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Keywords = metagrating

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12 pages, 3019 KiB  
Article
Ultra-Compact, High-Efficiency Vertical Meta-Grating Couplers for Meta-Photonic Integrated Circuits
by Hang Cheng, Jiagui Wu, Yue Wang, Chongchong Ran, Haitang Li, Yu Wang, Yuanhui Li, Sen Zhang, Chunhui Wang and Junbo Yang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 583; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080583 - 11 Apr 2025
Viewed by 634
Abstract
Vertical meta-grating couplers (VMGCs), while essential for flexible spatial beam coupling in meta-photonic integrated circuits (MPICs), suffer from inherently low coupling efficiency that hinders broader applications. In this study, we introduce an improved adjoint optimization method with high computational efficiency and excellent optimization [...] Read more.
Vertical meta-grating couplers (VMGCs), while essential for flexible spatial beam coupling in meta-photonic integrated circuits (MPICs), suffer from inherently low coupling efficiency that hinders broader applications. In this study, we introduce an improved adjoint optimization method with high computational efficiency and excellent optimization effectiveness. Utilizing this method, we demonstrate an ultra-compact single-polarization VMGC achieving 81.57% coupling efficiency with a 92 nm 3 dB bandwidth, and a dual-polarization beam-splitting coupler with over 52% coupling efficiency for both polarizations, a 3 dB bandwidth exceeding 60 nm, an ultra-high extinction ratio of over 26.4 dB, and negligible polarization dependent loss at 1550 nm. To the best of our knowledge, this achievement represents the best simulation record to date for a perfect vertical coupler without bottom reflectors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)
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12 pages, 3376 KiB  
Article
High-Efficiency and Large-Angle Homo-Metagratings for the Near-Infrared Region
by Wei-Cheng Tsai, Chia-Hsun Chang, Tai-Cherng Yu, Yi-Hsuan Huang, Chi-Wai Chow, Yu-Heng Hong, Hao-Chung Kuo and Yao-Wei Huang
Photonics 2024, 11(5), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11050392 - 24 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3697
Abstract
Compact photonic devices that integrate metasurfaces with light sources have been widely studied. However, experimental demonstrations of a higher efficiency of integration are still lacking. To enhance the efficiency of light sources integrated with metasurfaces, we employed a forward design optimization method and [...] Read more.
Compact photonic devices that integrate metasurfaces with light sources have been widely studied. However, experimental demonstrations of a higher efficiency of integration are still lacking. To enhance the efficiency of light sources integrated with metasurfaces, we employed a forward design optimization method and index matching between the light source and metasurface substrate to design metagratings. To optimize the overall diffraction efficiency, we manipulated the degrees of freedom in phase, the lattice constants, and the number of unit cells. The same material was utilized for the nanostructures and substrate (homo-metagrating) for index matching, while Si and GaAs materials were used for working at 1550 and 940 nm, respectively. The experimental homo-metagratings operating at 1550 nm and made of Si exhibited an overall average efficiency of 51.3% at diffraction angles of 60.3°. On the other hand, experimental homo-metagratings operating at 940 nm and made of GaAs exhibited an overall average efficiency of 52.4% at diffraction angles of 49.3°. This suggests that the future integration of metagratings with a polarization-specific laser can further enhance the overall diffraction efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Lasers and Their Applications)
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10 pages, 6235 KiB  
Article
High-Q Quasi-Bound States in the Continuum in Terahertz All-Silicon Metasurfaces
by Ruiqing Jiao, Qing Wang, Jianjun Liu, Fangzhou Shu, Guiming Pan, Xufeng Jing and Zhi Hong
Micromachines 2023, 14(10), 1817; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14101817 - 23 Sep 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2535
Abstract
Bound states in the continuum (BIC)-based all-silicon metasurfaces have attracted widespread attention in recent years because of their high quality (Q) factors in terahertz (THz) frequencies. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate an all-silicon BIC metasurface consisting of an air-hole array on a [...] Read more.
Bound states in the continuum (BIC)-based all-silicon metasurfaces have attracted widespread attention in recent years because of their high quality (Q) factors in terahertz (THz) frequencies. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate an all-silicon BIC metasurface consisting of an air-hole array on a Si substrate. BICs originated from low-order TE and TM guided mode resonances (GMRs) induced by (1,0) and (1,1) Rayleigh diffraction of metagratings, which were numerically investigated. The results indicate that the GMRs and their Q-factors are easily excited and manipulated by breaking the lattice symmetry through changes in the position or radius of the air-holes, while the resonance frequencies are less sensitive to these changes. The measured Q-factor of the GMRs is as high as 490. The high-Q metasurfaces have potential applications in THz modulators, biosensors, and other photonic devices. Full article
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13 pages, 4996 KiB  
Article
Dual-Function Meta-Grating Based on Tunable Fano Resonance for Reflective Filter and Sensor Applications
by Feifei Liu, Haoyu Jia, Yuxue Chen, Xiaoai Luo, Meidong Huang, Meng Wang and Xinping Zhang
Sensors 2023, 23(14), 6462; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146462 - 17 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1856
Abstract
Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)-based sensors exhibit enormous potential in the areas of medical diagnosis, food safety regulation and environmental monitoring. However, the broadband spectral lineshape of LSPR hampers the observation of wavelength shifts in sensing processes, thus preventing its widespread applications in [...] Read more.
Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)-based sensors exhibit enormous potential in the areas of medical diagnosis, food safety regulation and environmental monitoring. However, the broadband spectral lineshape of LSPR hampers the observation of wavelength shifts in sensing processes, thus preventing its widespread applications in sensors. Here, we describe an improved plasmonic sensor based on Fano resonances between LSPR and the Rayleigh anomaly (RA) in a metal–insulator–metal (MIM) meta-grating, which is composed of silver nanoshell array, an isolation grating mask and a continuous gold film. The MIM configuration offers more freedom to control the optical properties of LSPR, RA and the Fano resonance between them. Strong couplings between LSPR and RA formed a series of narrowband reflection peaks (with a linewidth of ~20 nm in full width at half maximum (FWHM) and a reflectivity nearing 100%) within an LSPR-based broadband extinction window in the experiment, making the meta-grating promising for applications of high-efficiency reflective filters. A Fano resonance that is well optimized between LSPR and RA by carefully adjusting the angles of incident light can switch such a nano-device to an improved biological/chemical sensor with a figure of merit (FOM) larger than 57 and capability of detecting the local refractive index changes caused by the bonding of target molecules on the surface of the nano-device. The figure of merit of the hybrid sensor in the detection of target molecules is 6 and 15 times higher than that of the simple RA- and LSPR-based sensors, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano Optical Sensing Techniques, Devices, and Applications)
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16 pages, 8934 KiB  
Article
Augmented Harris Hawks Optimizer with Gradient-Based-Like Optimization: Inverse Design of All-Dielectric Meta-Gratings
by Kofi Edee
Biomimetics 2023, 8(2), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8020179 - 24 Apr 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2264
Abstract
In this paper, we introduce a new hybrid optimization method for the inverse design of metasurfaces, which combines the original Harris hawks optimizer (HHO) with a gradient-based optimization method. The HHO is a population-based algorithm that mimics the hunting process of hawks tracking [...] Read more.
In this paper, we introduce a new hybrid optimization method for the inverse design of metasurfaces, which combines the original Harris hawks optimizer (HHO) with a gradient-based optimization method. The HHO is a population-based algorithm that mimics the hunting process of hawks tracking prey. The hunting strategy is divided into two phases: exploration and exploitation. However, the original HHO algorithm performs poorly in the exploitation phase and may get trapped and stagnate in a basin of local optima. To improve the algorithm, we propose pre-selecting better initial candidates obtained from a gradient-based-like (GBL) optimization method. The main drawback of the GBL optimization method is its strong dependence on initial conditions. However, like any gradient-based method, GBL has the advantage of broadly and efficiently spanning the design space at the cost of computation time. By leveraging the strengths of both methods, namely GBL optimization and HHO, we show that the proposed hybrid approach, denoted as GBL–HHO, is an optimal scenario for efficiently targeting a class of unseen good global optimal solutions. We apply the proposed method to design all-dielectric meta-gratings that deflect incident waves into a given transmission angle. The numerical results demonstrate that our scenario outperforms the original HHO. Full article
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9 pages, 2782 KiB  
Communication
Near-Perfect Narrow-Band Tunable Graphene Absorber with a Dual-Layer Asymmetric Meta-Grating
by Junfang Liang, Jinhua Hu, Xiuhong Liu and Jijun Zhao
Photonics 2023, 10(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10010014 - 23 Dec 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2188
Abstract
A near-perfect narrow-band graphene-based absorber was fabricated using a resonant system integrated with an asymmetric meta-grating at a wavelength of 1550 nm. By optimizing the gap between the two grating strips, the absorption of monolayer graphene can be increased to 99.6% owing to [...] Read more.
A near-perfect narrow-band graphene-based absorber was fabricated using a resonant system integrated with an asymmetric meta-grating at a wavelength of 1550 nm. By optimizing the gap between the two grating strips, the absorption of monolayer graphene can be increased to 99.6% owing to the strong field confinement of the bottom zero-contrast grating (ZCG). The position of the absorption spectrum could be adjusted by tailoring the grating period or the thickness of the waveguide layer. Interestingly, absorption spectrum linewidth can be tailored by changing the thickness of the spacer layer. The accidental bound states in the continuum (BICs) are then demonstrated in the structure. Moreover, the designed structure realizes the dynamic adjustment of the absorption efficiency at a specific wavelength, which has excellent potential in integrated optical devices and systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic Crystals: Physics and Devices)
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20 pages, 2230 KiB  
Article
Electromagnetic Metasurfaces: Insight into Evolution, Design and Applications
by Khushboo Singh, Foez Ahmed and Karu Esselle
Crystals 2022, 12(12), 1769; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12121769 - 6 Dec 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6518
Abstract
Metasurfaces have emerged as game-changing technology ranging from microwaves to optics. This article provides a roadmap to the evolution of electromagnetic metasurfaces with a focus on their synthesis techniques, materials used for their design and their recent and futuristic applications. A broad classification [...] Read more.
Metasurfaces have emerged as game-changing technology ranging from microwaves to optics. This article provides a roadmap to the evolution of electromagnetic metasurfaces with a focus on their synthesis techniques, materials used for their design and their recent and futuristic applications. A broad classification is provided, and the design principle is elaborated. The efficient and economical use of available computational resources is imperative to work with state-of-the-art metasurface systems. Hence, optimization becomes an integral part of metasurface design. Several optimization methodologies reported to date have been discussed. An extensive study on the current research database gathered a comprehensive understanding of meta-atom topologies and the preferred fabrication technologies. The study concludes with a critical analysis and highlights existing and future research challenges to be addressed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Hybrid Soft Metamaterials)
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7 pages, 6198 KiB  
Article
Double-Resolved Beam Steering by Metagrating-Based Tamm Plasmon Polariton
by Rashid G. Bikbaev, Dmitrii N. Maksimov, Kuo-Ping Chen and Ivan V. Timofeev
Materials 2022, 15(17), 6014; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15176014 - 31 Aug 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2616
Abstract
We consider Tamm plasmon polariton in a subwavelength grating patterned on top of a Bragg reflector. We demonstrate dynamic control of the phase and amplitude of a plane wave reflected from such metagrating due to resonant coupling with the Tamm plasmon polariton. The [...] Read more.
We consider Tamm plasmon polariton in a subwavelength grating patterned on top of a Bragg reflector. We demonstrate dynamic control of the phase and amplitude of a plane wave reflected from such metagrating due to resonant coupling with the Tamm plasmon polariton. The tunability of the phase and amplitude of the reflected wave arises from modulation of the refractive index of a transparent conductive oxide layer by applying the bias voltage. The electrical switching of diffracted beams of the ±1st order is shown. The possibility of doubling the angular resolution of beam steering by using asymmetric reflected phase distribution with integer and half-integer periods of the metagrating is demonstrated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soft Photonic Crystals and Metamaterials)
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11 pages, 4530 KiB  
Article
Elastic Metagratings with Simultaneous Modulation of Reflected and Transmitted Waves
by Jun Mei, Lijuan Fan and Xiaobin Hong
Crystals 2022, 12(7), 901; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12070901 - 24 Jun 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2366
Abstract
Elastic metagratings enabling independent and complete control of both reflection and transmission of bulk longitudinal and transverse waves are highly desired in application scenarios such as non-destructive assessment and structural health monitoring. In this work, we propose a kind of simply structured metagrating [...] Read more.
Elastic metagratings enabling independent and complete control of both reflection and transmission of bulk longitudinal and transverse waves are highly desired in application scenarios such as non-destructive assessment and structural health monitoring. In this work, we propose a kind of simply structured metagrating composed only of elliptical hollow cylinders carved periodically in a steel background. By utilizing the grating diffraction theory and genetic algorithm, we endow these metagratings with the attractive functionality of simultaneous and high-efficiency modulation of every reflection and transmission channel of both longitudinal and transverse waves. Interesting wave-front manipulation effects including pure mode conversion and anomalous deflection along the desired direction are clearly demonstrated through full-wave numerical simulations. Due to its subwavelength thickness and high manipulation efficiency, the proposed metagrating is expected to be useful in the design of multifunctional elastic planar devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active, Tunable and Reconfigurable Elastic Metamaterials)
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12 pages, 4068 KiB  
Article
Tunable Beam Splitter Based on Acoustic Binary Metagrating
by Zhengang Liu, Fangfang Ju, Shengyou Qian and Xiaojun Liu
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(8), 3758; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12083758 - 8 Apr 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1881
Abstract
As an inversely designed artificial surface, acoustic metasurfaces usually consist of subwavelength unit cells in an array configuration, exhibiting exceptional abilities in acoustic wave manipulation. In contrast to metasurfaces with subwavelength units and complex configurations, we propose here a comprehensive concept of a [...] Read more.
As an inversely designed artificial surface, acoustic metasurfaces usually consist of subwavelength unit cells in an array configuration, exhibiting exceptional abilities in acoustic wave manipulation. In contrast to metasurfaces with subwavelength units and complex configurations, we propose here a comprehensive concept of a beam splitter based on an acoustic binary metagrating (ABM), capable of splitting a given acoustic wave into two predesigned directions. The ABM is composed of only two kinds of elements, corresponding to the elements “0” and “1”, respectively. The diffraction orders in the ABM take a value of n = −1 (split beam 1) and n = 1 (split beam 2), and hence, the beam splitting occurs. We exemplify the ABM by etching only one straight-walled groove per period on a planar hard surface. In our design, the reflected angles of these two split beams can be readily controlled by setting a proper incident angle. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations were undertaken to provide the proof of concept for the proposed acoustic beam splitter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advance in Acoustic Metamaterials)
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10 pages, 7263 KiB  
Communication
Asymmetric Diffraction in Plasmonic Meta-Gratings Using an IT-Shaped Nanoslit Array
by Hee-Dong Jeong, Seong-Won Moon and Seung-Yeol Lee
Sensors 2021, 21(12), 4097; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124097 - 14 Jun 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3384
Abstract
Diffraction is a fundamental phenomenon that reveals the wave nature of light. When a plane wave is transmitted or reflected from a grating or other periodic structures, diffracted light waves propagate at several angles that are specified by the period of the given [...] Read more.
Diffraction is a fundamental phenomenon that reveals the wave nature of light. When a plane wave is transmitted or reflected from a grating or other periodic structures, diffracted light waves propagate at several angles that are specified by the period of the given structure. When the optical period is shorter than the wavelength, constructive interference of diffracted light rays from the subwavelength-scale grating forms a uniform plane wave. Many studies have shown that through the appropriate design of meta-atom geometry, metasurfaces can be used to control light properties. However, most semitransparent metasurfaces are designed to perform symmetric operation with regard to diffraction, meaning that light diffraction occurs identically for front- and back-side illumination. We propose a simple single-layer plasmonic metasurface that achieves asymmetric diffraction by optimizing the transmission phase from two types of nanoslits with I- and T-shaped structures. As the proposed structure is designed to have a different effective period for each observation side, it is either diffractive or nondiffractive depending on the direction of observation. The designed structure exhibits a diffraction angle of 54°, which can be further tuned by applying different period conditions. We expect the proposed asymmetric diffraction meta-grating to have great potential for the miniaturized optical diffraction control systems in the infrared band and compact optical diffraction filters for integrated optics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metasurfaces in Depth Sensing and 3D Display)
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9 pages, 2794 KiB  
Article
Reconfigurable Continuous Meta-Grating for Broadband Polarization Conversion and Perfect Absorption
by Yijia Huang, Tianxiao Xiao, Zhengwei Xie, Jie Zheng, Yarong Su, Weidong Chen, Ke Liu, Mingjun Tang and Ling Li
Materials 2021, 14(9), 2212; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092212 - 26 Apr 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2917
Abstract
As promising building blocks for functional materials and devices, metasurfaces have gained widespread attention in recent years due to their unique electromagnetic (EM) properties, as well as subwavelength footprints. However, current designs based on discrete unit cells often suffer from low working efficiencies, [...] Read more.
As promising building blocks for functional materials and devices, metasurfaces have gained widespread attention in recent years due to their unique electromagnetic (EM) properties, as well as subwavelength footprints. However, current designs based on discrete unit cells often suffer from low working efficiencies, narrow operation bandwidths, and fixed EM functionalities. Here, by employing the superior performance of a continuous metasurface, combined with the reconfigurable properties of a phase change material (PCM), a dual-functional meta-grating is proposed in the infrared region, which can achieve a broadband polarization conversion of over 90% when the PCM is in an amorphous state, and a perfect EM absorption larger than 91% when the PCM changes to a crystalline state. Moreover, by arranging the meta-grating to form a quasi-continuous metasurface, subsequent simulations indicated that the designed device exhibited an ultralow specular reflectivity below 10% and a tunable thermal emissivity from 14.5% to 91%. It is believed that the proposed devices with reconfigurable EM responses have great potential in the field of emissivity control and infrared camouflage. Full article
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13 pages, 1252 KiB  
Article
Non-Empirical Large-Scale Search for Optical Metasurfaces
by Masanobu Iwanaga
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(9), 1739; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10091739 - 2 Sep 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2428
Abstract
Metasurfaces are artificially designed, on-top, thin structures on bulk substrates, realizing various functions in recent years. Most metasurfaces have been conceived of for attaining optical functions, based on elaborate human knowledge-based designs for complex structures. Here, we introduce a method for a non-empirical, [...] Read more.
Metasurfaces are artificially designed, on-top, thin structures on bulk substrates, realizing various functions in recent years. Most metasurfaces have been conceived of for attaining optical functions, based on elaborate human knowledge-based designs for complex structures. Here, we introduce a method for a non-empirical, large-scale structural search to find optical metasurfaces, which enable us to access intended functions without depending on human knowledge and experience. This method is different from the optimization and modification reported so far. To illustrate the outputs in the non-empirical search, we show unpredictable, optically high-performance, all-dielectric metasurfaces found in the machine search. As an extension of the finding of a higher order diffractive structure, we furthermore show a light-focusing metadevice, which is diffraction-limited and has the unique feature that the focal length is almost invariant even when the distance from the incident spot to the metadevice largely varies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanophotonics Materials and Devices)
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7 pages, 1512 KiB  
Letter
Nonreciprocal Wavefront Manipulation in Synthetically Moving Metagratings
by Younes Ra’di and Andrea Alù
Photonics 2020, 7(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics7020028 - 18 Apr 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5679
Abstract
We introduce a metasurface platform for nonreciprocal wave manipulation. We study metagratings composed of nonreciprocal bianisotropic particles supporting synthetic motion, which enable nonreciprocal energy transfer between tailored Floquet channels with unitary efficiency. Based on this framework, we derive the required electromagnetic polarizabilities to [...] Read more.
We introduce a metasurface platform for nonreciprocal wave manipulation. We study metagratings composed of nonreciprocal bianisotropic particles supporting synthetic motion, which enable nonreciprocal energy transfer between tailored Floquet channels with unitary efficiency. Based on this framework, we derive the required electromagnetic polarizabilities to realize a metagrating supporting space wave circulation with unitary efficiency for free-space radiation and design a microwave metagrating supporting this functionality. The proposed concept opens new research venues to control free-space radiation with high efficiency beyond the limits dictated by Lorentz reciprocity. Full article
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12 pages, 4880 KiB  
Article
An Electrically Tunable Dual-Wavelength Refractive Index Sensor Based on a Metagrating Structure Integrating Epsilon-Near-Zero Materials
by Zhenya Meng, Hailin Cao, Run Liu and Xiaodong Wu
Sensors 2020, 20(8), 2301; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20082301 - 17 Apr 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4104
Abstract
In this paper, a reconfigurable sensing platform based on an asymmetrical metal-insulator-metal stacked structure integrating an indium tin oxide (ITO) ultrathin film is proposed and investigated numerically. The epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) mode and antisymmetric mode can be resonantly excited, generating near-perfect absorption of over [...] Read more.
In this paper, a reconfigurable sensing platform based on an asymmetrical metal-insulator-metal stacked structure integrating an indium tin oxide (ITO) ultrathin film is proposed and investigated numerically. The epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) mode and antisymmetric mode can be resonantly excited, generating near-perfect absorption of over 99.7% at 1144 and 1404 nm, respectively. The absorptivity for the ENZ mode can be modulated from 90.2% to 98.0% by varying the ENZ wavelength of ITO by applying different voltages. To obtain a highly sensitive biosensor, we show that the proposed structure has a full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 8.65 nm and a figure-of-merit (FOM) of 24.7 with a sensitivity of 213.3 nm/RI (refractive index) for the glucose solution. Our proposed device has potential for developing tunable biosensors for real-time health monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Optical Sensors)
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