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  • Review
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,226 Views
13 Pages

The effective combination of chirality and magnetism in a single crystalline material can lead to fascinating cross-effects, such as magneto-chiral dichroism. Among a large variety of chiral ligands utilized in the design and synthesis of chiral magn...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,773 Views
20 Pages

Magnetic Nanohydrometallurgy Applied to Lanthanide Separation

  • Fernando M. de Melo,
  • Sabrina N. Almeida and
  • Henrique E. Toma

11 June 2020

Lanthanides play an important role in modern technology because of their outstanding optical, electronic, and magnetic properties. Their current hydrometallurgical processing involves lixiviation, leading to concentrates of elements whose separation...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
58 Citations
10,448 Views
14 Pages

Lanthanide-Doped Nanoparticles for Diagnostic Sensing

  • Song Yeul Lee,
  • Min Lin,
  • Aeju Lee and
  • Yong Il Park

23 November 2017

Lanthanide-doped nanoparticles exhibit unique optical properties, such as a long luminescence lifetime (up to several milliseconds), sharp emission peaks, and upconversion luminescence over the range of wavelengths from near-infrared to visible. Expl...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
2,369 Views
16 Pages

On the Traceability of Honey by Means of Lanthanide Distribution

  • Federica Gulino,
  • Elisa Calà,
  • Christian Cozzani,
  • Lorenzo Vaccari,
  • Matteo Oddone and
  • Maurizio Aceto

26 April 2023

Honey is a natural food appreciated all over the world since antiquity due to its well-recognised beneficial properties. However, it is also considered among the most counterfeited foods. Therefore, analytical methods are currently being developed to...

  • Review
  • Open Access
914 Views
41 Pages

Lanthanide Nanotheranostics in Radiotherapy

  • Shaofeng Han,
  • Yurun Liu,
  • Taoyang Cai,
  • Yanru Liu and
  • Shangjie Ge-Zhang

31 December 2025

Radiotherapy, a cornerstone of cancer treatment, is critically limited by tumor radioresistance and off-target toxicity. Lanthanide-based nanomaterials (Ln-NPs) have recently emerged as a versatile and promising class of theranostic radiosensitizers...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,886 Views
15 Pages

Lanthanide-Dependent Methanol Metabolism of a Proteobacteria-Dominated Community in a Light Lanthanide-Rich Deep Environment

  • Agnieszka Daszczyńska,
  • Tomasz Krucoń,
  • Robert Stasiuk,
  • Marta Koblowska and
  • Renata Matlakowska

This study investigated the occurrence and diversity of proteobacterial XoxF-type methanol dehydrogenases (MDHs) in the microbial community that inhabits a fossil organic matter- and sedimentary lanthanide (Ln3+)-rich underground mine environment usi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
4,243 Views
23 Pages

23 April 2020

Redox biology is still looking for tools to monitor redox potential in cellular biology and, despite a large and sustained effort, reliable molecular probes have yet to emerge. In contrast, molecular probes for reactive oxygen and nitrogen have been...

  • Review
  • Open Access
18 Citations
5,338 Views
25 Pages

Molecularly Targeted Lanthanide Nanoparticles for Cancer Theranostic Applications

  • Guillermina Ferro-Flores,
  • Alejandra Ancira-Cortez,
  • Blanca Ocampo-García and
  • Laura Meléndez-Alafort

31 January 2024

Injectable colloidal solutions of lanthanide oxides (nanoparticles between 10 and 100 nm in size) have demonstrated high biocompatibility and no toxicity when the nanoparticulate units are functionalized with specific biomolecules that molecularly ta...

  • Review
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,832 Views
25 Pages

Lanthanide Oxides in Ammonia Synthesis Catalysts: A Comprehensive Review

  • Wojciech Patkowski,
  • Magdalena Zybert,
  • Hubert Ronduda and
  • Wioletta Raróg-Pilecka

23 November 2023

The production of ammonia through the Haber–Bosch process is a large-scale catalytic industrial endeavour with substantial energy consumption. A key area of energy optimisation for this process involves efforts to ease the synthesis reaction co...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,902 Views
19 Pages

E3 Ubiquitin Ligase SPL2 Is a Lanthanide-Binding Protein

  • Michał Tracz,
  • Ireneusz Górniak,
  • Andrzej Szczepaniak and
  • Wojciech Białek

The SPL2 protein is an E3 ubiquitin ligase of unknown function. It is one of only three types of E3 ligases found in the outer membrane of plant chloroplasts. In this study, we show that the cytosolic fragment of SPL2 binds lanthanide ions, as eviden...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
6,341 Views
11 Pages

On the Synthesis and Characterization of Lanthanide Metal-Organic Frameworks

  • Andrius Laurikenas,
  • Aldona Beganskiene and
  • Aivaras Kareiva

12 June 2018

In this study, lanthanide metal-organic frameworks Ln(BTC)(DMF)2(H2O) (LnMOFs) are synthesized using the metal nitrates as lanthanide (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu) source and 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (BTC) as a c...

  • Review
  • Open Access
16 Citations
3,335 Views
16 Pages

Recent Progress in Photonic Upconversion Materials for Organic Lanthanide Complexes

  • Hong-Ju Yin,
  • Zhong-Gui Xiao,
  • Yansong Feng and
  • Chang-Jiang Yao

16 August 2023

Organic lanthanide complexes have garnered significant attention in various fields due to their intriguing energy transfer mechanism, enabling the upconversion (UC) of two or more low-energy photons into high-energy photons. In comparison to lanthani...

  • Article
  • Open Access
23 Citations
3,688 Views
13 Pages

Lanthanides, the 14 4f-block elements plus Lanthanum, have been extensively used to study the structure and biochemical properties of metalloproteins. The characteristics of lanthanides within the lanthanide series are similar, but not identical. The...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
7,693 Views
12 Pages

Chiral, Heterometallic Lanthanide–Transition Metal Complexes by Design

  • Anders Øwre,
  • Morten Vinum,
  • Michal Kern,
  • Joris Van Slageren,
  • Jesper Bendix and
  • Mauro Perfetti

Achieving control over coordination geometries in lanthanide complexes remains a challenge to the coordination chemist. This is particularly the case in the field of molecule-based magnetism, where barriers for magnetic relaxation processes as well a...

  • Review
  • Open Access
16 Citations
7,039 Views
20 Pages

26 August 2020

The excitation of lanthanides with visible light to promote photochemical reactions has garnered interest in recent years. Lanthanides serve as initiators for photochemical reactions because they exhibit visible-light-promoted 4f→5d transitions that...

  • Review
  • Open Access
25 Citations
6,317 Views
25 Pages

19 February 2022

Lanthanide-doped nanoparticles possess numerous advantages including tunable luminescence emission, narrow peak width and excellent optical and thermal stability, especially concerning the long lifetime from microseconds to milliseconds. Differing fr...

  • Review
  • Open Access
2,006 Views
31 Pages

Methods and Applications of Lanthanide/Transition Metal Ion-Doped Luminescent Materials

  • Xiaoyi Chen,
  • Jiaqi Liu,
  • Shujing Zhou,
  • Zan Li,
  • Min Yuan,
  • Jinghui Shen,
  • Yifan Zhang and
  • Rongrong Ye

23 August 2025

Lanthanide/transition metal-doped luminescent materials are advanced materials with broad application potential. This type of material achieves control and optimization of luminescence performance by introducing lanthanide/transition metal ions into...

  • Review
  • Open Access
27 Citations
3,282 Views
21 Pages

Water environment pollution is becoming an increasingly serious issue due to industrial pollutants with the rapid development of modern industry. Among many pollutants, the toxic and explosive nitroaromatics are used extensively in the chemical indus...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
5,322 Views
19 Pages

New Lanthanide Alkynylamidinates and Diiminophosphinates

  • Farid M. Sroor,
  • Cristian G. Hrib and
  • Frank T. Edelmann

5 November 2015

This contribution reports the synthesis and structural characterization of several new lithium and lanthanide alkynylamidinate complexes. Treatment of PhC≡CLi with N,N′-diorganocarbodiimides, R–N=C=N–R (R = iPr, Cy (cyclohexyl)), in THF or diethyl et...

  • Review
  • Open Access
65 Citations
7,753 Views
30 Pages

4 November 2017

Solid-state functional luminescent materials arouse an enormous scientific interest due to their diverse applications in lighting, display devices, photonics, optical communication, low energy scintillation, optical storage, light conversion, or phot...

  • Review
  • Open Access
515 Views
30 Pages

5 February 2026

Lanthanide ions and their complexes have emerged as versatile tools in biology and medicine owing to their unique photophysical, magnetic, and coordination properties. Their applications span bioimaging, sensing, therapy and diagnostics, underpinned...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,942 Views
14 Pages

Lanthanide and Ladder-Structured Polysilsesquioxane Composites for Transparent Color Conversion Layers

  • Jaehyun Han,
  • Darya Burak,
  • Valeriia Poliukhova,
  • Albert S. Lee,
  • Hoseong Jang,
  • Seungsang Hwang,
  • Kyung-Youl Baek,
  • Joonsoo Han,
  • Byeong-Kwon Ju and
  • So-Hye Cho

22 March 2023

Ladder-type polysilsesquioxanes (LPSQs) containing phenyl as a high refractive index unit and cyclic epoxy as a curable unit were found to be excellent candidates for a transparent color conversion layer for displays due to being miscible with organi...

  • Review
  • Open Access
24 Citations
5,457 Views
12 Pages

Recent Advances in the Catalytic Applications of Lanthanide-Oxo Clusters

  • Weiming Huang,
  • Qingxin Liu,
  • Wanmin Chen,
  • Min Feng and
  • Zhiping Zheng

Lanthanide-oxo/hydroxo clusters (LOCs) in this mini-review refer to polynuclear complexes featuring a polyhedral metal-oxo/hydroxo cluster core of lanthanide ions exclusively or with coexisting 3d metal ions. We summarize herein the recent works usin...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
4,094 Views
10 Pages

30 March 2019

A polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) modified 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative (denoted as Q-POSS) was synthesized and used as a ligand to coordinate with lanthanide ions to obtain a series of lanthanide complexes Ln(Q-POSS)3 (Ln = Er3+, Yb3+,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,116 Views
13 Pages

Novel 3-Ethoxysalicylaldehyde Lanthanide Complexes Obtained by Decomposition of Salen-Type Ligands

  • Paula Mediavilla,
  • Antonio Ribeiro,
  • Ángel Gutiérrez,
  • Santiago Herrero and
  • Mari Carmen Torralba

Three new asymmetrically coordinated lanthanide derivatives based on the bicompartmental salen-type ligands N,N′-bis(3-ethoxysalicylidene)propylene-1,3-diamine (H2EtOsalpr) and 3-ethoxysalicylaldehyde (HEtvain) have been synthesized and structu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,793 Views
16 Pages

A Recyclable Inorganic Lanthanide Cluster Catalyst for Chemoselective Aerobic Oxidation of Thiols

  • Lijun Wang,
  • Zixuan Qin,
  • Lingxia Chen,
  • Xinshu Qin,
  • Jiaman Hou,
  • Chao Wang,
  • Xuan Li,
  • Hongxia Duan,
  • Bing Fang and
  • Jie An
  • + 1 author

17 July 2024

Optimizing lanthanide catalyst performance with organic ligands often encounters significant challenges, including susceptibility to water or oxygen and complex synthesis pathways. To address these issues, our research focuses on developing inorganic...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
4,654 Views
22 Pages

12 June 2020

A whole series of [Ln(H2O)4(Ala)2]26+ dimeric cationic lanthanide complexes with both l- and d-alanine enantiomers was synthesized. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction at 100 and 292 K shows the formation of two types of dimers (I and II) in crystal...

  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
7,669 Views
20 Pages

28 April 2015

A series of anionic heavy lanthanide complexes, involving the N-salicylideneglycinato(2-) Schiff base ligand (salgly) and having the general formula K[Ln(salgly)2(H2O)2]∙H2O (16), where Ln stands for Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er and Tm, was prepared using t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
4,475 Views
8 Pages

A Versatile Tripodal Ligand for Sensitizing Lanthanide (LnIII) Ions and Color Tuning

  • Rodney A. Tigaa,
  • Raul E. Ortega,
  • Xinsong Lin and
  • Geoffrey F. Strouse

26 January 2021

Lanthanide (LnIII) ions were successfully chelated and sensitized with a tripodal ligand. The absolute LnIII-centered emission efficiencies were ~3% for both the europium(III) (EuIII) and terbium (TbIII) complexes and up to 54% for the cerium(III) (C...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
6,243 Views
12 Pages

2 April 2013

Lanthanide(III) ions can accelerate the hydrolysis of phosphomonoesters and phosphodiesters in neutral aqueous solution. In this paper, lanthanide-mediated dephosphorylation has been applied in aqueous media as an orthogonal cleavage condition that c...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
5,912 Views
19 Pages

Dinuclear Lanthanide (III) Coordination Polymers in a Domino Reaction

  • Edward Loukopoulos,
  • Kieran Griffiths,
  • Geoffrey R. Akien,
  • Nikolaos Kourkoumelis,
  • Alaa Abdul-Sada and
  • George E. Kostakis

6 November 2015

A systematic study was performed to further optimise the catalytic room-temperature synthesis of trans-4,5-diaminocyclopent-2-enones from 2-furaldehyde and primary or secondary amines under a non-inert atmosphere. For this purpose, a series of dinu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
3,079 Views
19 Pages

Thermal, Spectroscopy and Luminescent Characterization of Hybrid PMMA/Lanthanide Complex Materials

  • Małgorzata Gil-Kowalczyk,
  • Renata Łyszczek,
  • Anna Jusza and
  • Ryszard Piramidowicz

8 June 2021

Novel hybrid materials based on the poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix and lanthanide(III) carboxylates Eu:2,6-DClB and Tb:2,6-DClB were synthesized and carefully analyzed in the context of their potential application in optically active polymer...

  • Review
  • Open Access
34 Citations
8,998 Views
35 Pages

Quinolone Complexes with Lanthanide Ions: An Insight into their Analytical Applications and Biological Activity

  • Ana-Mădălina Măciucă,
  • Alexandra-Cristina Munteanu and
  • Valentina Uivarosi

16 March 2020

Quinolones comprise a series of synthetic bactericidal agents with a broad spectrum of activity and good bioavailability. An important feature of these molecules is their capacity to bind metal ions in complexes with relevant biological and analytica...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
12 Citations
6,366 Views
15 Pages

Luminescent Lanthanide Metal Organic Frameworks for cis-Selective Isoprene Polymerization Catalysis

  • Samantha Russell,
  • Thierry Loiseau,
  • Christophe Volkringer and
  • Marc Visseaux

9 November 2015

In this study, we are combining two areas of chemistry; solid-state coordination polymers (or Metal-Organic Framework—MOF) and polymerization catalysis. MOF compounds combining two sets of different lanthanide elements (Nd3+, Eu3+/Tb3+) were used fo...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
5,234 Views
18 Pages

Colorimetry of Luminescent Lanthanide Complexes

  • Julien Andres and
  • Anne-Sophie Chauvin

3 September 2020

Europium, terbium, dysprosium, and samarium are the main trivalent lanthanide ions emitting in the visible spectrum. In this work, the potential of these ions for colorimetric applications and colour reproduction was studied. The conversion of spectr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
6,642 Views
12 Pages

Sensing Lanthanide Metal Content in Biological Tissues with Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

  • Dina V. Hingorani,
  • Sandra I. Gonzalez,
  • Jessica F. Li and
  • Mark D. Pagel

11 October 2013

The development and validation of MRI contrast agents consisting of a lanthanide chelate often requires a determination of the concentration of the agent in ex vivo tissue. We have developed a protocol that uses 70% nitric acid to completely digest t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,526 Views
16 Pages

6 November 2019

The batch technique was used to study the adsorption of La(III), Eu(III), Lu(III), and U(VI) ions on sepiolite and ODTMA–sepiolite under ambient conditions. The effects of pH, time, and initial concentration were investigated. The highest U(VI)...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,167 Views
20 Pages

Assessing Quantum Calculation Methods for the Account of Ligand Field in Lanthanide Compounds

  • Ana Maria Toader,
  • Bogdan Frecus,
  • Corneliu Ioan Oprea and
  • Maria Cristina Buta

16 June 2023

We obtained thorough insight into the capabilities of various computational methods to account for the ligand field (LF) regime in lanthanide compounds, namely, a weakly perturbed ionic body and quasidegenerate orbital multiplets. The LF version of t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
24 Citations
4,634 Views
12 Pages

Lanthanide-Ion-Doping Effect on the Morphology and the Structure of NaYF4:Ln3+ Nanoparticles

  • Nikita A. Bogachev,
  • Anna A. Betina,
  • Tatyana S. Bulatova,
  • Viktor G. Nosov,
  • Stefaniia S. Kolesnik,
  • Ilya I. Tumkin,
  • Mikhail N. Ryazantsev,
  • Mikhail Yu. Skripkin and
  • Andrey S. Mereshchenko

27 August 2022

Two series of β-NaYF4:Ln3+ nanoparticles (Ln = La–Nd, Sm–Lu) containing 20 at. % and 40 at. % of Ln3+ with well-defined morphology and size were synthesized via a facile citric-acid-assisted hydrothermal method using rare-earth chlor...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,747 Views
12 Pages

Solid State and Solution Structures of Lanthanide Nitrate Complexes of Tris-(1-napthylphosphine oxide)

  • Simon J. Coles,
  • Laura J. McCormick McPherson,
  • Andrew W. G. Platt and
  • Kuldip Singh

Coordination complexes of lanthanide metals with tris-1-naphthylphosphine oxide (Nap3PO, L) have not been previously reported in the literature. We describe here the formation of lanthanide(III) nitrate complexes Ln(NO3)3L4 (Ln = Eu to Lu) and the st...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
5,036 Views
11 Pages

Two isostructural lanthanide amino-phosphonate complexes [Ln103-OH)3(µ-OH)(CO3)2(O2CtBu)15(O3PC6H10NH2)3(O3PC6H10NH3)2(H2O)2][Et2NH2] (Ln = Gd(III), 1 and Tb(III), 2) have been obtained through reflux reactions of lanthanide pivalates with...

  • Perspective
  • Open Access
21 Citations
9,129 Views
17 Pages

Lanthanide-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks with Single-Molecule Magnet Properties

  • Fabio Manna,
  • Mariangela Oggianu,
  • Narcis Avarvari and
  • Maria Laura Mercuri

Lanthanide metal–organic frameworks (Ln-MOFs) showing single-molecule magnet (SMM) properties are an ever-growing family of materials where the magnetic properties can be tuned by various interrelated parameters, such as the coordinated solvent...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,790 Views
11 Pages

The Assembly of Grid-type Lanthanide Cluster

  • Jinsong Li,
  • Fan Zhang,
  • Xuefeng Guo,
  • Dan Liu and
  • Jianfeng Wu

A dicompartmental Schiff base ligand was synthesized and used for the assembly of a lanthanide grid-like complex. Dinuclear Dy2 and tetranuclear Dy4 complexes were isolated from the reaction of the ligand with different dysprosium salt. Single crysta...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,445 Views
14 Pages

Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Microcrystalline Lanthanide Terephthalates: Insights into Morphology and Structural Properties

  • Yulia N. Toikka,
  • Polina B. Guseva,
  • Nikita A. Bogachev,
  • Stefaniia S. Kolesnik,
  • Nikita A. Glukhoedov,
  • Sergey N. Orlov,
  • Mikhail N. Ryazantsev,
  • Mikhail Yu. Skripkin and
  • Andrey S. Mereshchenko

Crystalline lanthanide terephthalates, Ln2bdc3‧nH2O (Ln = La–Lu, excluding Pm), were synthesized using a surfactant-free, ultrasound-assisted method. This approach yielded microcrystals with diverse shapes and sizes ranging from 2 to 10 &...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,520 Views
17 Pages

Structure, Antioxidant Activity and Antimicrobial Study of Light Lanthanide Complexes with p-Coumaric Acid

  • Grzegorz Świderski,
  • Ewelina Gołębiewska,
  • Natalia Kowalczyk,
  • Monika Kalinowska,
  • Renata Świsłocka,
  • Elżbieta Wołejko,
  • Urszula Wydro,
  • Piotr Malinowski,
  • Anna Pietryczuk and
  • Włodzimierz Lewandowski
  • + 2 authors

13 March 2024

This paper presents the results of a study of the effects of the lanthanide ions Ce3+, Pr3+, Nd3+ and Sm3+ on the electronic structure and antioxidant and biological (antimicrobial and cytotoxic) properties of p-coumaric acid (p-CAH2). Structural stu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
8,209 Views
15 Pages

22 January 2018

Four anthracene-based lanthanide metal-organic framework structures (MOFs) were synthesized from the combination of the lanthanide ions, Eu3+, Tb3+, Er3+, and Tm3+, with 9,10-anthracenedicarboxylic acid (H2ADC) in dimethylformamide (DMF) under hydrot...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,123 Views
16 Pages

Spectroscopic Studies of Lanthanide(III) Complexes with L-Malic Acid in Binary Systems

  • Michał Zabiszak,
  • Justyna Frymark,
  • Jakub Grajewski and
  • Renata Jastrzab

25 August 2024

Binary systems of lanthanide ions (La, Nd, Gd, Ho, Tb, and Lu) with L-malic acid in molar ratios of 1:1 and 1:2 were studied. This study was carried out in aqueous solutions, and the composition of the formed complexes was confirmed using computer da...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
4,056 Views
14 Pages

NMR Relaxivities of Paramagnetic Lanthanide-Containing Polyoxometalates

  • Aiswarya Chalikunnath Venu,
  • Rami Nasser Din,
  • Thomas Rudszuck,
  • Pierre Picchetti,
  • Papri Chakraborty,
  • Annie K. Powell,
  • Steffen Krämer,
  • Gisela Guthausen and
  • Masooma Ibrahim

10 December 2021

The current trend for ultra-high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technologies opens up new routes in clinical diagnostic imaging as well as in material imaging applications. MRI selectivity is further improved by using contrast agents (CAs), w...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
16 Citations
7,157 Views
8 Pages

Lanthanide-Loaded Nanoparticles as Potential Fluorescent and Mass Probes for High-Content Protein Analysis

  • Worapol Ngamcherdtrakul,
  • Thanapon Sangvanich,
  • Shaun Goodyear,
  • Moataz Reda,
  • Shenda Gu,
  • David J. Castro,
  • Primana Punnakitikashem and
  • Wassana Yantasee

Multiparametric and high-content protein analysis of single cells or tissues cannot be accomplished with the currently available flow cytometry or imaging techniques utilizing fluorophore-labelled antibodies, because the number of spectrally resolvab...

  • Review
  • Open Access
85 Citations
10,408 Views
34 Pages

29 April 2020

The use of luminescence in biological systems allows one to diagnose diseases and understand cellular processes. Molecular systems, particularly lanthanide(III) complexes, have emerged as an attractive system for application in cellular luminescence...

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