Search Results (123)

Background: Adopting novel feed ingredients and aligning feeding strategies with these formulations are key to improving aquaculture sustainability. This study assessed the combined effects of alternative protein and lipid sources and feeding regime on growth, nutrient utilization, and body composition of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Methods: Two isoenergetic and identical digestible protein diets (39%) were formulated: a control (conventional fishmeal/fish oil (FM/FO) and plant proteins, containing 20% FM and 6% FO) and an alternative diet replacing 50% of FM and 25% of vegetable proteins with a blend of poultry by-products, insect meal, and single-cell protein (Corynebacterium glutamicum) and totally replacing fish oil with alternative lipid sources (microalgae and by-product oils). Fish (28 g of initial body weight) were fed for 210 days either to apparent satiety (AS) or under moderate restriction (85% and 65% of AS). The number of fish used was 65 fish per 500 L tank (triplicate for each experimental group). Growth performance, feed conversion, nutrient efficiency ratios, protein retention, and proximate and fatty acid composition were measured. Results: The alternative diet significantly improved growth, feed and nutrient efficiency, and protein retention compared with the control. Whole-body fatty acid profiles of fish fed the alternative diet showed higher contents of nutritionally important fatty acids, including DHA. Restricted feeding at 65% of AS enhanced nutrient efficiency ratios and protein retention relative to 85% and AS, but reduced growth. Feeding to AS produced the highest feed intake and growth but poorer feed conversion and nutrient efficiency. No significant interaction between diet and feeding strategy was observed. Conclusions: Incorporating novel protein and lipid sources can improve sea bass performance and product nutritional value while supporting sustainability. Feeding at ~85% of AS may offer a practical compromise between growth and efficient nutrient utilization. Full article

Due to global increases in poultry meat and egg production, consumers request sustainable agricultural practices, requiring alternative solutions for future feeding. Global egg production increased by over 41% between 2000 and 2020, from 51 to 87 million tonnes, at an average increasing rate of 3%. Similarly, the production of poultry meat reached 145 million tonnes in 2023 and continues to increase, which amplifies the pressure on sustainable alternative feed solutions. Commercial poultry diets are typically based on a cereal (corn or wheat) as an energy source and a quality protein source, especially soybean meal (SBM), to provide essential amino acids. Soybean production is associated with deforesting and land use in several countries, sensitiveness to supply chains and price volatility. As a response to these challenges over the last decade, research and commercial innovation have intensively focused on alternative and novel feed resources that can be integrated into both broiler and layer diets. Some future candidate ingredients are insect meal, algae, agro-industrial by-products such as distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS), brewery spent grains (BSG) and fermented feedstuffs (oilseed cakes/meals). Literature data showed that moderate inclusion of these alternative ingredients can be partly integrated in poultry diets, without compromising egg or meat quality. In some cases, studies showed improvements of productive performances and specific quality traits (yolk color, fatty acids and antioxidant compounds), offering potential to valorize waste streams, improve local circularity and provide functional ingredients for animals and humans. However, challenges still remain, especially in terms of nutrient variability, digestibility limitations, higher processing costs and still-evolving regulations which constrain mainstream adoption of some of these potential future alternatives. Full article

Mealworm farming is gaining interest as a possible solution to the oversaturated meat supply chain, as an alternative source of protein. This is a more environmentally friendly activity that requires fewer inputs for production compared to meat. This review discusses the feasibility of mealworms as an ingredient for the production of novel foods, investigating crucial aspects, such as nutrition, technological capability, food safety, and consumer acceptance, among others. Tenebrio molitor larvae can be nutritionally comparable to meat, as they provide high-quality protein and other essential nutrients. Although the omega-6/omega-3 ratio exceeds the recommended limit (<5), certain strategies during larval breeding, including feeding, and cooking, may significantly reduce this gap. The use of mealworm flour in the food industry can provide apparently healthy, safe matrices with high protein content. However, inclusions above 10% often lead to technological and sensory deficiencies. Further experimentation is required to overcome these issues, which negatively impact consumer acceptance, and to promote social behavioral strategies to attract consumers toward insects. On the other hand, regulatory policies might play a crucial role in supporting this business, which is predicted to grow as technology develops and this activity aligns with a circular economy. Full article

The forest food industry, as a typical low-carbon green ecological industry, holds strategic significance in addressing global food security challenges. This review takes forest protein resources as an example to analyze the current development status, opportunities, and challenges from a global industrial perspective. Research indicates that forests, as a vital food treasure for humanity, can provide diverse protein sources such as insects, plants, microorganisms, and bio-manufactured proteins. Currently, numerous technological innovations and market practices have emerged in fields such as insect protein (e.g., there are over 3000 edible insect species globally, with a market size of approximately USD 3.2 billion in 2023, projected to reach USD 7.6 billion by 2028), plant-based alternative protein (e.g., plant-based chicken nuggets by Impossible Foods in the United States), microbial fermentation protein (e.g., the production capacity of Solar Foods’ production base in Finland is 160 tons per year), and cell-cultured meat (e.g., cell-cultured chicken is sold in Singapore), demonstrating significant potential in alleviating food supply pressures and reducing environmental burdens. However, industrial development still faces practical challenges including insufficient resource exploration, incomplete nutritional and safety evaluation systems, low consumer acceptance, high costs of core technologies (e.g., the first cell-cultured meat burger in 2013 cost over 1 million USD/lb, and current costs need to be reduced to 17–65 USD/kg to achieve market competitiveness), and imperfect regulatory mechanisms (e.g., varying national standards lead to high compliance costs for enterprises). In the future, it is necessary to achieve efficient development and sustainable utilization of forest protein resources by strengthening resource exploration, clarifying the basis of nutrients, promoting multi-technology integration and innovation, and establishing a sound market access system, thereby providing solutions for global food security and high-quality development of the food industry. Full article

Amidst the rapid development of renewable energy, wind power, as a major renewable energy source, has raised ecological concerns regarding its impacts on ecosystems and biodiversity. Insects, as direct displays and feedback of the environment, have become a hot topic in ecology and conservation biology research due to the impact of environmental changes on them. So this study investigates the effects of wind power density on insect diversity and their mechanisms in the Ningxia desert steppe wind farms. The results indicated that minimal disturbance marginally increased insect aggregation at low wind power densities (2 turbines/km²). However, higher wind power densities caused pronounced insect population declines toward turbines (6, 11 turbines/km²), and with the increase in wind power density, the number of insects decreased significantly. Increased wind power disturbance led to decreases in soil total nitrogen (TN), total carbon (TC), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N), and soil moisture content (SM) and a significant decrease in total phosphorus (TP). While direct impacts on vegetation were relatively minor and irregular, vegetation height exhibited strong positive correlations with soil nutrient depletion, suggesting that wind-induced soil degradation indirectly constrains plant growth. Consequently, the effect of wind power on insects is mediated through coupled vegetation–soil interactions. These findings underscore the necessity of integrating ecological thresholds into wind farm management protocols. Full article

Introduction: With global protein demand rising, edible insects offer a nutrient-rich and environmentally sustainable alternative protein source that could help address both dietary and ecological challenges. This study investigates the attitudes, perceptions, and willingness of Saudi university students to consume edible insects (entomophagy) as an alternative protein source, with implications for public health, nutrition, and food security across the Arab region. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1711 students (34.4% men, 65.6% women) from multiple Saudi universities. The Eating Attitudes Questionnaire (EAQ) assessed disgust, interest, and attitudes toward using insect-based feed for animals, as well as measures of environmental concern, health risk beliefs, and social influences. Results: Significant gender differences were observed in willingness: men reported higher willingness to consume edible insects (21.1%) compared with women (8.5%). They also reported lower disgust scores, higher interest, greater environmental concern, and lower health risk beliefs. Regression analysis showed that positive attitudes toward using insects as animal feed, interest, environmental concern, and social influences were strong predictors of willingness, whereas disgust and health risk beliefs were negative predictors. Previous experience, familiarity, and religious beliefs were not significant predictors. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of targeted interventions that reduce psychological barriers and promote willingness to try edible insects, thereby contributing to Saudi Arabia’s efforts to strengthen food security and advance sustainable nutrition strategies within the kingdom and the broader Arab region. Full article

As a sessile wax scale insect, Ericerus pela heavily relies on its host plant for nutrition. While E. pela utilizes the nitrogen-poor plant sap as its primary nutrient source, the mechanisms by which this insect overcomes the nitrogen deficiency are poorly understood. In this study, we first confirm the nitrogen fixation capability of E. pela through isotopic tracer experiments and the acetylene reduction assay, which demonstrate that female adults exhibit an efficient nitrogen fixation rate. High-throughput sequencing further revealed 42 nitrogen-fixing bacterial species in the tissues of E. pela, most notably including Rhizobiales and Methylobacterium as the dominant species converting atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. Several critical genes involved in nitrogen fixation, ammonia transporting, amino acid synthesis, and transportation were determined to be transcriptionally active across different developmental stages of E. pela. In addition, the symbiotic fungus Ophiocordyceps—located in the fat body of E. pela—was found to be capable of synthesizing all amino acids, including the essential amino acids required for the survival of E. pela. Taken together, this study demonstrates that E. pela has evolved a highly effective nitrogen acquisition system driven by symbiotic microorganisms, ensuring a sufficient nitrogen supply and enabling it to thrive on nitrogen-deficient food sources. Our findings reveal a unique evolutionary adaptation in which E. pela leveraged both bacterial nitrogen fixation and fungal amino acid synthesis to bolster its growth and development. Full article

The use of eco-organic ingredients as a source of protein in aquaculture diets needs important attention due to the growing demand for organic seafood products. The present study evaluated the effects of fish meal substitution by different organic ingredients on the growth, body composition, retention efficiency, enzyme activity, and nutrient digestibility of white shrimp Penaeus vannamei. The four dietary formulations tested were formulated with organic ingredients and the fish meal was replaced by the following organic protein meals: Iberian pig viscera meal (PIG), trout by-product meal (TRO), insect meal (FLY), and organic vegetable meal (WHT), in addition to a control diet (CON) that included 15% fish meal. A growth trial was carried out for 83 days, raising 1 g shrimp to commercial size (20 g). Shrimp were stocked at 167 shrimp/m³ (15 individuals per 90 L tank). The results showed that the growth obtained by shrimp fed with TRO (19.27 g) and PIG (19.35 g) were similar in weight gain to the control diet (20.76 g), while FLY (16.04 g) and WHT (16.73 g) meals resulted in a significant lower final weight. The FLY diet showed significantly lower protein digestibility (68.89%) compared to the CON, PIG, TRO, and WHT diets, and significantly higher trypsin activity (0.17 mU/g) compared to shrimp fed with the PIG, TRO, and WHT diets. Shrimp fed with WHT have a significantly lower body weight percentage of protein (19.69%) than shrimp fed with the WHT and TRO diets, and some significant differences in dietary aminoacidic levels affecting amino acid body composition. These results indicate that Iberian pig viscera and trout by-product meal can successfully replace fish meal in Pacific white shrimp aquaculture. Full article

The utilisation of edible insects for human nutrition is a long-standing practice in many parts of the globe, and is being gradually introduced into countries without an entomophagic tradition as well. These unconventional sources of protein of animal origin have arisen as a sustainable alternative to other animal protein sources, such as meat. This review intends to present the compilation of data in the scientific literature on the chemical composition and nutritional value of the bee brood of A. mellifera species and subspecies as edible foods. For this, a comprehensive search of the scientific literature was carried out using the databases ScienceDirect, Scopus, Pub-Med, BOn, and SciELO. Appropriate keywords were used for the search to reach the research works that addressed the topics of the review. The results showed that bee brood has considerable quantities of protein, fat and carbohydrates. The most abundant amino acids are leucine and lysine (these two being essential amino acids) and aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and proline (these three being non-essential amino acids). As for the fatty acids, bee broods contain approximately equal fractions of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, while the polyunsaturated fatty acids are negligible. The dietary minerals present in higher quantities are potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium, and the most abundant vitamins are vitamin C and niacin; choline is also present, although it is not a true vitamin. Although bee brood from A. mellifera has potential for human consumption as a nutrient-rich food, there are still many aspects that need to be further studied in the future, such as safety and hazards linked to possible regular consumption. Full article

The increasing demand for sustainable pet-food solutions has driven interest in alternative protein sources, as researchers seek to avoid allergenic foods while maintaining optimal pet nutrition. This review explores recent scientific publications, patent trends, and market trends relating to various alternative protein sources, including plant-based, aquatic, insect-derived, and cell-based sources. Their nutritional composition, functional properties, and potential benefits for pet health were assessed. Plant-based proteins, such as soy, pea, and lentils, provide essential amino acids and functional properties suitable for meat analogues. Microalgae and seaweed offer rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and bioactive compounds. Insect-based proteins such as black-soldier-fly larvae and mealworms are highly digestible and rich in essential nutrients, with additional benefits for gut health. Emerging cell-based proteins present a novel, lab-grown alternative with promising sustainability and nutritional advantages. While these protein sources offer significant benefits, challenges related to digestibility, palatability, regulatory approval, and consumer acceptance must be addressed. The emphasis of the present research is on current developments for industry uses and future potential. The analysis sheds light on the contributions of alternative protein sources to the promotion of sustainable and nutrient meals for pets. Full article

English oak (Quercus robur) hosts over 200 species of galls formed by insect larvae, most notably the oak gall wasp (Cynips quercusfolii). These galls result from the abnormal growth of plant tissue in response to oviposition, acting as a shelter and nutrient source for the larvae. In addition, the galls trigger oxidative stress in the host plant, resulting in the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This stress response promotes the biosynthesis of antioxidant compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins. To our knowledge, this is the first study to monitor seasonal changes in phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins in relation to C. quercusfolii infestation over a complete vegetation cycle using integrated UPLC profiling and statistical modeling PCA. For the first time, the contents of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins were assessed throughout the vegetation cycle—from flowering to acorn fall. Results showed that galls affect the biochemical profile of the whole plant, suggesting a systemic response to local infection. The results provide new insights into oak defense responses and suggest that gall formation may be associated with systemic metabolic shifts potentially involved in stress mitigation. Furthermore, the study supports the further investigation of oak galls as a valuable source of polyphenols for pharmacological and industrial applications. Full article

The utilization of insects as a source of essential nutrients holds considerable promise, with the potential to serve as both feed and food. Consequently, there is a necessity to develop control systems, as the undeclared addition of insects to food products and/or non-compliance with labelling regulations may pose health risks and result in financial losses for consumers. This review describes methods for identifying and detecting insect species by targeting biomolecules such as DNA, proteins, saccharides, and metabolites, with a particular focus on DNA-based approaches. This review provides a detailed overview of the application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing methods that are suitable for the analysis of edible and forage insects. The main focus is on identifying species that are approved for use as novel foods or insect feeds within the European Union (e.g., house cricket (Acheta domesticus), common mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), migratory locust (Locusta migratoria), lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus), black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), banded cricket (Gryllodes sigillatus), field cricket (Gryllus assimilis), silkworm (Bombyx mori)). However, insect species of global relevance are also discussed. The suitability of DNA analysis methods for accurate species identification, detection of (un)labeled contaminants, and monitoring of genetic diversity has been demonstrated. Full article

Soil respiration (Rs) is a significant contributor to the global carbon cycle, with its two main sources—microbial (heterotrophic, Rh) and plant root (autotrophic, Ra) respiration—being sensitive to various environmental factors. This study investigates the impact of ecosystem disturbances (Ds), including fire, biogenic (insects and pathogens), and harvesting, on soil respiration in Russia’s forest ecosystems. We introduced response factors to account for the effects of these disturbances on Rh over three distinct stages of ecosystem recovery. Our analysis, based on data from case studies, remote sensing data, and the national forest inventory, revealed that Ds increase Rh by an average of 2.1 ± 3.2% during the restoration period. Biogenic disturbances showed the highest impacts, with average increases of 16.5 ± 3.2%, while the contributions of clearcuts and wildfires were, on average, less pronounced—2.0 ± 3.1% and 0.8 ± 3.3%, respectively. These disturbances modify forest soil dynamics by affecting soil temperature, moisture, and nutrient availability, influencing carbon fluxes over varying timescales. This research underscores the role of ecosystem disturbances in altering soil carbon dynamics and highlights the need for improved data and monitoring of forest disturbances to reduce uncertainty in soil carbon flux estimates. Full article

The study aims to evaluate the feasibility of using defatted Tenebrio molitor larvae proteins as substrates in microbial fermentation, targeting the development of high-value products to combat age-related health issues. Amid increasing demand for sustainable and nutrient-dense food sources, this study investigates the potential of extracts from Tenebrio molitor larvae as functional bioactive materials. Specifically, it compares the biological antioxidant activities of defatted Tenebrio molitor larvae extracts before (SMNFE) and after (SMFE) fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Defatting removes lipids, while fermentation enhances the extract’s bioactivity. Biochemical analyses showed that SMFE had significantly higher total polyphenol (36.04 ± 1.04 μg GAE/mg) and flavonoid (12.69 ± 0.76 μg QE/mg) contents—over three times those of SMNFE. In addition, SMFE exhibited superior radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and electron-donating ability. The total amino acid content also increased by about 18% post-fermentation, with all measured amino acids except arginine showing elevated concentrations. These enhancements demonstrate the effectiveness of yeast fermentation in improving the nutritional and functional properties of insect-derived materials. The findings support the application of fermented insect extracts in medical foods and functional cosmetics, offering a promising direction for future bioconversion technologies. Full article

Food waste containing meat and fish presents a considerable environmental challenge due to regulatory constraints preventing its use in industrial insect farming. Although substrates derived from meat and fish are not currently approved for industrial insect feed production due to regulatory constraints, this study explores their potential in bioconversion through Hermetia illucens larvae. In this study, five different former foodstuffs containing meat and/or fish were tested to evaluate their suitability for BSFL rearing. The substrates included pizza with salami (PIZZA), cheeseburger (CHB), pasta Bolognese with meat (PASTA), chicken salad (CHISA), and fish salad (FISA). Results showed that BSFL successfully developed on all tested substrates. The highest performance was observed for FISA, with a total larval weight of 35.21 ± 3.91 g, dry matter yield of 11.21 ± 0.45 g, survival rate of 96.63 ± 0.40%, and the most efficient feed conversion ratio (FCR, 4.11 ± 0.59). Heavy metal analysis revealed substantial bioaccumulation of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in larvae. In particular, larvae reared on PIZZA showed a Pb concentration of 4.68 μg/100 g, with a corresponding bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of approximately 1.5. Cadmium accumulation was most notable in larvae fed CHB, with a Cd concentration of 0.41 ± 0.33 μg/100 g and a BAF of about 2.1. Despite this bioaccumulation, all detected concentrations remained well below the regulatory limits set by the European Union for animal feed, indicating not only the feasibility of H. illucens larvae in sustainable waste management but also its use as a safe protein source in animal feed. This research highlights the viability of integrating such food waste into insect bioconversion systems. With appropriate risk management, this practice could significantly improve nutrient recycling, waste management, and the circular economy, urging a regulatory review to allow broader substrate utilization. These positive outcomes underscore the potential of integrating currently restricted animal-derived food waste streams into H. illucens-based bioconversion systems, unlocking additional value for the circular economy and contributing to more efficient waste management practices. Full article