Search Results (2,059)

Edge-intelligent sensing systems demand ultra-low-power wireless connectivity to sustainably support massive sensor deployments. Ambient backscatter communication (AmBC) meets this demand by harvesting and modulating existing radio-frequency (RF) signals, eliminating dedicated carriers. However, conventional on–off keying (OOK) demodulation in AmBC is highly susceptible to noise, while existing frequency-shift keying (FSK) alternatives relying on first-order derivatives perform poorly at low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), compromising the reliability of edge sensing data. In this paper, we propose a signal detection method that exploits high-order derivatives to enhance the demodulation of FSK-modulated ambient backscatter signals. By analytically evaluating the power of interference and noise after high-order differentiation, we reveal that the interference power is minimized at the second order while the noise power increases monotonically with the derivative order, leading to a favorable trade-off in typical AmBC regimes where the modulation frequency is much smaller than the sampling rate and comparable to the ambient signal bandwidth. We then design a phase-preserving frequency amplitude comparison detection (FACD) rule to recover the embedded information. Simulation results show that the proposed second-order derivative-based FACD achieves the lowest bit error rate among all compared schemes, particularly at low SNR. Full article

Background/Objective: The measurement properties of the Arabic Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ) have not been examined using the Rasch measurement model. This study evaluated the Physical Activity (FABQ-PA) and Work (FABQ-W) subscales of the Arabic FABQ in individuals with low back pain (LBP). Methods: This cross-sectional study included 113 individuals with LBP who completed the Arabic FABQ. The FABQ-PA and FABQ-W were evaluated separately using RUMM2030. Likelihood-ratio tests supported use of the partial credit model for both subscales. Rasch analysis examined overall and individual item fit, person misfit, response-category threshold ordering, local item dependency, differential item functioning (DIF), person separation, unidimensionality, and targeting. DIF was investigated by sex, age, and LBP duration. Unidimensionality was evaluated by comparing person estimates derived from item subsets defined by principal component analysis of residuals. Targeting was examined using person–item threshold distributions. A previously proposed four-category rescoring structure was additionally explored because of disordered thresholds. Results: Following removal of participants with substantial person misfit, both FABQ-PA (n = 105) and FABQ-W (n = 106) demonstrated satisfactory overall Rasch model fit, and all individual items showed satisfactory fit. Both subscales supported unidimensionality, with no evidence of local item dependency or DIF by sex, age, or LBP duration. Targeting was generally adequate, although coverage was less optimal at the higher end of FABQ-PA and lower end of FABQ-W. Person separation was limited for FABQ-PA (PSI = 0.60) but good for FABQ-W (PSI = 0.80). All items demonstrated disordered thresholds using the original seven-category response scale. A previously proposed four-category rescoring structure improved, but did not completely resolve, threshold disordering. Conclusions: The Arabic FABQ-PA and FABQ-W demonstrated satisfactory final model and item fit and supported unidimensional measurement; however, important limitations were identified. Limited person separation for FABQ-PA and persistent threshold disordering across both subscales indicate that scores should be interpreted cautiously and that further refinement of the FABQ response format is warranted. Full article

Reliable prediction of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) requires accurate representation of large-scale circulation features such as the Low-Level Jet (LLJ) and Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ), yet sparse observational coverage over the Indian Ocean region continues to limit model validation and improvement. This study validated horizontal line-of-sight (HLOS) winds from the ESA Aeolus satellite, carrying the first spaceborne Doppler wind lidar (ALADIN), against high-resolution radiosonde observations at Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E) during 2019–2021, with spatial intercomparisons against reanalysis datasets extended through 2022. Observation days were classified into clear-sky and cloudy-sky conditions using infrared brightness temperature to assess Aeolus retrievals under varying cloud regimes. Rayleigh-clear retrievals showed strong agreement with radiosondes (correlation coefficient = 0.95, bias = 0.11 m s⁻¹), while Mie-cloudy retrievals performed notably weaker (correlation coefficient = 0.35, bias = 3.40 m s⁻¹). Agreement improved with altitude, with the highest correlation (0.97) observed in the upper troposphere–lower stratosphere (UTLS). HLOS wind differences between Aeolus and radiosondes generally remained within ±2 m s⁻¹. The vertical structure and intensity of the LLJ and TEJ derived from Aeolus agreed most closely with radiosonde observations, followed by ERA5, MERRA-2, and NCEP-2 reanalyses, in order of increasing deviation. Spatial deviations were small relative to ERA5 and MERRA-2 but substantially larger relative to NCEP-2. These findings demonstrate that Aeolus provides reliable HLOS wind measurements for characterizing the vertical structure and seasonal evolution of Indian Summer Monsoon circulation, while supporting the evaluation of atmospheric reanalysis datasets over observationally sparse regions. Full article

Accurate characterization of pore-fluid mobility is essential for evaluating tight sandstone reservoirs. This study investigates ten tight sandstone samples from the Sangonghe Formation in the Junggar Basin using petrophysical measurements, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and multifractal analysis. Saturated–centrifugation NMR results show that the conventional single-T₂-cutoff model cannot fully separate bound and movable fluids. A dual-cutoff framework was therefore used to classify pore fluids into totally bound, partially movable, and totally movable states. The experimentally determined T_2C1 and T_2C2 values range from 0.127 to 0.582 ms and 155.340 to 265.210 ms, respectively. An adaptive second-order difference method was further applied to the fully saturated T₂ spectrum to estimate the dual cutoffs. Within the investigated dataset, the model-derived values show strong agreement with the centrifugation-derived results, with MAPE values of 3.040% for T_2C1 and 3.820% for T_2C2. Correlation, multifractal, and grey relational analyses indicate that T_2C1 is more strongly associated with clay-mineral-related fluid retention and pore heterogeneity, whereas T_2C2 is more closely associated with porosity and permeability. These results demonstrate the potential of the proposed approach for NMR-based evaluation of fluid mobility in tight sandstone, although further validation using larger and more diverse datasets is required. Full article

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) enrichment is an important means of increasing crop productivity in protected cultivation. However, local canopy CO₂ concentration in Chinese solar greenhouses is jointly affected by gas release, pipeline transport, and ventilation disturbances, making fixed-parameter proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control unable to simultaneously achieve rapid tracking, low overshoot, and fast disturbance recovery. This study developed a CO₂ enrichment system comprising controlled thermal decomposition of ammonium bicarbonate, condensation and water scrubbing, near-canopy delivery, and programmable logic controller (PLC)-based closed-loop control, and proposed a dynamic-target fuzzy PID (DT-FPID) strategy. Step-response tests were used to establish a first-order-plus-dead-time model linking heater duty cycle to local canopy CO₂ concentration, followed by fixed-target tracking, rule-based dynamic-target execution, and short-term ventilation-disturbance recovery tests in a local validation zone of a Chinese solar greenhouse. Relative to fixed-parameter PID, DT-FPID showed approximately 68–79% lower maximum overshoot and approximately 35–70% shorter ±20 ppm precision settling time (T₂₀) in simulation. At 600 ppm, the ±5% settling time was approximately 71% shorter, whereas at 800 and 1000 ppm it was broadly comparable to PID. In the greenhouse experiments, each controller–target combination included three independent runs. Based on descriptive comparisons of group means, DT-FPID showed approximately 47–49% lower mean maximum overshoot, approximately 36–40% shorter mean settling time, and approximately 77–80% shorter mean ventilation-disturbance recovery time; its mean maximum overshoot and settling time were also lower than those of conventional fuzzy PID. All three dynamic-target field runs completed the prescribed switches among the 600, 800, and 1000 ppm target levels. These results support control performance only under the short-term local validation conditions of this study; they are not used to determine physiologically or economically optimal CO₂ concentrations or to extrapolate whole-greenhouse uniformity or long-term production effects. Full article

Transforming agricultural residues into functional porous materials provides a sustainable strategy for wastewater remediation. Herein, cellulose was separated from cotton stalks via formic acid-assisted hemicellulose extraction and sodium chlorite delignification, and then sulfuric acid hydrolysis. Chitosan-assisted hydrothermally treated cellulose (CC) was prepared via hydrothermal treatment in the presence of chitosan. Anisotropic CC/chitosan composite aerogels were prepared via glutaraldehyde crosslinking and unidirectional freeze-drying. The hydrophilic CC/CS aerogel exhibited an oriented porous structure, a low density of 0.03 g cm⁻³, and a porosity of 85.33%. For Congo red (CR) adsorption, the equilibrium data were described well by the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models, with a calculated maximum adsorption capacity of 483.09 mg g⁻¹. Electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, and pore-mediated retention jointly contributed to CR uptake. To realize oil–water separation, methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) vapor modification was applied to prepare hydrophobic aerogel (M-CC/CS). M-CC/CS presented an initial water contact angle (WCA) of around 134°, and the WCA remained above 115° after 600 s of water droplet exposure. The aerogel showed absorption capacities of 16.22–40.13 g g⁻¹ toward various oils and organic solvents. Under gravity, M-CC/CS separated immiscible oil/water mixtures at a flux of 565.47 L m⁻² h⁻¹ and several water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions with efficiencies above 99.9% while maintaining high separation efficiency over 10 cycles. This work demonstrates a cotton-stalk-derived aerogel platform whose hydrophilic and hydrophobically modified forms can be used for dye adsorption and oily water treatment, respectively. Full article

Heart rate variability (HRV) is a useful non-invasive tool for studying autonomic nervous system modulation under emotional stimulation; however, accurate estimation of dominant frequencies in HRV signals remains challenging due to their non-stationary nature and the sensitivity of some spectral methods to configuration parameters. This work presents a methodology for the spectral characterization of HRV signals derived from ECG recordings from the DREAMER database, with emphasis on optimizing the model order of the MUSIC algorithm to improve dominant frequency localization within the physiological low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) bands. The proposed methodology included ECG signal preprocessing, R-peak detection, RR interval extraction, HRV interpolation, and spectral analysis using MUSIC, while evaluating different model orders through a signal-driven composite criterion based on AIC, MDL, ESTER, eigengap, and model complexity. The criteria were normalized using min–max normalization and combined using equal predefined weights. The results showed that the signal-driven selection of the parameter p produced recording-dependent model order configurations and different dominant frequency estimates across the analyzed stimuli. The resulting LF/HF agreement was evaluated independently after model order selection and showed non-uniform correspondence across stimuli and spectral estimators. Overall, these findings indicate that model order selection can substantially influence the spectral characterization obtained with MUSIC and provide a signal-driven framework for examining this dependence in HRV recordings. Full article

Conventional quasi-steady-state models treat a self-adaptive STATCOM and line-commutated converter (SLCC) station as an LCC with an external reactive-power source, which cannot fully represent valve-side coupling. This paper develops a three-phase stationary-frame differential model for the SLCC and derives quasi-steady-state expressions for the average DC voltage and fundamental displacement angle. The non-commutation equivalent voltage is decomposed into fundamental and nonfundamental components. The fundamental component is retained in the power-flow model, while a control-informed harmonic extension evaluates the corresponding average DC-voltage correction over the tested operating domain. A positive-sequence fundamental-frequency formulation calculates the commutation overlap angle, and a first-zero diagnostic identifies control-sensitive conditions associated with the fast SVG voltage response. When the fast commutation-direction voltage reaches zero or reverses before current transfer is completed, a control-equivalent effective-area formulation provides an alternative low-order representation. The station equations are incorporated into a sequential AC/DC power-flow algorithm and validated against the engineering PSCAD/EMTDC main-circuit and control model of the Yangzhou–Zhenjiang HVDC Phase II project. Across the stable tested operating points, the phase-aware EMT-derived harmonic DC-voltage correction ranges from 0.585% to 1.245%, remaining below the adopted 2% screening threshold. The control-informed estimate follows the EMT-derived correction, whereas the phase-independent conservative bound reaches 2.128% at high controller gain. Across eight cases with available PSCAD reference values, the control-equivalent formulation reduces the mean and maximum overlap-angle errors from $0.90°$ and $1.37°$ to $0.78°$ and $1.09°$. For the benchmark power-flow cases, the maximum relative errors are 1.3% for the SLCC bridge reactive power and 1.0% for the SVG reactive-power output, and the calculation converges without sustained oscillation. A representative operating-point calculation is completed in approximately 3 s with the quasi-steady-state (QSS) formulation, compared with about 15 min for the engineering EMT benchmark. Full article

Background/Objectives: Risdiplam is a low-molecular-weight small-molecule modifier of SMN2 pre-mRNA splicing that was developed for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) therapy and approved for the treatment of SMA as Evrysdi^® (Roche, Basel, Switzerland). Vapromin^® is a generic drug produced by JSC GENERIUM. In order to evaluate its biological activity and compare different batches of the reference drug and generic risdiplam, we performed comprehensive in vitro procedures. It is important to emphasize that this study did not assess the bioequivalence of the medicinal products for the purpose of comparing the biopharmaceutical quality of the generic and reference products. Instead, this study was designed specifically to compare their biological activity using cells derived from SMA patients and a reporter cell line. Methods: The biological activity of generic risdiplam was compared with that of the reference drug by assessing increases in SMN protein production and the relative transcription level of SMN2 mRNA in fibroblasts from SMA donors. Additionally, Exon 7 inclusion efficiency was evaluated using a constructed reporter cell line. Results: Using primary dermal fibroblasts from SMA probands, we demonstrated a concentration-dependent relationship between risdiplam concentration and SMN2 FL and SMN2 Δ7 transcript levels. At a risdiplam concentration of 0.18 μM, the relative SMN2 full-length transcript levels reached a maximum, with a mean 2.5-fold increase observed for both Evrysdi^® (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) and Vapromin^®. In primary fibroblasts derived from three SMA patients, the 2 SD quality range for Evrysdi^® (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) was 98.0–106.7% (σ(log RP) = 0.0092), and the activities of all Vapromin^® batches fell within this range. Using the reporter cell line, the quality range for Evrysdi^® (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) was 88.32–117.3% (σ = 0.0309), and the Vapromin^® values also fell within this range. Conclusions: This study experimentally confirmed that the in vitro biological activity of the generic drug Vapromin^® is comparable to that of Evrysdi^® (Roche, Basel, Switzerland). Further research should be conducted to confirm bioequivalence between the two products. Full article

Background/Objectives: Traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (tICH) in older adults following low-energy falls (LEF) represents a common yet diagnostically challenging condition in the emergency department (ED), where predicting injury prior to computed tomography (CT) remains difficult. Machine learning (ML) has been proposed to support CT decision-making, but its feasibility using routinely available pre-CT clinical variables in this specific population remains unclear. This study presents a systematic exploratory benchmarking of ML pipeline configurations for pre-CT tICH prediction in a well-defined retrospective cohort of older emergency patients following LEF. Methods: We performed a secondary analysis from a retrospective observational bicentric study from two university hospital EDs, including 2250 patients aged ≥65 years presenting after an LEF and undergoing cranial CT. Clinical data were extracted manually from electronic health records (EHRs). Eighteen pre-CT clinical features retrieved from electronic health records were selected based on routine availability and ≤10% missingness. Overall, 1224 valid ML pipeline configurations, combining nine classification algorithms, six imputation strategies, four class-balancing approaches, and optional hyperparameter tuning, were evaluated using 10-fold stratified cross-validation on a training set. The 20 highest-ranked configurations by cross-validation AUC were then assessed on a previously inspected exploratory hold-out test set (n = 563); training-derived rule-out operating points were evaluable for 17 of these 20, as three tuned SVM configurations lacked stored out-of-fold predictions. Results: tICH prevalence was 7.0% (n = 158). Across the 20 highest-ranked configurations, hold-out AUC ranged from 0.517 to 0.585, with Matthews correlation coefficient near zero and balanced accuracy of approximately 50% throughout, indicating differences in operating point rather than in discriminative ability. Some of these top-ranked pipelines reached higher cross-validation AUC (up to 0.679) but detected no cases at the default 0.5 threshold—an effect of the decision threshold under class imbalance rather than of the models’ rank-order discrimination, which was itself limited (hold-out AUC of 0.517–0.585). Conclusions: Despite comprehensive exploratory benchmarking across 1224 ML pipelines, routinely available pre-CT clinical features did not provide sufficient discriminatory signal to develop a clinically useful tICH prediction model in this cohort of CT-imaged older adults following LEF. These findings indicate that none of the evaluated configurations produced clinically adequate performance; this near-chance result persisted across all pipelines and most plausibly reflects a combination of limited feature signal, low outcome prevalence, and a sample size below the level required for reliable model development at this event rate. Future studies should target substantially larger prospective multicenter cohorts and evaluate additional feature domains, including structured clinical examination findings, point-of-care biomarkers, and imaging features. Full article

Crystal violet is a cationic dye widely used in biomedical research, industrial dyeing, microbiology, and the textile industry. To remove this toxic dye, which has harmful environmental effects, environmentally friendly composite bioadsorbent spheres were prepared using alginate, a brown seaweed-derived biopolymer, and bioglass. Crystal violet adsorption was performed using a biocomposite adsorbent prepared by adding 14% bioglass to an alginate matrix. The effects of adsorbent amount, dye concentration, contact time, and pH on the adsorption process were investigated. In this study, a maximum removal efficiency of 65.68% was achieved using 40 mg of adsorbent in 20 mL of a 5 mg/L crystal violet solution after 120 min at a stirring speed of 200 rpm. The Langmuir model estimated a theoretical maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of 5.57 mg/g based on the three investigated initial concentrations (5, 10, and 15 mg/L). The data were analyzed using Response Surface Methodology. ANOVA indicated that contact time had the greatest effect on removal efficiency. Isotherm and kinetic studies revealed that the Langmuir and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models adequately described the adsorption process, and that the second-order kinetic model provided the best fit. These findings suggest that the adsorption is consistent with monolayer adsorption on a relatively homogeneous surface, and that binding may occur via low-energy physical interactions within micropores. The developed bioadsorbents demonstrated promising performance for crystal violet removal. Full article

Biomass-derived carbons hold substantial promise for sustainable electrochemical energy storage due to their low cost, wide availability, and intrinsic heteroatom- and mineral-rich nature. However, the fundamental influence of carbonization temperature on the structural evolution of non-activated biomass-derived carbons remains insufficiently understood. In this work, corn straw-derived carbon (CS) is produced without any chemical additives to isolate the intrinsic effects of carbonization temperature on its physicochemical properties. Systematic temperature variation from 600 to 1000 °C reveals pronounced changes in micro-morphology, pore development, defect density, and the ordering of the carbon matrix, all strongly governed by the inherent mineral content of corn straw. Electrochemical evaluation in alkaline electrolyte demonstrates that CS-800 delivers the highest specific capacitance of 53.8 F g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹ in a three-electrode configuration and maintains favorable rate capability in a symmetric supercapacitor device. The symmetric coin-cell supercapacitor device assembled with CS-800 as the electrodes achieved an energy density of 3.64/5.8 Wh kg⁻¹ and a power density of 5200/750 W kg⁻¹, along with remarkable cycling stability over 30,000 cycles with negligible capacitance loss. Overall, this study provides mechanistic insight into temperature-driven structural evolution in non-activated biomass-derived carbons, offering a fundamental understanding that may guide the rational design and future development of sustainable carbon electrodes for electrochemical energy-storage applications. Full article

Objective: This study aimed to develop and optimize a rapid, eco-friendly microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) process for recovering total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) from garlic (Allium sativum L.), while evaluating the predictive performance of response surface methodology (RSM) versus artificial neural networks (ANNs) and assessing the in vitro gastrointestinal stability of key polyphenols. Methodology: A four-factor, three-level central composite design (CCD) was implemented to evaluate the effects of extraction time, temperature, ethanol concentration, and solvent-to-solid ratio. A second-order polynomial RSM model was benchmarked against a 4-10-2 multilayer perceptron ANN trained by backpropagation. Optimal conditions were derived using the Derringer–Suich desirability function and confirmed experimentally. Individual polyphenols were profiled via LC-MS/MS and monitored across simulated oral, gastric, and intestinal digestion phases. Principal Results: The ANN model demonstrated superior predictive performance (R² = 0.9999 training, 0.9974 validation, 0.9939 testing) compared to the RSM model (R² = 0.9721 for TPC and 0.9925 for TFC). Experimental validation under optimal conditions—1.50 min, 55 °C, 75% ethanol, and a 29 mL/g ratio—yielded a TPC of 2.487 mg GAE/g FW and a TFC of 21.356 mg QUE/g FW. During simulated gastrointestinal digestion, significant degradation occurred during the intestinal phase, resulting in low final recoveries for gallic acid (16.9%), caffeic acid (19.9%), and luteolin (22.6%). Conclusions: MAE coupled with ANN modeling provides a highly accurate, rapid, and green extraction strategy for garlic polyphenols. However, the marked degradation of target compounds during intestinal digestion highlights the necessity of encapsulation or protective delivery systems to preserve their biological functionality in food applications. Full article

Groundwater management presents a challenge for open-cast phosphate mining within the Beni Amir deposit, Oulad Abdoun Basin, Morocco, where future mining operations are progressively reaching deeper saturated phosphate layers. This study integrates six Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) profiles, eleven Magnetic Resonance Sounding (MRS) measurements, hydrostratigraphic modeling, 690 borehole logs, 580 piezometric measurements, and pumping-test results from 14 production wells to characterize the multilayer aquifer system. The comprehensive interpretation identifies three water-bearing zones: a shallow Eocene aquifer located within the Lutetian–Ypresian succession at depths approximately between 2 and 20 m, an intermediate Danian–Thanetian to Maastrichtian phosphate-bearing aquifer situated at depths ranging from 20 to 60 m, and a deeper Senonian marly limestone aquifer occurring below 60 m. Saturated zones are generally associated with low resistivity values, commonly below 28 Ω·m, and MRS-derived mobile water contents ranging from 0.3% to 4.4%. The hydraulic conductivity derived from MRS data exhibits a range of one and a half orders of magnitude across the majority of soundings, from 1.5 × 10⁻⁶ to 5 × 10⁻⁵ m/s. A comparative analysis with pumping tests shows that MRS-derived hydraulic conductivity is generally greater than well-test estimates, with localized discrepancies that may reflect scale effects, lithological heterogeneity, inversion uncertainties, and the necessity for localized calibration. As a working hypothesis, areas spatially associated with ephemeral streambed channels may represent potential zones of localized recharge or inflow, possibly where erosional truncation reduces the continuity of confining layers. The resultant hydrostratigraphic framework constrains saturated zones and hydraulic heterogeneity, thereby establishing a foundation for forthcoming groundwater flow modeling and mine dewatering evaluations. Full article

In seasonally arid systems, where water is a key limiting resource, unseasonal precipitation events may promote landscape greening. Because herbivores track spatial variation in fresh plant growth, dry-season precipitation could be an important catalyst of out-of-season foraging opportunities in seasonal arid environments. The eastern escarpment of California’s Sierra Nevada Mountains in the western United States features an intense ecoclimatic gradient from the Owens Valley’s cold desert to the High Sierra’s alpine tundra, in which patterns of temperature and precipitation vary seasonally and elevationally, and along which critically endangered Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep (“Sierra bighorn”) migrate seasonally. Immediately preceding the unusually warm 2021–2022 winter, the eastern Sierra experienced an historic autumn precipitation event, presenting an opportunity to investigate how unseasonal weather events shape patterns of plant green-up, and whether these conditions stand to impact herbivore space use. Here, we report on landscape greenness, indexed using the green chromatic coordinate, measured from 26,222 images collected by an in situ array of 20 time-lapse cameras deployed across the desert–alpine gradient of the eastern Sierra, over 5 years centered on the 2021–2022 fall-winter season. We compare greenness trends between time windows following rainfall and random timepoints to identify how unseasonal precipitation impacts plant greening using hierarchical linear models with a continuous first-order autocorrelation structure. Greenness trends were significantly more positive after rain than at random timepoints for low-elevation perennial grasses (p < 0.001), indicating that these plants readily uptake moisture regardless of the season. We additionally compare in situ greenness measurements with NDVI derived from satellite instrumentation to examine whether fine-scale patterns of green-up following unseasonal rains are detectable from space. Although in situ camera greenness and satellite NDVI were positively correlated, unseasonal species-specific greening was not detectable at the comparatively coarse scale of satellite analysis. Finally, we use GPS collar data from a population of Sierra bighorn to explore whether migratory behaviors could be associated with unseasonal landscape greening. Together, this work reveals that dry-season precipitation coupled with cold-season warm spells can lead to unseasonal landscape greenness and suggests that this process may facilitate herbivore access to high-quality forage during a normally barren time of year. Full article