Search Results (10,837)

Unc-51-like kinase 3 (ULK3) is a key member of the ULK serine/threonine kinase family. Aberrant ULK3 expression has been increasingly linked to tumorigenesis and malignant progression in multiple cancer types. However, the precise role of ULK3 in tumor initiation and progression remains incompletely understood. Leveraging integrated multi-omics data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project, and the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC), we systematically characterized the expression of ULK3 at both the transcript and protein levels across 33 cancer types. We also evaluated genomic alterations, prognostic significance, alternative splicing, pathway enrichment, tumor stemness, immune infiltration, and immunotherapy-related biomarkers. In parallel, we investigated the function of ULK3 in prostate cancer PC-3 cells using cellular localization analysis, wound-healing assays, and MTT assays. We further applied Connectivity Map (CMap) screening and molecular docking to identify candidate ULK3 activators. ULK3 was significantly upregulated in 13 cancer types, including Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma, Breast Invasive Carcinoma, and Lung Adenocarcinoma. In contrast, ULK3 was downregulated in Cholangiocarcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. High ULK3 expression was associated with poor overall survival in Adrenocortical Carcinoma, Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma, and Skin Cutaneous Melanoma. Copy number amplification contributed to ULK3 overexpression. A recurrent A206V missense mutation was detected in the protein kinase (Pkinase) domain. Genes co-expressed with ULK3 were enriched in RNA splicing, methylation, oxidative phosphorylation, and energy metabolism. ULK3 expression showed positive correlations with tumor stemness indices and m1A/m5C/m6A RNA modification regulators. From an immunological perspective, high ULK3 expression was associated with lower Immune Score, increased M2 macrophage infiltration, and co-expression of PD-L1, CTLA4, and LAG3 in most cancers. ULK3 expression was also correlated with Tumor Mutational Burden in Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma and Rectum Adenocarcinoma. In addition, ULK3 expression was associated with Microsatellite Instability in Brain Lower Grade Glioma, Lung Adenocarcinoma, and Uterine Corpus Endometrial Carcinoma. ULK3 overexpression promoted proliferation and migration in PC-3 cells. Cephaeline was screened as a putative ULK3 activator. Overall, ULK3 expression and amplification were associated with poor clinical outcomes, tumor stemness, immunosuppression, and RNA dysregulation. These findings highlight the potential value of ULK3 as a pan-cancer diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and as a predictor of immunotherapy response, particularly in prostate cancer. Full article

We develop a stochastic Stackelberg model of a subscription market with cancellation costs. A representative consumer chooses when to subscribe to and cancel a service as the utility derived from the subscription evolves according to a diffusion process, while the firm selects the subscription fee and cancellation cost to maximize its expected payoff. The consumer’s problem is equivalent to the classical real-options model of entry and exit under uncertainty with adjustment costs and exhibits a two-threshold policy with an inaction band and hysteresis. Unlike the standard formulation, in which the optimal thresholds are characterized implicitly through a system of nonlinear equations, we derive an explicit parametric solution in closed form. This solution reduces the firm’s optimization problem to a two-dimensional unconstrained problem and yields a detailed characterization of the optimal pricing policy. We show that the firm’s strategy exhibits three qualitatively distinct regimes depending on the initial utility level. For small utility levels, the optimal cancellation cost is zero. In an intermediate regime, the firm’s optimal policy induces the consumer to set the entry threshold equal to the initial utility level, resulting in immediate subscription. For sufficiently large utility levels, the firm induces permanent lock-in by setting a high cancellation cost and a low subscription fee: the consumer subscribes immediately and never subsequently unsubscribes. The transition between the latter two regimes is discontinuous and results from competition between two local maxima of the firm’s payoff function. We then extend the model to a heterogeneous population of consumers. The superposition of individual two-threshold subscription strategies generates a Preisach hysteresis operator describing the aggregate dependence of the firm’s revenue on the utility dynamics. The discontinuous regime transition persists under heterogeneity, demonstrating the robustness of the underlying mechanism. The Preisach representation predicts complex history dependence and long-term effects of temporary utility shocks. For a gamma distribution of consumer preferences, the firm’s expected payoff is obtained in closed form in terms of incomplete gamma functions. Full article

Background: Bone tissue is a dynamic structure capable of continuous remodeling; however, its regenerative capacity is limited in critical-size defects, often requiring the use of bone grafting procedures. Available grafting materials present inherent limitations, highlighting the need for strategies that can enhance regenerative outcomes. Hyaluronic acid (HA) has been proposed as a promising adjunctive agent because of its biological properties, including anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic effects. Objective: To systematically evaluate the available clinical evidence regarding the effects of HA as an adjunct in bone regeneration procedures, including alveolar ridge preservation, ridge augmentation, and maxillary sinus elevation. Materials and Methods: A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Wiley Online Library databases for studies published within the last 10 years. Clinical studies involving adult patients were included if they evaluated the local application of HA, regardless of formulation, and reported quantitative clinical, radiographic, histological, or histomorphometric outcomes related to bone regeneration. Results: Of the 728 records initially identified, 10 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the qualitative synthesis. Discussion: Overall, the available evidence suggests that HA may positively influence bone regeneration outcomes. The most consistent benefits were observed in alveolar ridge preservation and ridge augmentation procedures, including increased new bone formation, improved bone density, enhanced bone maturation, and reduced dimensional bone loss. In contrast, findings regarding maxillary sinus augmentation were less consistent. Conclusions: HA appears to be a promising adjunct in bone regeneration procedures. However, the current evidence remains limited and is primarily based on clinical outcomes, providing insufficient mechanistic data to fully elucidate its biological effects. Further well-designed randomized controlled trials with standardized protocols are required before definitive clinical recommendations can be established. Full article

Background/Objectives: Cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) carries a significant burden in Saudi Arabia, frequently resulting in permanent ventilator dependence and high morbidity. While laparoscopic diaphragmatic pacing (DP) has emerged as an alternative to long-term mechanical ventilation (MV) globally, regional evidence regarding its application within the Middle East remains limited. This study evaluates a single-center cohort of ventilator-dependent cervical SCI patients undergoing laparoscopic DP. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of all ventilator-dependent patients with cervical SCI admitted to a tertiary hospital in Riyadh between 2012 and 2024 who underwent laparoscopic DP after failing traditional weaning attempts. Inclusion criteria required at least 3 months of MV dependence, intraoperative diaphragmatic stimulability and a minimum one-year follow-up post-implantation. Across the entire cohort, the long-term follow-up duration reached a median of 60.0 months (interquartile range [IQR]: 36.0–84.0 months; range: 12.0–120.0 months). Results: Out of 30 initial candidates with cervical SCI, 28 patients (22 males, 6 females; median age 24.0 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 15.0–33.0 years)) were included. Patients had been on MV for a median of 13.0 months (IQR: 10.5–16.0 months) prior to the procedure. Utilizing a combined weaning success rate (complete or partial weaning), 26 patients (92.86%; 95% CI: 77.42–98.01%) were successfully transitioned to the pacing protocol, while 2 patients (7.14%) experienced DP failure. Complete (24 h) daily MV independence was achieved by 18 patients (64.29%), and partial weaning (≥4 h/day of MV-free time) was achieved by 8 patients (28.57%). Age at the time of injury ranged from 5 to 62 years. No major intraoperative or postoperative complications occurred. Minor exit-site skin irritation was observed in 3 patients (10.71%), all of which resolved completely with conservative local care alone without requiring antibiotic therapy. Conclusions: In this selected single-center Saudi cohort of ventilator-dependent cervical SCI patients, laparoscopic DP was feasible and was associated with high rates of partial or complete ventilator-free breathing. Larger prospective multicenter studies with standardized selection criteria, safety reporting, respiratory outcomes, quality-of-life measures, and longer follow-up are needed. Full article

Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) gyroid lattices are promising lightweight and energy-absorbing polymer structures, but their manufacturability by material extrusion (MEX) depends strongly on cell size, grading direction, and relative density. This study investigates PLA gyroid lattices with uniform and graded cell-size configurations using initial and final cell sizes of 1, 1.5, and 2 mm and target relative densities of 10, 20, and 30%. A full-factorial design was used to construct a printability map, followed by quasi-static compression testing, areal surface-roughness characterization, and SEM observation of representative specimens. The printability results showed that low-density fine-cell configurations were most prone to incomplete wall formation and collapse, whereas the 30% relative-density group was printable for all investigated cell-size combinations. Under compression, the 30% relative-density uniform 1 mm gyroid showed the highest maximum stress among the tested configurations, while graded structures terminating in smaller cells also provided favorable load bearing and energy-absorption behavior. The plateau stability index, calculated from stress fluctuations between collapse and densification, helped distinguish stable progressive collapse from more oscillatory deformation. Surface roughness and SEM observations further indicated that smoother, more continuous wall surfaces were associated with more uniform deformation, whereas rougher and defect-rich surfaces promoted localized buckling, cracking, and brittle collapse. Overall, the results identify experimentally supported relationships between gyroid cell-size configuration, printability, surface integrity, and compressive response within the investigated PLA MEX design space. Full article

Subsea tunnels constructed by the drill-and-blast method are increasingly required in modern infrastructure and are often exposed to high groundwater pressure and fractured rock conditions. In such environments, external water pressure acting on initial support strongly affects tunnel stability, durability, and construction safety. Because the initial support is temporary, discontinuous, and prone to cracking, evaluation of its water pressure response remains challenging. Current design practice relies on simplified assumptions and empirical approaches, inadequate for fractured rock masses under high water pressure. This review synthesizes research on external water pressure in tunnels, with emphasis on drill-and-blast subsea tunnels. Empirical reduction coefficient methods, theoretical analytical solutions, numerical techniques, and physical model testing are critically examined in terms of their theoretical basis, applicability, and limitations. Special attention is given to seepage behavior in fractured rock masses, including single-fracture seepage laws, equivalent continuum models, and discrete fracture network approaches, and their ability to represent fracture-controlled flow and water pressure redistribution. The review shows that conventional seepage or seepage–stress coupled methods are insufficient to capture stress redistribution, fracture evolution, and damage-induced permeability changes governing water pressure behavior. By contrast, advanced coupled stress–seepage–damage and stress–seepage–fracturing models provide more physically consistent frameworks for analyzing external water pressure acting on initial support. In addition, hydro-mechanical discrete lattice models are reviewed as a promising meso-scale framework for capturing crack initiation, crack coalescence, and crack-controlled seepage paths that may govern localized external water pressure redistribution behind initial support. However, their application to subsea tunnels remains limited, and current design codes still lack unified calculation methods. Major challenges remain, including the lack of consistent definitions of external water pressure, inadequate consideration of the interaction between tunnel support and surrounding rock, and insufficient validation through laboratory experiments and field observations. Future research should develop mechanism-based methods supported by monitoring and validation to improve subsea tunnel safety. Full article

Agri-food systems are increasingly exposed to environmental, economic, and social challenges, including climate change, biodiversity loss, resource depletion, and growing territorial inequalities. In this context, agroecology is increasingly recognised as a transformative paradigm integrating ecological, economic, social, cultural, and political dimensions within broader processes of food-system transition. Within the PRIMA AgrEcoMed project, 24 Italian agroecological initiatives led by women and young farmers were analysed to explore their contribution to agroecological transition processes in Mediterranean rural areas. The study adopts a qualitative multiple-case study approach and evaluates the selected initiatives through the framework of the 13 Principles of Agroecology proposed by the High-Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition, organised into three operational axes: improving resource efficiency, strengthening resilience, and ensuring social responsibility and fairness. The results show that the analysed initiatives combine ecological farming practices with processes of multifunctionality, territorial networking, knowledge co-creation, short supply chains, and community engagement. The findings suggest that several initiatives move beyond input-reduction strategies associated with “weak agroecology” and display characteristics consistent with stronger agroecological pathways based on territorial embeddedness, collective learning, and the reorganisation of relationships between production, consumption, and local communities. The paper highlights the relevance of agroecology not only as an environmentally sustainable farming approach, but also as a broader socio-ecological and territorial transition process, as well as the importance of policy frameworks to support territorial agroecological systems. Full article

Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) cooperative object detection enhances environmental perception capabilities in complex traffic scenarios by sharing sensory information among vehicles, but limited transmission bandwidth and wireless channel noise can significantly affect the reliable transmission of cross-vehicle semantic features and lead to a degradation in detection performance at the receiver. Although existing semantic communication methods based on DeepJSCC can alleviate the cliff effect of traditional separated source–channel coding under low signal-to-noise ratio conditions, they typically rely on additional external autoencoder structures, which increase model complexity and the deployment burden on vehicular edge computing platforms. Meanwhile, under high compression ratios, these methods struggle to adequately preserve detection-related fine-grained information, such as object boundaries, spatial locations, and local structures. Motivated by these challenges, we develop Mamba-KGSC as a lightweight knowledge-guided semantic communication framework for robust V2V cooperative object detection. At the transmitter, Mamba-KGSC utilizes the internal time-scale parameters of the Mamba-YOLO-T backbone network to generate spatial semantic masks, realizing the sparse encoding and transmission of task-relevant features while avoiding the introduction of complex external codec networks. At the receiver, a multi-source knowledge base constraint verification module is constructed to refine the initial detection results by combining physical consistency screening with visual–physical spatial joint redundancy suppression, thereby suppressing physically inconsistent misdetections and repeated detections induced by channel noise. The experimental evaluation indicates that, under a 50% compression ratio, multiple SNR settings, and different channel models, the front-end semantic communication branch of Mamba-KGSC improves mAP@0.5:0.95 by an average of 1.90 percentage points over the DeepJSCC baseline. The multi-source knowledge base constraint verification module further reduces abnormal and duplicate candidate bounding boxes. Overall, Mamba-KGSC provides a balanced solution in terms of transmission cost, detection accuracy, model complexity, and physical consistency, offering a lightweight implementation scheme for robust V2V cooperative detection in challenging communication environments. Full article

Refracturing is an important stimulation technique for improving the productivity of mature shale gas wells. However, for low-productivity horizontal wells, the controlling effects of production history and pre-refracturing energy replenishment on fracture re-initiation and repropagation remain insufficiently quantified. This study focuses on mature wells in the H Block of the Fuling shale gas field. The Jiaoshiba area in the Fuling shale gas field, located on the eastern margin of the Sichuan Basin, is characterized by organic-rich marine shales of the Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation, where gas enrichment is jointly controlled by the Jiaoshiba anticline, fault distribution, and favorable preservation conditions. A three-dimensional geological model was constructed using seismic interpretation, well logging, core analysis, ant-tracking fracture attributes, and field fracturing data. A one-way coupled finite-element workflow was then applied to simulate the evolution of pore pressure and in situ stress during primary production, water-injection energy replenishment, and refracturing. The model was calibrated against historical bottomhole flowing pressure data, with a pressure-response matching accuracy greater than 85%. The results show that a lower initial production (4 × 10⁴ m³/d) allocation can mitigate reservoir pressure depletion and maintain a more favorable stress environment for fracture branching during refracturing. Compared with refracturing after 10 or 20 years of production, refracturing after 5 years produced a stronger post-treatment response in the simulated cases. For water-injection energy replenishment, an injection rate of 700 m³/d restored reservoir pressure and regulated the local stress field more effectively than 500 m³/d, whereas increasing the rate to 1000 m³/d provided only limited additional pressure recovery. Overall, under the simulated reservoir conditions, a technically favorable parameter combination for the target well is an initial production allocation of 4 × 10⁴ m³/d, refracturing after approximately 5 years of production, and one year of pre-refracturing water-injection energy replenishment at about 700 m³/d. These findings provide a reference for refracturing timing and pre-treatment energy-replenishment design in depleted shale gas reservoirs. Full article

Firewall rule ordering aims to improve packet filtering efficiency while preserving the dependency constraints that guarantee the intended security behavior of the policy. Existing approaches often rely either on local criteria, such as rule frequency, or on iterative optimization procedures whose behavior depends on initialization, parameter settings and search budget. In this paper, we propose PPCO, a deterministic dependency-aware rule ordering method based on propagated probability combined with descendant-based centrality. The proposed score reflects both the traffic relevance of a rule and its structural influence in the dependency graph. The structural component is essential, especially when some rules are inactive or have zero activation probability, since it prevents probability-based ties from violating dependency constraints. The final policy is obtained directly by sorting rules in a decreasing score order. Experiments were conducted on synthetic rule sets ranging from 50 to 2000 rules and on ClassBench-ng benchmark instances, showing that PPCO consistently achieves a competitive ordering quality among the compared deterministic methods under the considered experimental settings. The method remains stable as the policy size and dependency rate increase, produces zero dependency violations in all valid configurations, achieves the lowest score-coherence values, and maintains competitive execution times at large scales. These results suggest that PPCO provides an effective, robust, and computationally efficient solution for dependency-aware firewall rule ordering within the scope of the evaluated configurations. Full article

Using low-Earth orbit (LEO) mobile communication constellations to transmit remote sensing satellite data represents an emerging paradigm for overcoming the bottleneck in downloading massive amounts of Earth observation data. However, dense concurrent access across multiple satellites triggers intense resource competition, severe visible-window fragmentation, and strict resource-exclusivity constraints. To address the complex scheduling challenges caused by high laser link establishment overhead and the high-dynamic motion between remote sensing satellites and LEO communication nodes, this paper proposes an Adaptive Multi-Objective Reconstruction Evolutionary Algorithm (AMOREA). The algorithm incorporates a hybrid initialization strategy to improve the quality of the initial solution set and designs a mission-level topology reconstruction mechanism that uses four complementary decomposition operators and a multi-strategy reconstruction pool to achieve effective resource aggregation. Furthermore, an adaptive weight feedback mechanism is introduced to dynamically adjust search priorities and balance global exploration with local exploitation. Simulation results show that, under the simulation settings of this study, AMOREA reaches a 100.0% completion rate for urgent high-priority tasks and an overall average task completion rate of 89.2%. In terms of multi-objective optimization performance, AMOREA obtains the highest mean hypervolume (HV) value among the compared algorithms, improving the mean HV by approximately 19.1% over NSGA-II, 17.6% over MOEA/D, and 67.6% over the Greedy baseline. These results indicate that AMOREA can generate higher-quality Pareto solution sets and improve the efficiency of high-dynamic inter-satellite transmission scheduling under the tested simulation settings. Full article

Background: The United Nations International Multiple Micronutrient Antenatal Preparation of a multiple micronutrient supplement (UNIMMAP MMS or MMS) is replacing iron and folic acid supplementation (IFAS) in antenatal care (ANC) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). An investigation into determining how to secure a sustainable supply of MMS began in response to the Indonesian Ministry of Health (MOH)’s decision to introduce MMS into its national health services. Objective: We aimed to identify and test sustainable strategies for securing MMS supplies. Methods: A three-phase implementation science framework was applied to (1) foster an enabling environment for securing MMS supplies, (2) undertake implementation research (IR) to compare sourcing strategy options, and (3) plan and execute actions to scale MMS supply availability and distribution. The MOH assumed ownership of the initiative and guided policy, procurement, and program decisions. Results: (1) Landscaping resulted in recommendations that triggered supply-related policies, an accommodating regulatory framework, integration of MMS into key government support systems (i.e., budget, finance, procurement, and distribution), and identification of supply strategy options. (2) IR resulted in the selection of a local manufacturing and sourcing strategy for acquiring a sustainable supply of high-quality MMS product while retaining an option to import a limited supply of MMS during scaling. (3) A multi-year plan was developed to scale MMSs within ANC services. Conclusions: Applying implementation science provided an evidence-based framework with which to identify, establish, and test a sustainable strategy for securing MMS supplies and yielded insights useful for other countries introducing MMS into their national health systems. Full article

The Ivy Optimization Algorithm (IVY) is a novel swarm intelligence optimization algorithm that simulates the phototropic growth mechanism of plants. To comprehensively improve the overall optimization performance, this paper proposes an enhanced Ivy Optimization Algorithm (LSIVY) integrating improved Logistics chaotic mapping, sine–cosine operator, and adaptive t-distribution mutation strategy. Firstly, an improved cascaded Logistics chaotic mapping is used for population initialization. The double arcsine transformation improves the ergodicity and uniformity of chaotic sequences, so that initial solutions are distributed more evenly in the search space, population diversity is enhanced, and premature convergence is suppressed. Secondly, the sine–cosine operator is embedded into the position update mechanisms of IVY growth, climbing, and propagation evolution. Nonlinearly decreasing control parameters realize adaptive switching between global exploration and local exploitation and accelerate convergence. Thirdly, an adaptive t-distribution mutation strategy is designed to dynamically adjust mutation intensity according to the iteration cycle and implement directional perturbation at the optimal solution position. It combines the large-scale exploration advantage of the Cauchy distribution and the local fine search merit of the Gaussian distribution, which significantly improves the ability to escape from local optima. Comparative experiments with eight mainstream metaheuristics (DE, WOA, GWO, HHO, DBO, MBWO, AOO, native IVY) are conducted with 30 independent runs on 30-dimensional CEC 2014 (30 test functions) and CEC 2020 (10 composite functions). Quantitatively, LSIVY achieves 20~30 orders of magnitude higher optimization accuracy than standard IVY on unimodal functions, and its average standard deviation across all benchmarks drops by 4–6 orders of magnitude. LSIVY ranks first on all CEC 2020 composite functions, reducing over 30% of iterations compared with native IVY. Three classical constrained mechanical design problems (three-bar truss, cantilever beam, pressure vessel) are adopted for engineering verification. In the pressure vessel case, the average manufacturing cost of LSIVY is reduced by 9.2% against standard IVY, and the standard deviation of three engineering cases decreases by 2–3 orders on average, demonstrating remarkable robustness. The proposed algorithm not only improves the theoretical system of plant-inspired swarm intelligence algorithms but also has great application prospects in mechanical structure lightweight design, industrial equipment cost optimization, and other practical engineering fields. Full article

The Cysteine-rich Polycomb-like Protein (CPP) gene family is a class of transcription factors containing conserved CXC domains that are widely involved in the regulation of plant growth and development, cell division, and stress responses. Based on the ginseng genome and transcriptome database, all members of the PgCPP gene family in Panax ginseng were systematically identified, and comprehensive bioinformatics analyses, including phylogenetic, conserved domain, chromosomal localization and collinearity, cis-acting element, and expression pattern analyses, were conducted. In this study, we identified 44 PgCPP gene family members in ginseng, which were unevenly localized on multiple chromosomes. The phylogenetic tree divided them into three subfamilies, with members in the same subfamily being highly conserved. Conserved domain analysis revealed that all PgCPPs contain typical CXC motifs. Cis-acting elements were abundant in light response, hormone responses (abscisic acid, methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid), and stress response elements. Expression heatmaps demonstrated that different members have specific expression patterns across different ages, tissues, and species. After treatment with MeJA, transcriptional suppression of PgCPP03-4 and PgCPP03-13 was observed, and their expression levels demonstrated significant negative correlations with the contents of six protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides. These findings suggest that PgCPP03-4 and PgCPP03-13 may act as negative regulators of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside biosynthesis within the MeJA signaling pathway. This systematic characterization and identification of the CPP gene family members in P. ginseng establishes a foundational framework for future functional validation and molecular breeding initiatives. Full article

Sandstone–marble waste powder concrete composite structures serve as common load-bearing systems in tunnels, underground caverns, and similar engineering projects, where the interface roughness characteristics directly govern their overall stability and service safety. To investigate the influence of interface roughness on the failure behavior of the composite, four groups of sandstone–concrete composite specimens made with marble waste powder concrete were prefabricated with different joint roughness coefficients (JRC = 0, 7.84, 17.99, 20.79). The concrete matrix was prepared with marble waste powder incorporated at 25 wt% of the total binder, corresponding to 20.45 wt% of the total mixture, and the water-to-binder ratio was 0.20. Uniaxial compression tests were conducted with synchronous acoustic emission (AE) and digital image correlation (DIC) monitoring to examine the roughness-dependent mechanical response, energy evolution, damage activity, and strain localization of the composites. The results show that the peak stress and elastic modulus of the composite increase continuously with increasing JRC. When JRC increases from 0 to 20.79, the peak stress increases by 170.3% and the elastic modulus increases by 201.1%. The energy evolution mechanism transitions from progressive damage with gradual energy dissipation at low roughness to a three-stage mode at high roughness, characterized by initial frictional energy dissipation, intermediate energy storage, and rapid elastic energy release and dissipated energy increase near failure. DIC results further reveal that increasing interface roughness suppresses interfacial shear slip and promotes tensile-dominated strain localization, whereas excessive roughness may induce local stress concentration around asperities and increase the tendency toward abrupt post-peak instability, the failure mode changes from mixed tensile–shear failure with obvious interfacial slip to tensile-dominated failure. Full article