Search Results (565)

This study investigates the combined resonance phenomenon in magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) cylindrical shells under longitudinal and lateral excitations with thermal factors, addressing the complex interaction between mechanical, electrical, and magnetic fields in smart structures. The research aims to establish a theoretical framework for predicting resonance behaviors in energy harvesting and sensing applications. Using Maxwell’s equations and Hamilton’s principle, the governing equations for combined resonance are derived. The method of varying amplitude (MVA) is employed to acquire the combined resonance response across varying parameters. Furthermore, the Runge–Kutta method is applied to investigate the bifurcation and chaotic motion characteristics under different longitudinal and lateral excitation conditions. Key findings reveal the coupling effects of multi-physical fields on resonance frequencies, demonstrating quantitative agreement with prior studies. The results provide fundamental insights into the dynamic characteristics of MEE materials, offering theoretical support for optimizing their performance in adaptive engineering systems. Full article

This study examines the swelling behaviour of nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) when interacting with tyre pyrolysis oils (TPO), with a focus on the chemical composition of TPO and their interaction with rubber matrices. Initially, a comparative analysis with conventional diesel fuel (DF) was performed using advanced analytical techniques, including two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (2D-GC/MS), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) spectroscopy. The analysis revealed that TPO contains a significantly higher proportion of aromatic hydrocarbons than DF, along with unsaturated and oxygen-containing compounds not present in DF. Based on these compositional differences, blends of TPO and DF were formulated and evaluated for their suitability as liquid energy carriers according to the specifications of DF. In principle, blends with an addition of up to 5 vol% TPO in DF are technically suitable for use as fuel. Subsequently, the sorption behaviour of TPO, DF, and their blends in NBR was investigated. The swelling potential was determined based on mass, density, and volume, and the changes in the hardness and tensile strength of NBR were recorded. The results demonstrate that TPO induces pronounced swelling in NBR, as evidenced by a marked increase in mass uptake and volume expansion. A linear increase was observed between the degree of swelling and the increasing TPO content in the blends. Mechanical property assessments revealed a corresponding decrease in the hardness and tensile strength of NBR upon exposure to TPO, with the most severe effects associated with neat TPO. This work provides a comprehensive assessment of TPO as a potential blend component for DF. It highlights the need for careful consideration of material compatibility in practical applications. Full article

In this paper, we explore the magnetization dynamics in a long ferromagnetic nanostripe with finite width in the presence of antisymmetric Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya exchange interactions (DMIs). It is known that DMIs, which are currently of great interest because they give rise to chiral and nonreciprocal properties and influence surface topologies, can be enhanced by interfacing the nanostripe with a heavy metal. Our theoretical approach employs a microscopic (or Hamiltonian-based) analysis that includes symmetric bilinear exchange, antisymmetric DMI, long-range dipole–dipole interactions, and Zeeman energy due to an external magnetic field applied out of the plane of the nanostripe. In this geometry, we calculate the frequencies and amplitudes of the discrete spin-wave modes that have a standing-wave character across the finite width of the stripe and a propagating character (with wavenumber k) along the stripe length. The individual spin-wave modes display nonreciprocal propagation in their dispersion relations due to DMI. We also find that there may be localized edge spin waves with amplitudes that undergo spatial decay near the stripe edges. Full article

The flow of a two-dimensional incompressible hybrid nanofluid over a stretching cylinder containing microorganisms with parallel effect of inclined magnetohydrodynamic was examined in the current study in relation to chemical reactions, heat source effect, nonlinear heat radiation, and multiple convective boundaries. The main objective of this research is the optimization of heat transfer with inclined MHD and variation in different physical parameters. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations by applying the appropriate similarity transformations. The Runge–Kutta method is recognized for using shooting as a technique. Surface plots, graphs, and tables have been used to illustrate how various parameters affect the local Nusselt number, mass transfer, and heat transmission. It is demonstrated that when the chemical reaction parameter rises, the concentration and motile concentration profiles drop. The least responsive is the rate of heat transfer to changes in the inclined magnetic field and most associated with changes in the Biot number and radiation parameter shown in contour plot. The streamline graph illustrates the way fluid flow is affected simultaneously by the magnetic parameter M and an angled magnetic field. Local Nusselt number and local skin friction are improved by the curvature parameter and mixed convection parameter. The contours highlight the intricate interactions between restricted magnetic field, significant radiation, and substantial convective condition factors by displaying the best heat transfer. The three-dimensional surface, scattered graph, pie chart, and residual plotting demonstrate the statistical analysis of the heat transfer. The results support their use in sophisticated energy, healthcare, and industrial systems and enhance our theoretical knowledge of hybrid nanofluid dynamics. Full article

Coagulation–flocculation, historically reliant on simple inorganic salts, has evolved into a technically sophisticated process that is central to the removal of turbidity, suspended solids, organic matter, and an expanding array of micropollutants from complex wastewaters. This review synthesizes six decades of research, charting the transition from classical aluminum and iron salts to high-performance polymeric, biosourced, and hybrid coagulants, and examines their comparative efficiency across multiple performance indicators—turbidity removal (>95%), COD/BOD reduction (up to 90%), and heavy metal abatement (>90%). Emphasis is placed on recent innovations, including magnetic composites, bio–mineral hybrids, and functionalized nanostructures, which integrate multiple mechanisms—charge neutralization, sweep flocculation, polymer bridging, and targeted adsorption—within a single formulation. Beyond performance, the review highlights persistent scientific gaps: incomplete understanding of molecular-scale interactions between coagulants and emerging contaminants such as microplastics, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and engineered nanoparticles; limited real-time analysis of flocculation kinetics and floc structural evolution; and the absence of predictive, mechanistically grounded models linking influent chemistry, coagulant properties, and operational parameters. Addressing these knowledge gaps is essential for transitioning from empirical dosing strategies to fully optimized, data-driven control. The integration of advanced coagulation into modular treatment trains, coupled with IoT-enabled sensors, zeta potential monitoring, and AI-based control algorithms, offers the potential to create “Coagulation 4.0” systems—adaptive, efficient, and embedded within circular economy frameworks. In this paradigm, treatment objectives extend beyond regulatory compliance to include resource recovery from coagulation sludge (nutrients, rare metals, construction materials) and substantial reductions in chemical and energy footprints. By uniting advances in material science, process engineering, and real-time control, coagulation–flocculation can retain its central role in water treatment while redefining its contribution to sustainability. In the systems envisioned here, every floc becomes both a vehicle for contaminant removal and a functional carrier in the broader water–energy–resource nexus. Full article

The Co(II) complex [CoCl₂(AImd)₂] (AImd = 1-allylimidazole) was reinvestigated using a combination of experimental and theoretical methods. The previously reported crystal structure was redetermined and Hirshfeld surface analysis and enrichment ratios were added showing that intermolecular H⋯Cl and π⋯π interactions are the primary forces in the crystal structure, while H⋯H interactions dominate the surface of the molecule, making it rather hydrophobic in keeping with a low solubility in water. A Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM)/Non-Covalent Interactions (NCI)-Reduced Density Gradient (RDG) analysis on a dimeric model showed that the energies V(r) of the classical H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds range from −3.64 kcal/mol to −0.75 kcal/mol and were augmented by hydrophobic H⋯C interactions of >1 kcal/mol. T-dependent magnetization measurements reveal paramagnetic behavior with an effective magnetic moment of µ_eff = 4.66(2) µ_B. UV-vis absorption spectra in solution showed intense absorptions peaking at 240 nm, corresponding to intraligand π→π* transitions within the 1-allylimidazole moiety and a structured absorption around 600 nm, which is attributed to the spin-allowed d→d transitions of the high-spin Co(II) d⁷ ion in a distorted tetrahedral geometry. Both assignments were confirmed through TD-DFT calculations on the electronic transitions and agree with the DFT-calculated compositions of the frontier molecular orbitals. Molecular docking to hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) gave a docking score of −5.48 kcal/mol and showed hydrophobic⋯hydrophobic π-stacking interactions with the Ile233, Leu243, Val338, and Leu262 residues. A higher docking score of −6.11 kcal/mol and predominant hydrophobic⋯hydrophobic interactions with Trp296, His279, and Ile281 were found for HIF-1 inhibiting factor (FIH-1). Full article

This study is based on an experiment and a molecular dynamics simulation to investigate the distribution states and property variation laws of crude oil in nanopores, aiming to provide theoretical support for efficient unconventional oil and gas development. Focus is placed on the distribution mechanisms of multicomponent crude oil in oil-wet siltstone (SiO₂) and dolomitic rock (dolomite, CaMg₃(CO₃)₄) nanopores, with comprehensive consideration of key factors including pore size, rock type, and CO₂ flooding on crude oil distribution at 353 K and 40 MPa. It is revealed that aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene) in multicomponent crude oil are preferentially adsorbed on pore walls due to π-π interactions, while n-hexane diffuses toward the pore center driven by hydrophobic effects. Pore size significantly affects the distribution states of crude oil: ordered adsorption structures form for n-hexane in 2 nm pores, whereas distributions become dispersed in 9 nm pores, with adsorption energy changing as pore size increases. Dolomite exhibits a significantly higher adsorption energy than SiO₂ due to surface roughness and calcium–magnesium ion crystal fields. CO₂ weakens the interaction between crude oil and pore walls through competitive adsorption and reduces viscosity via dissolution, promoting crude oil mobility. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments further verified the effect of CO₂ on crude oil stripping in pores. This study not only clarifies the collaborative adsorption mechanisms and displacement regulation laws of multi-component crude oil in nanopores but also provides a solid theoretical basis for CO₂ injection strategies in unconventional reservoir development. Full article

Due to its high-temperature resistance, high thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, excellent chemical stability, and outstanding mechanical and electrochemical properties, graphite has been widely applied in various fields. However, the current production process of high-purity graphite is faced with issues such as high energy consumption and insufficient reduction degree. This study utilized COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0 to couple the electromagnetic field, temperature field, velocity field, and flow field during the purification process of graphite. The dimensionless analysis method is adopted to investigate the influence of parameters such as current intensity, magnetic field frequency and concentration on the reduction degree of graphite feedstock, and the energy consumption in the furnace. Through numerical simulation, the interaction mechanism among various parameters under different parameter combinations is compared and analyzed, and the temperature change and fluid motion state of graphite feedstock during the electromagnetic induction heating process are predicted. When the current is 500 A, the average temperature inside the furnace gradually rises with the increase in the magnetic field frequency. This is because the energy input from induction coil and the energy output due to radiative heat loss gradually reach a dynamic equilibrium state. Furthermore, the average temperature inside the furnace continuously increases with the enhancement of the current, and for every increase of 50 A, the average temperature rises by approximately 200 K. Additionally, through dimensionless analysis, the optimal operating conditions for this induction furnace were determined to be a current intensity of 600 A and a magnetic field frequency of 14 kHz. Under these conditions, the reduction degree of the material reaches 99.69%, which achieves efficient purification and economical energy consumption. This study provides a theoretical basis for the optimization of operating parameters in graphite purification process, which is of great significance for improving production efficiency, reducing energy consumption, and promoting the application of high-purity graphite. Full article

In this paper, we study the line-shape (LS), which indicates the amount of absorbed energy, and the line-width (LW), which indicates the scattering factor, according to the vibrational direction of the externally applied energy in the electron–phonon potential interaction system of representative semiconductor bonding types, group II–VI (ZnO) and group III–V (GaN) bonded compound semiconductors and pure group IV (Si) bonded semiconductors. One of the two systems receives the externally applied energy of right-handed circular polarization vibration, and the other receives the externally applied energy of left-handed circular polarization vibration. To analyze the quantum transport, we first employ quantum transport theory (QTR) for an electron system confined within a square-well potential, where the projected Liouville equation is addressed using the balanced-average projection method. In analyzing quantum transitions, phonon emission is linked to the transition line-width (LW), whereas phonon absorption is evaluated through the transition line-shape (LS), highlighting its sensitivity to temperature and magnetic field variations. As a result of analyzing the line-width (LW), which is a quantum scattering coefficient, and the line-shape (LS), which represents the absorbed power, the absorbed power and scattering coefficient were higher for the left circularly polarized vibration under the influence of the external magnetic field. In contrast, the right polarization produced smaller values. In addition, the scattering coefficient (LW) and the absorbed power according to the bonding type of the semiconductor were the largest in Si, a group IV bonded semiconductor, followed by group III–V (GaN) and group II–VI (ZnO) bonded semiconductors. Full article

We experimentally investigate the structural, magnetic, transport, and electronic properties of two d⁵ iridate double perovskite materials La₂BIrO₆ (B = Mg, Zn). Notably, despite similar crystallographic structure, the two compounds show distinctly different magnetic behaviors. The M = Mg compound shows an antiferromagnetic-like linear field-dependent isothermal magnetization below its transition temperature, whereas the M = Zn counterpart displays a clear hysteresis loop followed by a noticeable coercive field, indicative of ferromagnetic components arising from a non-collinear Ir spin arrangement. The local structure studies authenticate perceptible M/Ir antisite disorder in both systems, which complicates the magnetic exchange interaction scenario by introducing Ir-O-Ir superexchange pathways in addition to the nominal Ir-O-B-O-Ir super-superexchange interactions expected for an ideally ordered structure. While spin–orbit coupling (SOC) plays a crucial role in establishing insulating behavior for both these compounds, the rotational and tilting distortions of the IrO₆ (and MO₆) octahedral units further lift the ideal cubic symmetry. Finally, by measuring the Ir-L₃ edge resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) spectra for both the compounds, giving evidence of spin–orbit-derived low-energy inter-J-state (intra t_2g) transitions (below ~1 eV), the charge transfer (O 2p → Ir 5d), and the crystal field (Ir t_2g → e_g) excitations, we put forward a qualitative argument for the interplay among effective SOC, non-cubic crystal field, and intersite hopping in these two compounds. Full article

In this study, four types of Fe₃O₄-based magnetic nanospheres were functionalized with distinct surface groups to examine how surface chemistry influences their co-transport with tetracycline (TC) in porous media. The functional groups investigated are carboxyl (−COOH), epoxy (−EPOXY), silanol (−SiOH), and amino (−NH₂). Particles bearing −COOH, −EPOXY, or −SiOH are negatively charged, facilitating their transport through porous media, whereas −NH₂-modified particles acquire a positive charge, leading to strong electrostatic attraction to the negatively charged TC and quartz sand, and consequently substantial retention with reduced mobility. Adsorption of TC onto Fe₃O₄-MNPs is predominantly chemisorptive, driven by ligand exchange and the formation of coordination complexes between the ionizable carboxyl and amino groups of TC and the surface hydroxyls of Fe₃O₄-MNPs. Additional contributions arise from electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic effects, and cation–π interactions. Moreover, the carboxylate moiety of TC can coordinate to surface Fe centers via its oxygen atoms. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal a hierarchy of adsorption energies for TC on the differently modified surfaces: Fe₃O₄-NH₂ > Fe₃O₄-EPOXY > Fe₃O₄-COOH > Fe₃O₄-SiOH, consistent with experimental findings. The results underscore that tailoring the surface properties of engineered nanoparticles substantially modulates their environmental fate and interactions, offering insights into the potential ecological risks associated with these nanomaterials. Full article

The growing need for efficient and safe high-energy lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles and grid storage necessitates advanced internal monitoring solutions. This work presents a comprehensive simulation model of a novel integrated optical sensor based on ethylene carbonate-filled photonic crystal fiber (EC-PCF). The proposed design synergistically combines a chirped fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and an extrinsic Fabry–Pérot interferometer (EFPI) on a multiplexed platform for the multifunctional sensing of refractive index (RI), temperature, strain, and pressure (via strain coupling) within LIBs. By matching the RI of the PCF cladding to the battery electrolyte using ethylene carbonate, the design maximizes light–matter interaction for exceptional RI sensitivity, while the cascaded EFPI enhances mechanical deformation detection beyond conventional FBG arrays. The simulation framework employs the Transfer Matrix Method with Gaussian apodization to model FBG reflectivity and the Airy formula for high-fidelity EFPI spectra, incorporating critical effects like stress-induced birefringence, Transverse Electric (TE)/Transverse Magnetic (TM) polarization modes, and wavelength dispersion across the 1540–1560 nm range. Robustness against fabrication variations and environmental noise is rigorously quantified through Monte Carlo simulations with Sobol sequences, predicting temperature sensitivities of ∼12 pm/°C, strain sensitivities of ∼1.10 pm/$\mathsf{\mu }$$\mathsf{\epsilon }$, and a remarkable RI sensitivity of ∼1200 nm/RIU. Validated against independent experimental data from instrumented battery cells, this model establishes a robust computational foundation for real-time battery monitoring and provides a critical design blueprint for future experimental realization and integration into advanced battery management systems. Full article

The operational stability and performance of dual active bridge (DAB) converters are dictated by an intricate coupling of electrical, magnetic, and thermal dynamics. Conventional modeling paradigms fail to capture these interactions, creating a critical gap between design predictions and real performance. A unified Port-Hamiltonian model (PHM) is developed, embedding nonlinear, temperature-dependent material physics within a single, energy-conserving structure. Derived from first principles and experimentally validated, the model reproduces high-frequency dynamics, including saturation-driven current spikes, with superior fidelity. The energy-based structure systematically exposes the converter’s stability boundaries, revealing not only thermal runaway limits but also previously obscured electro-thermal oscillatory modes. The resulting framework provides a rigorous foundation for the predictive co-design of magnetics, thermal management, and control, enabling guaranteed stability and optimized performance across the full operational envelope. Full article

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) have attracted significant attention for large-scale energy storage owing to their high safety, low cost, and environmental friendliness. However, issues such as dendrite growth, hydrogen evolution, and corrosion at the zinc anode severely limit their cycling stability. In this study, a “synergistic solvation shell–interfacial adsorption regulation” strategy is proposed, employing potassium gluconate (KG) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as composite additives to achieve highly reversible zinc anodes. DMSO integrates into the Zn²⁺ solvation shell, weakening Zn²⁺-H₂O interactions and suppressing the activity of free water, while gluconate anions preferentially adsorb onto the zinc anode surface, inducing the formation of a robust solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) enriched in Zn(OH)₂ and ZnCO₃. Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR), Raman, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) analyses confirm the reconstruction of the solvation structure and reduction in water activity, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) verifies the formation of the SEI layer. Benefiting from this strategy, Zn||Zn symmetric cells exhibit stable cycling for over 1800 h at 1 mA cm⁻² and 1 mAh cm⁻², and Zn||Cu cells achieve an average coulombic efficiency of 96.39%, along with pronounced suppression of the hydrogen evolution reaction. This work provides a new paradigm for the design of low-cost and high-performance electrolyte additives. Full article

Wiegand sensors are essential components in self-powered Internet of Things (IoT) nodes, as they can output pulse voltages without an external power supply. Previous research has established that the attachment of ferrite beads to Wiegand wire terminals substantially enhances the sensor’s pulse voltage output. However, the fundamental mechanism responsible for this enhancement remains unclear at the microscopic magnetic level. This investigation systematically examines how ferrite bead attachments alter magnetization reversal processes, Barkhausen jump characteristics, and the energy output in Wiegand wires. Experimental results reveal that ferrite beads enhance irreversible magnetization, modify interaction distributions, and transform the magnetic structure of Wiegand wires. These modifications collectively result in a 1.5–2.0 times higher pulse voltage amplitude and 30–40% greater output energy, establishing a theoretical framework for Wiegand sensor optimization. The research methodology combines vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements with first-order reversal curve (FORC) analysis to elucidate the underlying micromagnetic mechanisms. Full article