, Michał Wiciński, Bartłomiej Małkowski, Bartosz Turoń, Adam Jabłoński, Michał Gawryjołek, Katie Kellett and Jan Zabrzyński
Clin. Pract. 2025, 15(7), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15070130 - 11 Jul 2025
Viewed by 343
Abstract
Background: Pelvic ring fractures are a significant and growing health problem in the field of trauma and orthopedic surgery. The aim of this paper was to present a concise description of these musculoskeletal injuries, available classification systems, and vascular and genitourinary complications. Results: [...] Read more.
Background: Pelvic ring fractures are a significant and growing health problem in the field of trauma and orthopedic surgery. The aim of this paper was to present a concise description of these musculoskeletal injuries, available classification systems, and vascular and genitourinary complications. Results: The most common complications of serious pelvic ring fractures are arterial and venous hemorrhages, as well as urethral injuries. Arterial hemorrhages most often originate from the trunk or branches of the iliac artery, and the standard treatment is pelvic stabilization and implementation of intravascular procedures. In the case of venous hemorrhages, peritoneal pelvic packing is the most important. Conclusions: A multi-disciplinary approach and treatment algorithmization are important to facilitate the prioritization of therapeutic procedures. Treatment of patients with pelvic ring fractures should take place in specialized trauma centers. Full article
13 pages, 2240 KiB  
Article
Multi-Annual Dendroclimatic Patterns for the Desert National Wildlife Refuge, Southern Nevada, USA
by Franco Biondi and James Roberts
Forests 2025, 16(7), 1142; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16071142 - 10 Jul 2025
Viewed by 302
Abstract
Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Lawson & C. Lawson) forests in the western United States have experienced reduced fire frequency since Euro-American settlement, usually because of successful fire suppression policies and even without such human impacts at remote sites in the Great Basin [...] Read more.
Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Lawson & C. Lawson) forests in the western United States have experienced reduced fire frequency since Euro-American settlement, usually because of successful fire suppression policies and even without such human impacts at remote sites in the Great Basin and Mojave Deserts. In an effort to improve our understanding of long-term environmental dynamics in sky-island ecosystems, we developed tree-ring chronologies from ponderosa pines located in the Sheep Mountain Range of southern Nevada, inside the Desert National Wildlife Refuge (DNWR). After comparing those dendrochronological records with other ones available for the south-central Great Basin, we analyzed their climatic response using station-recorded monthly precipitation and air temperature data from 1950 to 2024. The main climatic signal was December through May total precipitation, which was then reconstructed at annual resolution over the past five centuries, from 1490 to 2011 CE. The mean episode duration was 2.6 years, and the maximum drought duration was 11 years (1924–1934; the “Dust Bowl” period), while the longest episode, 19 years (1905–1923), is known throughout North America as the “early 1900s pluvial”. By quantifying multi-annual dry and wet episodes, the period since DNWR establishment was placed in a long-term dendroclimatic framework, allowing us to estimate the potential drought resilience of its unique, tree-dominated environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Signals in Tree Rings)
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23 pages, 8106 KiB  
Article
Study on the Flexible Scheduling Strategy of Water–Electricity–Hydrogen Systems in Oceanic Island Groups Enabled by Hydrogen-Powered Ships
by Qiang Wang, Binbin Long and An Zhang
Energies 2025, 18(14), 3627; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18143627 - 9 Jul 2025
Viewed by 331
Abstract
In order to improve energy utilization efficiency and the flexibility of resource transfer in oceanic-island-group microgrids, a water–electricity–hydrogen flexible scheduling strategy based on a multi-rate hydrogen-powered ship is proposed. First, the characteristics of the seawater desalination unit (SDU), proton exchange membrane electrolyzer (PEMEL), [...] Read more.
In order to improve energy utilization efficiency and the flexibility of resource transfer in oceanic-island-group microgrids, a water–electricity–hydrogen flexible scheduling strategy based on a multi-rate hydrogen-powered ship is proposed. First, the characteristics of the seawater desalination unit (SDU), proton exchange membrane electrolyzer (PEMEL), and battery system (BS) in consuming surplus renewable energy on resource islands are analyzed. The variable-efficiency operation characteristics of the SDU and PEMEL are established, and the effect of battery life loss is also taken into account. Second, a spatio-temporal model for the multi-rate hydrogen-powered ship is proposed to incorporate speed adjustment into the system optimization framework for flexible resource transfer among islands. Finally, with the goal of minimizing the total cost of the system, a flexible water–electricity–hydrogen hybrid resource transfer model is constructed, and a certain island group in the South China Sea is used as an example for simulation and analysis. The results show that the proposed scheduling strategy can effectively reduce energy loss, promote renewable energy absorption, and improve the flexibility of resource transfer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid-Renewable Energy Systems in Microgrids)
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21 pages, 5291 KiB  
Article
Sensitivity Analysis and Optimization of Urban Roundabout Road Design Parameters Based on CFD
by Hangyu Zhang, Sihui Dong, Shiqun Li and Shuai Zheng
Eng 2025, 6(7), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng6070156 - 9 Jul 2025
Viewed by 251
Abstract
With the rapid advancement of urbanization, urban transportation systems are facing increasingly severe congestion challenges, especially at traditional roundabouts. The rapid increase in vehicles has led to a sharp increase in pressure at roundabouts. In order to alleviate the traffic pressure in the [...] Read more.
With the rapid advancement of urbanization, urban transportation systems are facing increasingly severe congestion challenges, especially at traditional roundabouts. The rapid increase in vehicles has led to a sharp increase in pressure at roundabouts. In order to alleviate the traffic pressure in the roundabout, this paper changes the road design parameters of the roundabout, uses a CFD method combined with sensitivity analysis to study the influence of different inlet angles, lane numbers, and the outer radius on the pressure, and seeks the road design parameter scheme with the optimal mitigation effect. Firstly, the full factorial experimental design method is used to select the sample points in the design sample space, and the response values of each sample matrix are obtained by CFD. Secondly, the response surface model between the road design parameters of the roundabout and the pressure in the ring is constructed. The single-factor analysis method and the multi-factor analysis method are used to analyze the influence of the road parameters on the pressure of each feature point, and then the moment-independent sensitivity analysis method based on the response surface model is used to solve the sensitivity distribution characteristics of the road design parameters of the roundabout. Finally, the Kriging surrogate model is constructed, and the NSGA-II is used to solve the multi-objective optimization problem to obtain the optimal solution set of road parameters. The results show that there are significant differences in the mechanism of action of different road geometric parameters on the pressure of each feature point of the roundabout, and it shows obvious spatial heterogeneity of parameter sensitivity. The pressure changes in the two feature points at the entrance conflict area and the inner ring weaving area are significantly correlated with the lane number parameters. There is a strong coupling relationship between the pressure of the maximum pressure extreme point in the ring and the radius parameters of the outer ring. According to the optimal scheme of road parameters, that is, when the parameter set (inlet angle/°, number of lanes, outer radius/m) meets (35.4, 5, 65), the pressures of the feature points decrease by 34.1%, 38.3%, and 20.7%, respectively, which has a significant effect on alleviating the pressure in the intersection. This study optimizes the geometric parameters of roundabouts through multidisciplinary methods, provides a data-driven congestion reduction strategy for the urban sustainable development framework, and significantly improves road traffic efficiency, which is crucial for building an efficient traffic network and promoting urban sustainable development. Full article
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