Search Results (5,250)

To address the delayed strength development and uncertain rock-backfill interfacial stability of total-tailings paste backfill under low-temperature underground conditions, this study aims to quantify the coupled effects of slurry mass concentration, cement/tailing (C/T) ratio, curing temperature, and curing age on uniaxial compressive strength, and to clarify how interface roughness and curing age govern interfacial shear behavior and field strength. A silver–lead–zinc mine in Inner Mongolia was selected as the engineering background, and uniaxial compression, double-sided shear, SEM, and in situ strength tests were conducted. Results show that UCS increased with curing temperature, curing age, slurry mass concentration, and C/T ratio within the investigated ranges, with the comparative influence following the order: C/T ratio > curing age > curing temperature ≈ slurry mass concentration. With age, hydration products increased, pores and microcracks decreased, and structure densified. When joint roughness coefficient (JRC) increased from 0 to 26.76, cohesion rose from 93.31 to 965.57 kPa, and the failure mode shifted from interface slip to backfill shear. Increasing age from 3 to 7 d raised cohesion from 611.02 to 965.57 kPa and the internal friction angle from 29.09 ° to 33.98 °. Optimal conditions were 66 % concentration and 15 ℃, with C/T ratios of 1:4 (adhesive layer) and 1:8 (ordinary layer). Test results under various ratios and ages all indicate that the underground backfill has attained early self-standing and bearing capacity. Full article

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as a highly promising candidate for large-scale energy storage and low-temperature (LT) applications, featuring abundant raw materials, low cost and working mechanisms analogous to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Although the ionic radius of Na⁺ is slightly larger than that of Li⁺, their smaller Stokes radius and lower desolvation energy barrier endow SIBs with unique thermodynamic advantages in LT environments. However, under extremely LT conditions, issues such as a sharp increase in electrolyte viscosity, sluggish desolvation kinetics, lattice distortion and detrimental phase transitions in electrode materials, as well as instability at the electrode–electrolyte interface, collectively constrain the LT electrochemical performance of SIBs. Most existing literature merely conduct fragmented and decoupled summaries focusing on a single component (electrolyte, cathode or anode), lacking systematic elucidation of the multi-factor coupled degradation mechanism under LT conditions and holistic evaluation of multi-dimensional modification strategies. To fill this research gap, this work systematically elaborates the intrinsic LT degradation mechanism of SIBs driven by multi-physical-field coupling. From four core perspectives, including electrolyte engineering, cathode modification, anode structural construction and precise interface regulation, we comprehensively summarize mainstream technical systems for LT performance enhancement at the current stage, and thoroughly analyze the working principle, technical merits and inherent limitations of various modification approaches. Finally, the future development directions of SIBs are prospected on the basis of previous research, aiming to provide systematic and scientific theoretical guidance for in-depth mechanism exploration and industrial technological upgrading of wide-temperature-range, high-performance SIBs. Full article

Metal oxide thin-film transistors (MO TFTs) have drawn wide interest in photodetectors and optoelectronic synaptic devices owing to their wide bandgap, low off-state current, high optical transparency, low-temperature processing, and large-area uniformity. Gate modulation in the TFT structure can tune the channel’s initial state and interfacial electric field, enhancing the tunability of photogenerated carrier transport, defect trapping/release, and interfacial charge regulation. This article reviews the progress of MO TFT photodetectors and optoelectronic synaptic devices, and examines the roles of light absorption, carrier transport, defect-related carrier dynamics, interfacial charge control, and persistent photoconductivity in different device functions. For photodetectors, key goals include broadening the response spectrum, reducing dark current, improving spectral selectivity, and enhancing response stability. For optoelectronic synaptic devices, post-illumination conductance retention and slow relaxation enable memory retention and synaptic weight modulation. Thus, rather than being separate, photodetection and optoelectronic synapses are functional extensions of the MO TFT optoelectronic response under different application targets. This article further discusses the synergy between these two functions in array sensing, visual preprocessing, and intelligent vision systems. Future development requires advances in targeted defect engineering, interface and structure optimization, array uniformity, standardized evaluation, and device–circuit–algorithm co-design for low-power, integrable intelligent vision hardware. Full article

To meet the demands for lightweight design and high-conductivity connections in new energy vehicles, the high-quality joining of dissimilar Al/Cu metals has emerged as a critical research focus. In this study, laser welding was performed on 2 mm-thick 1060 pure aluminum and T2 copper plates. The effects of laser power (3.6–4.0 kW) and welding speed (0.9–1.5 m/min) on the interfacial microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of the lap joints were systematically investigated. The results demonstrate that the macroscopic morphology of the weld is primarily governed by heat input: excessive laser power induces transverse cracking, whereas an overly low welding speed promotes porosity. Microstructural analysis revealed that intermetallic compounds (IMCs), such as Al₂Cu, AlCu, and Al₄Cu₉, predominantly form at the interface, with their morphology and distribution varying significantly depending on the heat input. Under the optimized parameters of a 3.8 kW laser power and a 1.2 m/min welding speed, sufficient mixing of the molten Al and Cu was achieved. This promoted the formation of fine, dispersed IMCs accompanied by a continuous Al–Cu eutectic layer at the interface, yielding a maximum tensile-shear load of 1561 N. This research elucidates the intrinsic relationship between heat input and the microstructure–property correlation of Al/Cu laser-welded joints, identifying a viable process window for 2 mm-thick sheets and providing theoretical and practical guidance for joining dissimilar medium-thickness metal plates. Full article

To overcome the limitations of existing evaluation methods and performance testing for wind power generation systems, this study proposes a modular framework for performance testing and comparative assessment. Methodologically, the approach establishes a baseline configuration for simulation and provides optional interfaces for experimental, hardware-in-the-loop, or bench testing under identical boundary conditions. By employing a unified metric system, the proposed method enables a comprehensive evaluation of annual energy production (AEP) gains, power curve deviations, damage equivalent loads (DEL) when cycle-resolved load histories are available, fatigue- and peak load proxy variations, efficiency fluctuations, temperature rise margins, and reliability proxy indicators. A demonstrative case study is conducted using illustrative numerical data parameterized for a generic 2.5 MW-class doubly fed wind turbine to compare three retrofit schemes: blade replacement, gearbox optimization (S2), and a pitch system upgrade. When annual energy production (AEP) is utilized as the sole metric, the blade replacement scheme yields a 3.32% increase. However, it concurrently increases the fatigue load and peak load proxies by 6.11% and 3.72%, respectively. Conversely, a comprehensive assessment incorporating load, temperature rise, vibration, and reliability identifies the gearbox optimization (S2 scheme) as the highest-ranked option under the current weighting configuration, with a reproducible overall score of 0.65. The weight sensitivity analysis further shows that the preferred scheme can change when engineering priorities change. Ultimately, this work demonstrates the proposed method’s capability to highlight the discrepancy between single-metric and holistic performance optimization, providing standardized support for scheme selection, project acceptance, and the evaluation of wind turbine retrofit schemes. Full article

To investigate the influence of tailings content between geotextile layers in tailings dams built with geotextile bags on interfacial shear behavior and dam stability, direct shear tests were conducted to examine the shear mechanical properties of the geotextile interfaces under different tailings water contents (20%, 30%) and different tailings contents per unit area between geotextile layers (0, 0.0125, 0.0250, 0.0500 g/cm²). Based on the distribution patterns of tailings particles at the shear plane, the interface shear mechanism was elucidated, and the influence of interlayer tailings content on the stability of the tailings dam built with geotextile bags was analyzed using the discontinuous–continuous coupling method. The results show that, under the tested material properties and experimental conditions, both the peak shear stress and the interfacial friction angle first increased and then decreased with increasing tailings content between geotextile layers, reaching their maximum values when the tailings content was 0.0250 g/cm², while the cohesion exhibited the opposite trend. An appropriate amount of tailings particles embedded in the pores of the geotextile enhances the mechanical interlock between the particles and the geotextile, thereby improving the shear resistance at the interface. When the tailings content was excessively high, a loose tailings layer formed at the interface, shifting the shear plane into the tailings and, consequently, reducing the interface shear strength. Under the tested conditions, the safety factor of the dam first increased and then decreased as the tailings content between geotextile layers increased, reaching its highest value at a tailings content of 0.0250 g/cm², which was approximately 14.3% higher than under conditions without tailings. When the tailings content increased to 0.0500 g/cm², the safety factor of the dam decreased. This research provides a theoretical basis for quality control in the construction of tailings dams built with geotextile bags and the design of geotextile interfaces under conditions comparable to those investigated in this study. Full article

Winter-sport wearable technology spans motion and force sensing, physiological monitoring, thermal intervention, flexible bioelectronics, equipment-integrated systems, and safety technologies. This structured critical review synthesizes an evidence base of 80 unique scholarly records identified through a systematic Boolean search executed on 15 August 2026 in four standard academic databases (Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed, and IEEE Xplore), which retrieved 1466 records (808 unique after cross-database deduplication), supplemented by backward/forward citation chasing for eligible records not indexed in these databases. The corpus comprises 32 direct winter-sport records, 15 cold-context translational records, 14 contextual validation records, and 19 secondary/background records. For empirical records containing sufficient information, validation maturity was additionally coded on a seven-stage ordinal scale; 54/80 records could be staged without inference, whereas 26/80 were retained as ‘not staged’. The corpus shows that translational maturity is strongly domain dependent. Motion and kinematic sensing frequently reaches real winter-sport training or field settings, whereas antifreezing hydrogels and flexible bioelectronics have advanced substantially in conductivity, adhesion, self-healing, conformability, and low-temperature operation but remain concentrated at material, integrated-device, and human-demonstration stages. The five recurring constraints—thermodynamic, interface, ecological, connectivity, and equity—are therefore reframed as non-equivalent, context-dependent dimensions rather than universal burdens. The revised architecture also distinguishes digitally mediated sense–decide–actuate loops from material-native stimulus–response and hybrid pathways, while continuous remote monitoring is treated as one option within an energy–communication trade-space. The resulting framework links evidence type, validation depth, system interface, and deployment context without equating commercial availability with scientific validation. Full article

Biomass-derived nanoengineered carbon materials have emerged as key platforms in environmental technologies due to their high surface area, electrical conductivity, chemical stability, and sustainable synthetic route starting from renewable feedstock. This broad family comprises dimensionally nanoscale materials, such as carbon dots, carbon nanofibers, and graphene-based structures, as well as biochars, hydrochars, activated carbons, and related porous carbonaceous materials whose pore architecture, surface chemistry, or defects are deliberately engineered at the nanometer scale. Beyond their traditional role as passive supports, these materials can actively regulate adsorption phenomena, charge transport, and catalytic microenvironments through precise control of heteroatom doping, graphitic domains, and hierarchical porosity. Among current environmental priorities, carbon dioxide (CO₂) management represents one of the most pressing challenges. Biomass-derived nanocarbons offer tunable adsorption sites for selective CO₂ capture while simultaneously serving as active matrices for catalytic conversion. Tailored doped-carbon frameworks can stabilize key reaction intermediates, suppress competing pathways such as hydrogen evolution, and promote selective transformation into fuels and high-value chemicals. In addition, these materials are excellent hosts for atomically dispersed metals, dual-site catalysts, and semiconductor hybrids used in electrochemical and photocatalytic CO₂ reduction. By combining renewable sourcing with nanoscale control of reactivity, carbon materials create a bridge between environmental remediation and carbon valorization. This review critically examines recent progress in biomass-derived nanoengineered carbon materials for integrated CO₂ capture and conversion, with emphasis on structure-property-performance relationships, mechanistic roles, scalability, and sustainability. Particular attention is also devoted to catalytic conversion and electrochemical CO₂ sensing, where carbon-based and hybrid interfaces enable the transduction of CO₂ recognition into measurable electrical responses. These materials represent a promising yet underexplored pathway toward circular carbon management and the development of next-generation low-carbon chemical technologies. Full article

Urban streets are critical public spaces that support residents’ daily psychological recovery, and their landscape quality is directly related to pedestrians’ physical and mental well-being. In the rapid urbanization process, numerous urban streets have exhibited problems such as excessive building density, cluttered visual interfaces, a lack of natural elements, and an absence of regional characteristics, leading to a continuous decline in the psychological restorative capacity of street spaces and failure to meet residents’ demands for a healthy urban environment. Existing research mostly employs qualitative assessment methods to evaluate walking experiences and psychological restoration levels of street environments, lacking high-precision, pixel-level quantification of street landscape elements and rarely incorporating regional cultural elements into the analytical framework of restorative environments. This study takes Foshan, a famous historical and cultural city in China, as the research object, and selects five typical streets in the main urban area, including comprehensive streets, living streets, landscape streets, commercial streets, and historical–cultural streets, to construct a technical route of “data collection–element quantification–model construction–effect analysis.” Leveraging the pre-trained Mask2Former semantic segmentation model and pedestrian-perspective street-view images (SVIs), combined with field research, the study quantifies 22 street landscape elements across five dimensions: environment, transportation, social interaction, facilities, and culture. Through PCA principal component analysis and K-means clustering, 20 typical photos were objectively sampled, and public psychological evaluations were conducted using the Perceived Restorativeness Scale (PRS). A stepwise multiple linear regression model was then employed to construct an exploratory explanatory model for street psychological restoration, identifying key influencing factors and their effect intensities. The results indicate the following: (1) Environmental and cultural elements are the core characteristics associated with pedestrians’ psychological restoration, whereas transportation, social, and facility elements are correlated only with certain restoration dimensions and show no significant association with the overall psychological restoration level. (2) Among the 22 element indicators, the Green View Index showed the strongest positive association with psychological restoration (β = 0.681, p < 0.001); historical memory markers and the Blue View Index also exhibited significant positive associations. (3) By integrating the elements associated with pedestrians’ psychological restoration and their association strengths, an exploratory explanatory model of the psychological restoration benefits of urban street landscapes was constructed, with an adjusted coefficient of determination of 69.8%, accounting for 69.8% of the variation in street psychological restoration levels. The findings establish an exploratory analytical framework and furnish empirical evidence for healthy city planning and street renewal in similar historical and cultural cities. Full article

Although fire service accessibility has been extensively studied for urban public facilities such as hospitals and parks, it remains largely unexplored for high-risk industrial facilities such as fireworks manufacturers. In this study, fire risk and transportation network conditions are jointly considered, and a dynamic risk-weighted fire service accessibility evaluation framework is developed. An empirical study was conducted using 35 fire stations and 410 fireworks manufacturers in Liuyang City, China. Fire truck travel times were simulated via online map application programming interfaces (APIs) at 10–30 min intervals over a continuous three-day period, generating 193 evaluation scenarios and 158,260 data samples. The results indicate that the total average travel time of different types of fire trucks to demand points with varying risk levels was found to range from 570.33 to 1362.18 s, and risk-weighted fire service accessibility ranges from 16.84 to 57.26, reflecting a generally poor level of fire service accessibility within the current transport network. To resolve these constraints, it is recommended to optimize the spatial configuration of micro fire stations, promote the collaborative planning of shared enterprise-based fire units, and cross-integrate accessibility metrics into regional industrial land-use planning. These spatial measures are expected to significantly enhance the spatial resilience of transportation systems serving peripheral high-risk industrial clusters. Full article

The corrosion mechanism and corrosion behavior of a monolithic Zr-based (Zr₄₈Cu₃₆Al₈Ag₈)Si_0.75 bulk metallic glass (BMG) and a Zr-based (Zr₄₄Cu₃₆Al₈Ag₈Ta₄)Si_0.75 BMG matrix composite (BMGMC) in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution were investigated. Potentiodynamic polarization tests were conducted to evaluate the corrosion and passive behavior of BMGs. Both monolithic BMG and BMGMC exhibited distinct pitting corrosion in sodium chloride solution. The monolithic BMG exhibited a higher value of pitting overpotential, η_pit, and a wider passive region, when compared to that of BMGMC, indicating that the monolithic BMG has a better pitting resistance than the BMGMC. The worse corrosion resistance of BMGMC can be attributed to the weak passive film of the interface area between the precipitates and the glassy matrix, where it can be more easily broken through by halide ions, Cl⁻, preferentially. Furthermore, galvanic corrosion can occur due to the potential difference between Ta precipitates and the matrix of BMGMC, leading to an even more severe corrosion of the BMGMC. Full article

Frictional energy piles are a more desirable form of shallow geothermal energy utilization. A pure friction pile condition cannot be achieved in field tests. In this study, foam was placed beneath the model pile tip to weaken the end-bearing resistance. The effects of different cyclic temperature patterns (including cyclic path, external load, and variable temperature duration) on the bearing characteristics of pure friction energy piles are investigated by conducting model tests in a self-designed model box, and the variation patterns of pile stress–strain and pile-top displacement are measured. The results show the following: (1) Under no load, the displacement of the pile top changes with temperature; each round of temperature change produces a partial irrecoverable displacement, and the pile maintains a raised state at the end of both rounds with no stress accumulation. (2) Under the combined action of working load and cyclic temperature, the pile strain reaches its peak and then partially rebounds. Thermal stress accumulates progressively with increasing cycle numbers, and after the cycling ends, an irrecoverable settlement displacement (0.52% D) remains at the pile top and continues to increase. (3) The temperature cycle caused the soil volume to shrink and decreased the shear strength of the pile–soil interface, resulting in a decrease in the ultimate bearing capacity of the test pile compared to the initial state. Full article

Facing the dual challenges of energy shortage and environmental degradation, photocatalysis and electrocatalysis have emerged as key technologies for converting small molecules into value-added chemicals, yet their conflicting requirements on the electronic structure of catalysts prevent a single material from freely switching between the two modes. Here, we demonstrate a feasible strategy for achieving on-demand switching between these catalytic functions in a single ferroelectric heterojunction, Pd-C₃N₄@In₂Se₃, through polarization engineering. Using first-principles density functional theory calculations, we show that reversing the polarization direction of the α-In2Se3 layer induces a nonvolatile electronic phase transition. The downward polarization (P↓) configuration exhibits metallic behavior, whereas the upward polarization (P↑) state becomes semiconducting with a type-II band alignment. This transition arises from polarization-dependent interfacial built-in electric fields and charge transfer differences. Notably, the metallicity of the P↓ configuration is localized predominantly within the In₂Se₃ layer rather than delocalized over the entire heterostructure. This arises because the enhanced interfacial charge transfer, driven by the larger work-function difference, selectively populates the conduction band of In₂Se₃, pushing its band edge across the Fermi level, while the Pd-C₃N₄ layer remains semiconducting due to charge depletion and the absence of gap-closing hybridization at the interface. In the P↑ state, the heterojunction acts as an efficient photocatalyst for overall water splitting, with band edges straddling the redox potentials. Under illumination, photogenerated electrons and holes make the hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction thermodynamically spontaneous. In contrast, the metallic P↓ state serves as an excellent electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution, delivering a limiting potential as low as −0.11 V, attributed to strengthened N 2p and H 1s orbital hybridization. These findings resolve the conflicting electronic requirements of photocatalysis and electrocatalysis and offer a new paradigm for designing smart, dual-functional catalysts adaptable to varying energy inputs, providing valuable theoretical guidance for future experimental realization of switchable catalytic systems. Full article

The rapid expansion of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure has increased the importance of improving the user experience alongside expanding charging availability. While previous studies have primarily examined EV adoption from technological, economic, and infrastructural perspectives, limited research has investigated how Human Factors characteristics of charging systems influence users’ continuance intention. This study extends the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) by integrating Human Factors constructs as antecedents of behavioral beliefs associated with continuance intention toward public EV charging stations in the Philippines. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted among 286 EV users in the National Capital Region, and the proposed model was evaluated using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Interface usability significantly influenced both attitude and perceived behavioral control, while participatory ergonomics significantly influenced subjective norm. Physical ergonomics, cognitive ergonomics, and accessibility did not significantly predict their proposed behavioral beliefs. Among the TPB constructs, perceived behavioral control and attitude significantly predicted continuance intention, whereas subjective norm was not significant. Furthermore, interface usability exhibited significant indirect effects on continuance intention through both perceived behavioral control and attitude. The findings demonstrate that Human Factors characteristics contribute selectively to the behavioral mechanisms underlying continued charging-station use, with perceived behavioral control emerging as an important pathway linking the charging experience with continuance intention. The study extends TPB by positioning Human Factors as antecedents of behavioral beliefs in a post-adoption context and highlights the importance of usable, understandable, and manageable charging interactions in supporting continued engagement with public EV charging infrastructure. Full article

Ammonia, a toxic and volatile pollutant commonly found in chemical industrial environments, requires reliable real-time detection to ensure industrial safety and effective environmental monitoring. Conventional gas sensors typically operate at elevated temperatures, resulting in high power consumption. Moreover, pure metal oxides and conductive polymers often suffer from significant aggregation and exhibit suboptimal sensing performance under ambient conditions, limiting their practical applications. In this study, hierarchical porous V₂O₅/PANI composites were synthesized via a straightforward one-step coprecipitation method combined with in situ polymerization. The interlaced architecture of polyaniline (PANI) and vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅) effectively reduces structural aggregation and increases the availability of surface active sites. Furthermore, the synergistic interaction at the bi-phase interface significantly enhances charge carrier transport, leading to improved ammonia-sensing capabilities at room temperature. Notably, the composite containing 20% V₂O₅ demonstrated superior response, selectivity, and reproducibility toward 10 ppm NH₃. Due to its simple fabrication process and room-temperature operation without external heating, the developed V₂O₅/PANI composite sensor holds significant potential for practical applications in low-concentration ammonia detection under ambient conditions. Full article