Electromagnetic Metasurfaces: Insight into Evolution, Design and Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Metamaterials: Transcending Abilities of Natural Materials
1.2. Metasurfaces: Dimensional Reduction of Metamaterials
1.3. Metasurfaces: Past, Present and Future
1.4. Classification of Metasurfaces
2. Design Principle
3. Methods of Synthesis
3.1. Synthesis Based on Generalized Snell’s Laws (The Phase-Shift Approach)
3.2. Synthesis Based on Surface Impedance Tensor
3.3. Synthesis Based on Surface Susceptibility Tensor
3.4. Synthesis Based on Diffraction Grating Method (Meta-Grating)
4. Materials and Fabrication Methods
5. Design and Optimization
5.1. Meta-Atoms: Microscopic Units of Metasurface
- Composite meta-atoms which are single or multi-layer structures with metallic patches sandwiched between layers of dielectrics. The metallic patches can have various shapes such as circular, square, circular-ring, square ring, circular or square patch inside a wireframe, Jeruselem cross, Swastika and flange shaped or a combination of these. The size of the meta-atom is usually kept less than or equal to half wavelength. The metallic patch pattern is varied along x, and/or y direction to achieve a desired phase and amplitude profile in the near-field.
- All dielectric (metal-less) meta-atoms which are essentially a block of substrate. It may sometimes have a through hole (for example square or circular or cross slots). The phase delay is varied either by changing the height of the meta-atom or the permittivity of the substrate used. Delay in transmission phase is proportional to height as well as the permittivity of the dielectric material used. An all-dielectric metasurface can be easily fabricated using 3D printing technology.
- All-metal meta-atoms are composed of single or multi-layer metal sheets with slotted patters. Several types of slots’ shapes that have been successfully implemented to design planar, lightweight fully metallic metasurfaces include modified-eight-arms-asterisk (MEAA) slot, Jerusalem slot (JS), Swastika slot (SS). Such slots-in-sheets (SiS) design approach avoids the 3D metallic structures and also confirms the mechanical robustness of the metasurface [31,87,88].
5.2. Optimization
6. Applications of Metasurfaces
6.1. Metasurfaces for Linearly Polarized EM Waves
6.2. Metasurfaces for Circularly Polarized EM Waves
6.3. Metasurfaces for Near- and Far-Field Synthesis
7. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Singh, K.; Ahmed, F.; Esselle, K. Electromagnetic Metasurfaces: Insight into Evolution, Design and Applications. Crystals 2022, 12, 1769. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12121769
Singh K, Ahmed F, Esselle K. Electromagnetic Metasurfaces: Insight into Evolution, Design and Applications. Crystals. 2022; 12(12):1769. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12121769
Chicago/Turabian StyleSingh, Khushboo, Foez Ahmed, and Karu Esselle. 2022. "Electromagnetic Metasurfaces: Insight into Evolution, Design and Applications" Crystals 12, no. 12: 1769. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12121769
APA StyleSingh, K., Ahmed, F., & Esselle, K. (2022). Electromagnetic Metasurfaces: Insight into Evolution, Design and Applications. Crystals, 12(12), 1769. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12121769