Search Results (380)

In the last decade, significant progress has been made in understanding the crucial role of melanin in energy production in cells and tissues (which has been estimated to account for up to 90% of the total in organisms). This suggests the need to reconsider the central role of glucose and ATP, which instead are thought to play a primary role in building biomass. The mechanism by which melanin absorbs a wide range of the electromagnetic (em) spectrum (from FIR to far UV and ionizing radiation, helping organisms to cope with exposure to X- or γ rays) and dissociates water molecules (releasing oxygen, hydrogen, and free energy) has been observed in a number of experimental settings to occur in biological systems. This mechanism has also been reproduced in laboratory settings and has shown valuable applications in water revitalization and purification treatments. In terms of bioenergetics, these findings highlight the importance for mammals (including humans) of sunlight exposure (which provides the full em spectrum) while maintaining adequate hydration to maintain good homeostasis and optimal health. This process of hydrolysis and oxygen production through melanin and light has been proposed by Arturo Solìs Herrera and thus termed “human photosynthesis”. However, the proposed dissociation of water molecules (with an initial electron transition at around 7 eV and an ionization threshold of 12.62 eV) is not explainable within the still semi-classical vision of quantum mechanics (QM), especially when triggered by photons with much lower energy. In contrast, a description of water and biological matter in terms of quantum field theory (QFT) that takes into account the key role of coherence and the interplay with hydrophilic surfaces offers a coherent and physically grounded interpretive framework. In this paper, we propose a possible semi-quantitative theoretical framework for this fundamental biological process, which appears to underpin most metabolisms in heterotrophic organisms by interpreting water and living matter in terms of quantum electrodynamics (QED). This may open new perspectives in biochemistry and medicine. Full article

One of the major environmental problems in recent years is the deterioration of atmospheric air quality. Human activity in urban areas leads to the emission of particulate mat-ter containing various chemical components, including toxic heavy metals, which can accumulate in living organisms. The accumulation of pollutants by various species in mountain environments remains insufficiently understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the potential use of two species commonly co-occurring in mountain habitats—epiphytic lichen Parmelia sulcata Taylor and spruce Picea abies L., H. Karst.—as biomonitors of anthropogenic atmospheric pollution. The study was conducted in the Central Sudetes (Poland), across three site categories characterized by varying degrees of anthropogenic pressure (green, rural and urban areas). The results confirm that Parmelia sulcata can serve as a species reflecting heavy-metal contamination originating from atmospheric deposition, mainly lead, iron, cadmium and chromium, whereas the needles of Picea abies are useful mainly for indicating manganese pollution. No significant effect of anthropogenic pressure on heavy-metal concentrations was found, which is most likely related to specific air circulation in mountain areas that leads to the dispersion of air pollutants and their accumulation by the study species in the higher regions of the Central Sudetes. Full article

Public fireworks shows are widely used for national holiday celebrations, religious ceremonies, and sports events. However, fireworks produce short-lived atmospheric particulate matter (PM) peaks, posing a risk to spectators’ health. Every year, public fireworks shows expose over 140 million Americans to episodic transient PM2.5 peaks that exceed air quality standards by up to 10 times in the United States alone. Yet the magnitude and timing of this representativeness gap have not been measured within an event. This paper investigates the Independence Day fireworks display over Lake Union, Seattle, WA, USA, using a low-cost PM network deployed up to 2 km from the launch site. We evaluated the network observations against routine monitoring data from regulatory stations within 10 km of the launch site and generated a backward–forward Lagrangian stochastic dispersion model, calibrated with the network. Spectator zone PM2.5 concentrations varied by over threefold across sensors within 1.5 km. Duration above the World Health Organization (WHO) 24 h PM2.5 guideline concentration level at network sensors varied from 1 min to nearly 30 min, and regulatory hourly averaging retained 57% of the near-field peak signal on average and only 22% in the worst case. Peak detection at some regulatory stations was delayed by one to two hours compared with the network. The dispersion model, using only network data and public regional wind data, captured the launch site location to within ~100 m and provided minute-scale estimates of PM2.5 and PM1 concentrations across the spectator zone. The findings demonstrate and quantify, for a single event, the representativeness gap expected when transient near-field fireworks plumes are evaluated using spatially sparse and hourly averaged regulatory observations. Full article

To address the inherent drawbacks of peroxymonosulfate advanced oxidation processes (PMS-AOPs), including the low efficiency of reactive species production, short radical half-lives, and restricted pollutant degradation performance, sodium salt-assisted modification was adopted to fabricate ZIF-8-derived carbon. In this study, sodium salt-assisted modification was adopted to treat ZIF-8, and the chlorine-doped derived carbon materials HNC-T_x-Cl were prepared for peroxymonosulfate activation and tetracycline degradation in water. Compared with NC-800 fabricated by direct calcination of ZIF-8 at 800 °C, HNC-800-Cl synthesized via NaCl-assisted calcination exhibits more abundant pore structures and richer carbon defects, with a specific surface area of 1115 m²/g and a high graphitic defect ratio I_D/I_G of 1.20. Catalytic tests reveal that HNC-800-Cl achieves 93.39% tetracycline removal within 90 min at a catalyst dosage of 0.05 g L⁻¹ and PMS concentration of 0.1 mM. The system possesses a strong anti-interference ability toward complex water environments, maintaining a favorable degradation performance in the presence of coexisting anions, natural organic matter and actual water matrices. It also exhibits outstanding cycling stability, retaining a removal rate of 80.34% after five recycling runs. Radical quenching experiments and EPR characterization verify that superoxide radical (·O₂⁻) is the dominant reactive species during tetracycline degradation. Both the radical and non-radical pathways are clarified to illustrate the mechanisms of PMS activation and pollutant degradation. This work provides a novel catalytic material strategy to overcome the deficiencies of conventional PMS-AOPs, and offers a new perspective for structural regulation and non-metallic doping modification of ZIF-8-derived carbon materials. Full article

Heavy metal-contaminated post-mining soils remain persistent sources of ecological degradation and contaminant dispersion. This study provides a quantitative field-based assessment of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), maize (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) cultivated on heavy metal-affected mining soil from the Jiu Valley, Romania, within a Living Lab platform. Soil properties, pseudo-total metal concentrations, multi-year biomass production, growth indicators, vegetation cover and aboveground plant metal concentrations were evaluated. The soils showed slightly acidic to near-neutral pH, low organic matter and multi-metal contamination, with Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn and Pb ranging from 82 to 146, 51 to 92, 41 to 79, 156 to 287 and 64 to 121 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Total fresh biomass increased from 85 kg in the first cultivation year to 487 kg in the third cultivation year, with sorghum showing the highest final production (230 kg) and vegetation cover (55–86%). Aboveground Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn and Pb concentrations measured at species-specific levels of 6.21–8.06, 8.77–10.64, 7.48–12.92, 38.01–47.11 and 4.32–6.46 mg kg⁻¹ dry weight, respectively. Sorghum showed the highest preliminary phytomanagement suitability, mainly through stronger vegetation cover formation, higher fresh biomass production and lower visible stress under the investigated field conditions. Maize showed intermediate feasibility, whereas soybean appeared more sensitive to the degraded substrate. Biomass reuse should be considered only under controlled non-food pathways, such as pyrolysis or anaerobic digestion, and should only be considered after a dedicated assessment of dry biomass, conversion residues and metal fate. Full article

This review is part of a series of studies on short-lived radionuclide accumulation in aquatic organisms following nuclear weapons testing, routine facility discharges, and accidental releases. It examines the pathways of uptake, accumulation, and internal redistribution of ¹²⁵Sb, ¹³¹I, ¹⁴¹Ce, and ¹⁴⁴Ce in fish representing different ecological groups. The analysis combines published literature data with our original findings obtained from studies conducted in the cooling pond of the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant and the Kaniv Reservoir during the post-accident period. It has been established that radionuclide accumulation is governed by their physicochemical properties, environmental speciation, and the trophic characteristics of fish. ¹²⁵Sb demonstrates high bioavailability and accumulates in internal organs, gills, roe, and muscle depending on its chemical form in the aquatic environment. ¹³¹I is characterized by high solubility, rapid incorporation into biological processes, and transient retention in tissues. ¹⁴¹Ce and ¹⁴⁴Ce exhibit low mobility, strong association with particulate matter, and preferential accumulation in the gastrointestinal tract, external, and mineralized tissues. At the same time, the presence of ¹⁴⁴Ce in the muscle tissue of carnivores and piscivores suggests possible trophic transfer and does not exclude potential manifestations of limited biomagnification of this radionuclide under conditions of elevated environmental contamination. It has been determined that the ratio of ¹²⁵Sb to ¹⁴⁴Ce can be used to identify contamination sources: their co-occurrence is interpreted as evidence of fuel particle input, explaining their predominant localization in the gastrointestinal tract and, to a lesser extent, in external tissues. Conversely, their separate detection reflects differences in mobility and bioavailability. It has been shown that the principal pathways for the uptake of the investigated radionuclides by fish are particle ingestion and absorption from the dissolved phase; thus, trophic dilution predominates over biomagnification, although trophic transfer of ¹⁴⁴Ce cannot be excluded. Full article

This work develops a geometric and statistical framework for analyzing the structure of biological sequences and explores its implications for understanding the emergence and evolution of life. Motivated by questions concerning the transition from prebiotic chemistry to living systems, the quantification of negentropy in organic matter, and the distinction between random and biologically viable sequences, we introduce mathematical descriptors that measure deviation from linearity and related geometric irregularities of self-replicating macromolecules. These descriptors reveal a pronounced geometric separation between biological DNA and random sequences, underscoring the non-random structural organization characteristic of living systems. Using these descriptors, we compare a broad range of species across the Tree of Life and examine how geometric complexity varies between primitive and more advanced organisms. We further investigate whether these measures provide a natural way to compare organismal complexity, characterize the structure of viable sequence space, and identify potential constraints on evolutionary trajectories. The framework also offers an initial perspective on how natural selection and stochastic mutations may jointly influence genomic organization. Finally, we outline speculative connections between increasing geometric irregularity and the emergence of biological complexity, suggesting that such geometric transitions may offer insight into the origins of life and the theoretical limits of evolutionary development. Full article

The espinal agroforestry system is a valuable grazing resource for sheep and cattle in the Mediterranean region of central Chile. It is characterized by a woody stratum dominated by Vachellia caven and an herbaceous grassland stratum that together provide important ecological services. Despite its relevance for extensive livestock production, ongoing land-use change threatens the integrity of the espinal agroforestry system, underscoring the need for sustainable management strategies to enhance productivity. This study assessed the long-term impacts of improved management practices in a representative espinal agroforestry system, including annual fertilization, supplementary cereal crop integration, and progressive increases in stocking rate, on plant diversity and soil carbon storage in Cauquenes, Maule Region, Chile (35°58′ S, 72°17′ W), during 2014–2019. A production system was established on 10 ha of espinal grassland, complemented by 1 ha of supplementary crop rotation (oat–purple vetch intercropping and triticale). Due to the scale of the system, a single experimental unit was used; however, multiple sampling areas were evaluated over time to assess the botanical composition, forage yield, and soil carbon. Grasslands were annually fertilized with phosphorus, potassium, and boron. The forage yield in spring ranged from 2 to 4 t dry matter ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ over six years, with strong interannual variability driven by rainfall. The stocking rate increased progressively from 2 to 8 sheep ha⁻¹ and lamb live weight from 80 to 370 kg ha⁻¹ over six-years. The grassland botanical composition shifted markedly, with increased abundance of annual legumes (Trifolium subterraneum, Medicago polymorpha) and Leontodon leysseri. Supplementary crops yielded between 6.0 and 10.5 t DM ha⁻¹, while soil organic carbon increased from 1.6% to 2.2%. These results demonstrate that sustainable intensification of the espinal system can enhance productivity while maintaining environmental sustainability. Full article

This contribution examines how contemporary exhibition practices engage with biological otherness through the interplay of material, technological mediation and curatorial practice. It explores how organisms and materials often considered marginal, such as viruses, microbial life, dust, and ash, can operate as co-authors in exhibition-making, unsettling hierarchies and binary frameworks that privilege human perception and control. Biological matter becomes a medium for thinking with and through nonhuman perspectives, revealing entangled temporalities, rhythms, and ecologies that exceed conventional scales of perception. Through three case studies: Living Ashes II, Studies of Interbeing—Trance 1:1, and The Materialised Temporality of Dust, the paper interrogates how decomposition, infection, and microscopic life are translated into relational, multisensory experiences. In Living Ashes II, protocells and ash are staged as agents of emergent vitality; in Studies of Interbeing—Trance 1:1, SARS-CoV-2 is re-materialised through textile and performative practices, fostering intimacy and affective encounter; and in The Materialised Temporality of Dust, immersive VR and spatial sound render microbial and dust temporalities perceptible within architectural space. Across these projects, digital technologies function not as neutral instruments but as active mediators, shaping the conditions under which nonhuman agency, vibrancy, and unpredictability are apprehended. Collectively, these works demonstrate that exhibitions can operate as relational laboratories in which biological otherness is co-produced, negotiated and experienced. They foreground an ethic of care and attunement, emphasising the multispecies, temporal, and technological entanglements that redefine what it means to exhibit living and non-living matter in the digital age. Full article

Most air pollution research in India has predominantly focused on the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) owing to its high pollution levels and dense populations, leaving peninsular India comparatively undercharacterized. In contrast, South India remains underexplored because of its relatively limited long-term monitoring and more favorable meteorology. This geographical imbalance restricts a comprehensive national understanding of particulate matter (PM) dynamics. Addressing this gap, the present study delivers a multi-scale (hourly to interannual) spatiotemporal assessments of PM_2.5 across eight monitoring stations in Andhra Pradesh, a South Indian State, for the period 2020–2024. The analysis reveals pronounced seasonal variability, with persistent winter and post-monsoon maxima. Although overall concentrations are low compared to northern India, urban–industrial centers such as Visakhapatnam and Rajahmahendravaram frequently exceeded both the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Notably, Amaravati, a non-industrial and low-lying inland site, exhibited anomalously moderate PM_2.5 levels, with ~11.58% of hourly values surpassing 60 µg m⁻³. The COVID-19 lockdown period further offered a natural experiment, revealing substantial reductions (30–65%) in PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ at major urban sites while concurrent ozone enhancements (up to ~50%) at Tirupati and Rajahmundry exposed complex photochemical sensitivity under reduced NO_x conditions. Satellite-based MERRA-2 estimates corroborated inter-annual variability and the short-lived improvement in air quality. This study demonstrates that air quality dynamics in the state of Andhra Pradesh are governed by region-specific meteorological controls, episodic processes, and localized emission characteristics, necessitating expanded long-term monitoring infrastructure and improved satellite–ground calibration frameworks. Full article

Previous research has found an association between PM_2.5 exposure and worsening depression; however, studies specifically examining the harmful effects of individual PM_2.5 components are relatively limited. This national survey enrolled individuals aged 45 and older in mainland China, collecting personal data and assessing depression. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D-10). Monthly exposure to PM_2.5 and its seven components—black carbon (BC), organic matter (OM), nitrate (NO₃⁻), sulfate (SO₄²⁻), ammonium (NH₄⁺), soil particles (SOIL), and sea salt (SS)—was matched to each participant’s residence. Linear mixed-effects models (LMEs) assessed the association between single pollutants and depression score, while weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression examined the effect of mixed exposure and identified the contribution of each component. Modifying effects of social activity and green space were also evaluated. A total of 9725 participants were included. In single-exposure models, each interquartile range (IQR) increase in PM_2.5 (29.18 μg/m³), BC (2.25 μg/m³), OM (7.18 μg/m³), SOIL (6.04 μg/m³), and SS (0.14 μg/m³) was significantly associated with an increase in depression score of 0.90 (95% CI: 0.59, 1.20), 0.71 (95% CI: 0.42, 1.09), 0.94 (95% CI: 0.61, 1.26), 0.51 (95% CI: 0.38, 0.63), and 0.53 (95% CI: 0.33, 0.73) points, respectively. In mixed-exposure models, each IQR increase in the mixture of all components was associated with a 1.104-point rise in depression score (95% CI: 0.901, 1.307), with BC having the largest weight (33.6%), followed by SOIL (28.59%) and SS (25.05%). The harmful effects of PM_2.5 and specific components on depression were lower among those who participated in social activities or lived in areas with higher levels of green space (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the harmful effects of PM_2.5 on depression may be influenced by its components, and that social activity and green space could reduce the risk of depression associated with PM_2.5 and its components. Full article

In cold-region lakes, high organic matter concentrations with low bioavailability are common, yet the underlying causes and stabilisation mechanisms remain unclear. This study conducted a 60-day microbial treatment experiment in Hulun Lake using algae (DOMa), grass (DOMg), and manure (DOMm) as DOM sources. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and 16S rRNA analysis were employed to characterise DOM composition and bacterial communities. The bioavailability of DOMa, DOMg, and DOMm was 86.1%, 84.08%, and 70.9%, respectively. Differences in degradation cycles were mainly associated with the slowly biodegradable fraction; the half-lives of DOMa, DOMg, and DOMm were 49.51 days, 77.02 days, and 198.04 days, respectively. At the molecular level, proteins and lipids were rapidly utilised by microorganisms, leading to the generation of lignin, condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, and tannins, with many new molecules falling within the carboxylic acid-rich alicyclic molecule (CRAM) region. The overall community succession patterns of different DOM sources were highly similar, with initial DOM composition differences leading to variations in microbial communities during intermediate degradation stages (5~10 days). Moreover, microbiological processes facilitated the convergence of DOM source compositions and the accumulation of refractory organic matter. It is hypothesised that the regional climatic characteristics of the freeze–thaw cycle exacerbate organic matter accumulation by compressing the “effective degradation time”. These findings elucidate the causes of high organic matter and low bioavailability in cold-region lakes. Full article

Soil ciliates are an important component of the soil micro-food web, playing key roles in organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. However, research on the species diversity and taxonomy of this group in the temperate forest soils of China is still limited. This study investigates the morphology and ciliary pattern of two ciliate species discovered in the Changbai Mountain region of northeastern China: Bryometopus changbaishanensis sp. n. and Apocolpodidium etoschense Foissner et al., 2002, using live observation and silver carbonate impregnation. B. changbaishanensis sp. n. is characterized by the following morphological features: size in vivo approximately 40–48 × 20–29 μm, 11–14 somatic kineties; the paroral membrane consists of about 16–26 dikinetids; and there are 11–15 oral membranelles. This species differs from B. atypicus in its smaller body size in vivo, fewer somatic kineties, and fewer oral membranelles. Apocolpodidium etoschense Foissner et al., 2002, exhibits the following morphological features: in vivo size approximately 48–85 × 19–35 μm, 16–20 somatic kineties, and a gently curved paroral membrane composed of about 13–20 dikinetids; its hypostomial organelle consists of three to five files, each containing approximately three to five monokinetids. Additionally, DNA extraction and SSU rRNA gene sequencing were performed to elucidate their evolutionary relationships. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rRNA gene data indicated that Bryometopus changbaishanensis sp. n. clusters with B. atypicus. This study also provides a redescription and supplementary definition of A. etoschense, with the Changbai Mountain population forming a fully supported cluster with previously sequenced data. Full article

This article describes the basic principles of the functioning of living systems, which distinguish them from other systems. The concept of dividing living systems’ resources into matter and energy has been expanded by describing their contribution to systems’ entropy. Within social systems, human individuals serve as the functional equivalent of energy in ordinary living systems, acting as the driving and redistributive force with respect to matter. Furthermore, additional characteristics of system resources that impact the strategies of living systems regarding their resources have been introduced. Additionally, the maximum rate of development of living systems under ideal conditions has been demonstrated. Based on the above, this article presents the most natural sequence of changes of living systems in relation to their sources of matter and energy. Moreover, such a sequence of strategy changes is also considered for national food systems in which infrastructure elements and workers represent matter and energy. This article can provide a valuable initial insight into the degree of correspondence between the general structural organization of state food systems and the operational conditions under which they function. Full article

Freshwater bivalves influence ecosystem functioning by transferring pelagic material to the benthos through filtration and biodeposition, yet quantitative multiscale evidence remains scarce for South American lakes. We assessed the role of the native mussel Diplodon chilensis in Laguna Chica de San Pedro (southern Chile) by integrating laboratory measurements, seasonal in situ mesocosm experiments, and lake-scale estimates. Individual filtration rates were quantified under contrasting temperature and phytoplankton biomass conditions, while field experiments evaluated mussel effects on sediment biogeochemistry and zoobenthic assemblages. Filtration increased strongly with temperature, whereas food availability exerted a detectable effect only at lower temperatures. Live mussels consistently enhanced sediment organic matter and total nitrogen, while total phosphorus responses were weak and variable. Macroinvertebrate richness and abundance increased in association with mussel presence, whereas meiofaunal responses were weaker and inconsistent. When scaled to the lake level using bathymetric population distribution and seasonal deposition rates, D. chilensis accounted for substantial annual fluxes of organic matter and nitrogen to surface sediments, largely driven by shallow and intermediate depths. These results demonstrate that native freshwater mussels mediate a persistent downward component of benthic–pelagic coupling in clear-water temperate lakes of southern South America. Full article