Search Results (2,921)

To explore the emerging role of natural ligands, specifically coumarin and curcumin, and their coordination with the transition metals ruthenium (Ru) and iridium (Ir) as photosensitizers (PSs) in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer. This highlights the integration of natural compounds and transition metals to overcome limitations in photophysical properties, hypoxia tolerance, and clinical translation. Regarding PDT oncology, this examines an immunological effect on Ru/Ir complexes and natural ligand–metal hybrids. They induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, calreticulin exposure, extracellular ATP release, and HMGB1 secretion. These damage-associated molecular patterns act as “danger signals” to recruit dendritic cells, prime CD8⁺ cytotoxic T-cells, and establish systemic antitumor immunity. This study compares natural ligand–metal complexes with conventional Ru(II)/Ir(III) complexes and clinical PSs to assess their translational potential as immune-activating agents in PDT oncology, as well as focusing on the integration of nanotechnology with natural ligand–metal complexes to enhance delivery, biocompatibility, and clinical translation. A narrative review was conducted of the literature published between 2010 and 2025 across multiple electronic databases, including WanFang Data, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, Springer Link, SciFinder, and CNKI, without language restrictions. Studies focusing on coumarin, curcumin, Ru(II), Ir(III), and PDT were analyzed. Extracted data included chemical structures, absorption and emission spectra, singlet oxygen yields, biological activities, and therapeutic outcomes. Comparative evaluation was performed between free natural ligands, their Ru(II)/Ir(III) complexes, and nanodelivery systems to assess efficacy, biocompatibility, and translational potential. Coumarin and curcumin exhibited intrinsic antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties but were limited by short absorption/emission ranges, poor photostability, and low singlet oxygen yields, restricting preclinical application. Coordination with Ru(II) and Ir(III) significantly enhanced intersystem crossing, extended absorption into the near-infrared region, and improved singlet oxygen quantum yields (Φ_Δ up to ~0.78). These complexes demonstrated potent photocytotoxicity under normoxia and hypoxia, achieving IC₅₀ values in the nanomolar range, which indicated organelle-specific targeting (mitochondria, lysosomes, ER), induced ICD, and synergized with checkpoint blockade. Nanocarrier encapsulation further improved solubility and tumor selectivity, and reduced systemic toxicity. Coumarin- and curcumin-based Ru/Ir complexes represent promising next-generation or immune-activating PDT agents by combining natural pharmacological activity with superior photophysical performance. The ability to generate reactive oxygen species under hypoxia and achieve multimodal therapeutic effects positions them as strong candidates for clinical translation. Clinical approval of natural ligand–Ru/Ir complexes depends on rigorous safety, pharmacokinetic, and nanodelivery validation, but these complexes clearly extend PDT beyond local cytotoxicity toward durable immune protection. Future research should prioritize ligand engineering, nanotechnology integration, and translational models to bridge preclinical promise with safe and effective clinical applications. Full article

Organic–inorganic hybrid crystalline materials formed in multicomponent aqueous systems are of interest because their phase behavior and physicochemical properties can be controlled by composition and crystallization conditions. In this study, the phase equilibria and crystallization behavior of the ternary aqueous Ca(ClO₃)₂·2CO(NH₂)₂–CH₂ClCOOH·(C₂H₄OH)₃N–H₂O system were investigated over the temperature range of −24 to 60 °C using the visual-polythermal method. Experimental data obtained for the two boundary binary subsystems and eight internal sections were used to construct the polythermal phase diagram. The diagram revealed distinct crystallization fields corresponding to ice, Ca(ClO₃)₂·2CO(NH₂)₂·2H₂O, CH₂ClCOOH·(C₂H₄OH)₃N, and a separate crystallization region associated with a previously unreported crystalline phase with the proposed composition ClCH₂COOH·Ca(ClO₃)₂·(C₂H₄OH)₃N. The solid phase was isolated from its crystallization region, washed with cold distilled water, dried to constant mass, and characterized by complementary Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), thermogravimetric analysis, derivative thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry (TG–DTG–DSC), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The experimentally determined Ca²⁺ and ClO₃⁻ contents were reasonably consistent with the proposed composition, while FT-IR spectroscopy revealed characteristic chlorate vibrations and changes in the vibrational environment of the organic component. SEM showed predominantly prismatic and plate-like crystalline morphologies, and EDS confirmed the presence of Ca, Cl, O, C, and N. Thermal analysis demonstrated multistage decomposition, with comparatively good thermal stability below approximately 150 °C. PXRD revealed a diffraction fingerprint distinct from those of the starting components and the corresponding physical mixture. Preliminary indexing of 19 principal reflections was consistent with a tetragonal candidate lattice with a = b = 7.7411(5) Å, c = 24.7182(10) Å, V = 1481.2(5) ų, and M₂₀ ≈ 23.0. The crystallographic analysis is considered preliminary because the diffraction profile was reconstructed from the available pattern and was not subjected to complete structure refinement. Overall, the combined phase-equilibrium, compositional, spectroscopic, morphological, thermal, and diffraction data support the isolation of a distinct organic–inorganic crystalline phase with the proposed composition. Full article

Rapidly deployable floating bridges face coupled challenges in compact deployment, structural load-bearing, and controllable module maneuvering, which cannot be fully evaluated through a single-stage structural or hydrodynamic assessment. To close this gap, this study proposes a rigid–flexible hybrid floating bridge composed of rigid deck plates, inflatable buoyancy bladders, scissor linkages, and integrated waterjet propulsors. A multi-stage assessment was conducted through inflation and calm-water maneuvering tests, gas–solid coupled finite-element analysis, and hydrodynamic and mooring simulations. The inflation experiment revealed three stages in the inflation process of the rigid–flexible specimen, including filling, transition, and pressurization stages. A remotely controlled scale model completed longitudinal, lateral, rotational, and compound motions, demonstrating the feasibility of module-level maneuvering under manual remote control. The finite-element results showed that increasing the initial internal pressure improved the load-bearing capacity and reduced local plastic deformation of the upper deck, while further improvement became limited above 70 kPa. Under the specified wave–current conditions, the ten-module assembly exhibited maximum mooring tension, horizontal displacement, and rotation of 34.7 kN, 0.276 m, and 5.525°, respectively. These results demonstrate the potential of the proposed configuration for bearing capacity, rapid deployment, and resistance to the investigated current and wave conditions while providing a multi-stage framework for further engineering design. Full article

Polysaccharide-based organic-inorganic hybrid carriers combine renewable polymer matrices with inorganic phases that can modify mechanical integrity, swelling, barrier performance, payload retention, and release behavior. This review critically evaluates alginate as a reference matrix together with chitosan, cellulose/nanocellulose, starch/maltodextrin, pectin, carrageenan, and related polysaccharides, focusing on how matrix chemistry, inorganic-phase properties, interfacial interactions, and fabrication route govern encapsulation efficiency, loading, structural stability, swelling, mechanical and barrier properties, storage retention, and release kinetics. Silica and mesoporous silica, clays and halloysite, layered double hydroxides (LDHs), metal oxides, hydroxyapatite, magnetic particles, and metal-organic frameworks are compared according to their reservoir, reinforcing, diffusion-controlling, responsive, and safety-related functions. Representative quantitative findings illustrate the importance of hybrid architecture; for example, incorporation of LDHs into an alginate matrix reduced erythropoietin release after 108 h from 86% to 24% while increasing mechanical performance by approximately 5–30-fold. In this review, particular attention is given to volatile and bioactive compounds, for which storage retention, oxidation stability, headspace behavior, and application-relevant release are as important as initial encapsulation efficiency. Key challenges, such as long-term stability, standardization of release studies, scalability, safety assessment, and performance in real formulations, are also discussed, together with future directions for sustainable, application-specific hybrid carrier systems. Overall, the review provides a structure-property-application framework for selecting matrix-filler-processing combinations for controlled-release systems. Full article

Drug discovery is still an expensive and time-consuming process where finding the right drug associations is important for therapeutic development. In this paper, a new system is proposed for drug design called PharmaGraphFormer (PGF). It consists of five stages: (i) Data acquisition and preprocessing (DAP), (ii) Feature extraction and feature fusion (FEF), (iii) Molecular representation (MR), (iv) Multi-task prediction, and (v) Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). This study employs a hybrid graph neural network (GNN)-transformer architecture that combines structural and sequence-based representations. Through DAP, several processes are executed, including the imputation or removal of missing values, outlier rejection, and class balancing. Next, through FEF1, features are extracted to represent the input data efficiently. Initially, compound-protein features are generated to document the interactions and relationships between chemical compounds and their corresponding target proteins. Secondly, drug characterizations are computed to encapsulate the physical, chemical, and structural attributes of each drug. After that, MR is performed using a graph-based molecule representation. Then, a novel model integrating GNNs and graph transformers, termed GNN-T, is proposed. Initially, GNNs represent the most promising deep learning models adept at processing non-Euclidean data. The Graph Transformer layer enhances atom representations by consolidating the representations of adjacent atoms through an attention mechanism. Finally, XAI is applied to explain the internal mechanisms of AI systems, rendering them comprehensible and interpretable. Across five independent runs, the proposed model achieved an accuracy of $0.963\pm 0.002$, a precision of $0.971\pm 0.002$, a recall of $0.958\pm 0.003$, an F1-score of $0.964\pm 0.002$, and a ROC-AUC of $0.993\pm 0.001$. These results demonstrate an outstanding performance when compared with all other models and emphasize that the proposed model is reliable in solving the problems of prioritizing compounds in line with the latest developments in AI-powered virtual screening and drug–target interaction modeling. Full article

Pyridopyrimidine is an important heterocyclic scaffold widely explored in anticancer drug discovery. Its structural similarity to purine enables effective interaction with various biological targets, mainly kinases involved in cancer progression. This manuscript presents recent developments reported between 2021 and 2026, focusing on the biological evaluation, and structure–activity relationships of pyridopyrimidine derivatives. Many of these synthesized compounds act as inhibitors of key targets such as EGFR, CDK4/6, and the PI3K/mTOR pathway, which are closely associated with tumor growth, survival, and resistance mechanisms. Other targets such as ATR and PIM are also explored. Recent studies show that structural modifications, including substitution on the core ring and hybridization with pharmacologically active moieties like triazoles and thiazolidinediones, significantly improve anticancer activity. Several derivatives have demonstrated strong antiproliferative effects against different cancer cell lines and are capable of inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. In addition, molecular docking and other computational studies support their binding efficiency and help explain their mechanisms of action. There is also increasing interest in the development of dual-target or multi-target inhibitors to overcome drug resistance and enhance therapeutic effectiveness. Overall, pyridopyrimidine- and pyridopyrimidinones-based compounds continue to show great promise as potential anticancer agents. Further research combining synthetic chemistry, biological studies, and computational approaches may lead to the development of more effective and safer drugs in the future. Full article

Background: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains highly aggressive and continues to limit clinical treatment for substantial cancer-associated morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite advances in therapeutic interventions the lack of effective molecularly targeted treatments continues to restrict clinical management beyond conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Among these therapeutic targets the ribosomal S6 kinase 4 (RSK4) has gained considerable attention because of its critical involvement in ESCC progression, survival and proliferation, suggesting its potential as a potential target for anticancer drug development. Methods: A series of thiazole-clubbed pyrimidine linked hydrazone hybrids (1–14) were synthesized via 4-aminothiazole-5-carbohydrazide functionalized intermediates and fully characterized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against RSK4. Results: Biological assessment demonstrated that the synthesized analogues exhibited remarkable potency, with IC₅₀ values between 15.32 ± 1.35 and 54.61 ± 2.17 nM compared with the reference inhibitor BI-D1870 (IC₅₀ = 33.16 ± 1.34 nM). Among the evaluated compounds, 2, 8, 9, 13 and 14 emerged as the most potent candidates and showed pronounced activity towards RSK4. For further insights into the molecular basis of their activity the lead candidates were subjected to computational investigations, such as molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, in silico ADMET and ProTox-3.0 characterization. The computational analyses provided structural and pharmacological insights into experimentally observed RSK4 inhibitory activity, like predicted interactions, stability dynamically and preliminary ADMET/toxicity characteristics. This study supports the need for further optimization and experimental validation of the identified RSK4 active lead candidates. Conclusions: These findings highlight the thiazole-clubbed pyrimidine-linked hydrazone scaffold as a potential chemotype for promising scaffolds targeting RSK4 lead discovery, and the identified candidates warrant further investigation into ESCC cellular models to establish anticancer efficacy and pathway-level activity. Full article

Quantifying the impacts of climate change and extreme climatic events on crop yields is essential for safeguarding global food security. The rapid growth of data availability and advances in computational capacity have established machine learning (ML) as a critical tool for unraveling the complex, nonlinear relationships between climatic factors and agricultural productivity. This systematic review synthesizes evidence from 137 peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2025 that applied ML models to assess the effects of both long-term climate trends and discrete extreme events on crop yields worldwide. Bibliometric and thematic analyses reveal a rapidly evolving field, with over 85% of studies published since 2020, and a strong concentration on staple cereals—wheat, maize, and rice—in major agricultural regions including China, the United States, and India. Random Forest (RF) was the most commonly used algorithm; ensemble and deep-learning models achieved high predictive accuracy within well-resourced study contexts. Temperature and precipitation extremes emerged as the most frequently examined stressors, with distinct methodological patterns: studies focusing on climate change trends predominantly employed RF and LSTM models, whereas those investigating extreme events increasingly adopted hybrid approaches that integrate ML with process-based crop models. This review highlights the transformative potential of ML while identifying persistent challenges, such as geographical imbalances in research coverage, the need for enhanced interpretability in extreme event attribution, and the critical importance of modeling compound extremes. Future research should prioritize the development of explainable, causally informed, and transferable ML frameworks to support equitable climate adaptation strategies in global agriculture. Full article

Corrosion of reinforcing steel remains a major cause of premature deterioration in concrete infrastructure, motivating the development of inhibitors with lower toxicity and reduced environmental impact. This review critically examines recent advances in green and bio-based corrosion inhibitors for reinforced concrete, including plant extracts, agro-industrial residues, naturally occurring organic compounds, proteins, polysaccharides, bio-based coatings, hybrid formulations, and microbial systems. The available evidence is synthesized in terms of chemical functionality, delivery route, adsorption and film-forming mechanisms, electrochemical response, compatibility with cementitious materials, and durability under chloride- and carbonation-related exposure. Many formulations provide substantial inhibition under optimized laboratory conditions through interfacial adsorption, coordination with iron species, passive-film stabilization, suppression of anodic and cathodic reactions, and restriction of aggressive-species transport. However, reported efficiencies are not directly comparable because experimental scale, exposure conditions, dosage, steel preparation, and calculation methods vary considerably. Moreover, long-term reinforced-concrete and field studies remain scarce, while extract standardization, cement compatibility, toxicity, biodegradability, and life-cycle performance are frequently insufficiently addressed. Green and bio-based inhibitors therefore represent a promising but heterogeneous technology class. Their practical implementation requires chemically reproducible formulations, complementary electrochemical and surface evidence, concrete-scale durability assessment, environmental validation, and stage-gated progression toward monitored field applications. Full article

The thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine scaffolds have emerged as an important class of heterocycles in anticancer drug discovery, with clinically advanced drugs olmutinib and pictilisib highlighting their therapeutic potential. This review presents thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine-containing anticancer agents reported between January 2008 and August 2025, focusing on synthetic methodologies, anticancer-related biological activities, and structure–activity relationships. Thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives have been investigated as inhibitors of numerous cancer-related targets, including EGFR, PI3K/mTOR, CDKs, JAK, VEGFR, HDAC, ATR, and other oncogenic proteins. This review also summarizes thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine scaffolds with anticancer activity, with particular emphasis on the design and synthesis of lead compounds, molecular hybridization strategies, and recent advances in this area. Synthetic pathways for lead compounds are systematically presented and discussed, along with pharmacophoric features. In addition, detailed structure–activity relationship analyses are provided to highlight the influence of heterocyclic fusion, linker optimization, hydrogen-bonding motifs, electronic effects, hydrophobic fragments, and the introduction of hybrid scaffolds on antiproliferative potency, kinase inhibition, selectivity, and multitarget activity. In addition, this review demonstrates the significant potential of thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine-based scaffolds as a privileged platform for the development of next-generation targeted anticancer agents and offers valuable guidance for future medicinal chemistry research. Full article

The increasing accumulation of pharmaceutical residues in water environments poses serious threats concerning environmental safety and public health, mainly due to their tenacity, continuous bio-activity, and resistance to traditional wastewater treatment processing. Although many nano-bio/chemosensor systems have been reported for the monitoring and removal of pharmaceutical residues, the literature remains fragmented regarding their ability to integrate detection and remediation into a single platform. In this context, this review critically examines recent developments in nano-bio/chemosensor platforms for simultaneous detection and elimination of pharmaceutical effluents in wastewaters. Particular emphasis is placed on their functional integration, detection mechanisms, analytical performance, and removal pathways. This review covers the major pharmaceutical categories, including pharmaceutical drugs, antibiotics, hormones, perfluorinated compounds, and drugs of abuse and discusses nanostructured platforms based on metal organic frameworks (MOFs), nanochannel-based immunosensors, noble metal nanoparticles, layered double hydroxides, and hybrid composites. Detection approaches based on fluorescence modulation, electrochemical impedance, ionic current rectification, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and colorimetric nanoenzyme activity could lead to extremely low detection limits. In addition, removal mechanisms such as adsorption, photocatalysis, advanced Fenton-induced oxidation processes, and nanoenzymes allow for high degradation efficiencies (>80–99%). Significant advantages for real-time monitoring and sustainable wastewater treatment can be achieved by multifunctional nanoplatforms that integrate detection and remediation capabilities. Finally, this review identifies current limitations and research gaps regarding practical application, matrix effects, regeneration, stability, scalability, and integration into real wastewater treatment systems and outlines future research directions towards more efficient and environmentally relevant multifunctional platforms. Full article

Marine-derived rare actinomycetes are a chemically prolific yet underexploited source of structurally diverse secondary metabolites. In this review, rare actinomycetes are operationally defined as marine-derived non-Streptomyces actinomycetes that remain comparatively underexplored yet possess demonstrated or predicted capacity for specialized-metabolite biosynthesis. Genome sequencing has revealed that their biosynthetic potential greatly exceeds the range of metabolites recovered under standard cultivation conditions. However, many reported compounds remain only loosely associated with the gene clusters that encode them. This review provides a biosynthesis-centered perspective on marine-derived rare actinomycetes, focusing on secondary metabolites for which biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) or pathways have been proposed, experimentally assessed, or functionally validated. It focuses on compounds reported after 2017, along with earlier metabolites whose biosynthetic origins were resolved only later. Representative examples are organized by genus and structural class and weighed according to the level of evidence linking each metabolite to its BGC, ranging from bioinformatic prediction and metabolomic correlation to validation by gene inactivation, heterologous expression, and enzymatic characterization. The surveyed metabolites include polyketides, nonribosomal peptides, polyketide synthase-nonribosomal peptide synthetase (PKS-NRPS) hybrids, siderophores, angucyclines, anthracyclines, macrolides, diketopiperazine derivatives, and other unusual scaffolds. Collectively, these findings indicate how integrating genome mining, metabolomics, and molecular networking with targeted biosynthetic experiments can accelerate marine natural product discovery and unravel novel enzymatic functions and biosynthetic mechanisms in rare actinomycetes. Full article

Brazil presents a distinctive convergence of continental-scale climatic diversity, extensive urbanization, large-scale biomass burning, rapid land-use change, persistent air-quality monitoring gaps, and deep social inequalities, producing highly heterogeneous and compound environmental health risks. In this context, treating air pollution and climate change as parallel environmental crises obscures their structural interconnections through shared emission sources, mutually reinforcing exposure pathways, and overlapping health and social consequences. In this narrative review, we critically synthesize scientific and institutional lines of evidence and argue that air pollution and climate risks can be more effectively addressed in Brazil through a single strategic agenda for science, public health, and governance. We first discuss why these challenges cannot be managed in isolation, emphasizing the effects of heat, drought, stagnation events, biomass burning, and extreme weather on pollutant formation, dispersion, and health burden. We then examine Brazil as a critical case where recent regulatory advances coexist with structural limitations in monitoring, data integration, and territorial coverage. Based on this diagnosis, we propose an integrated national agenda organized around five mutually reinforcing priorities: monitoring through hybrid networks; predictive science through climate-informed modeling and early warning; public health through the convergence of epidemiology, toxicology, and mechanistic research; equity-oriented research and action through the explicit incorporation of vulnerability, inequality, and climate justice; and policy appraisal through the assessment of disease burden, economic costs, mitigation co-benefits, and trade-offs. We further discuss the governance mechanisms needed to connect these priorities and translate evidence into coordinated action and adaptive public policies. We also argue that the Amazon should be approached not as an isolated ecological exception but as a central component of a broader Brazilian and Global South discussion on environmental health, land-use change, and climate justice. In this scenario, Brazil has the scientific capacity and regulatory momentum to become a reference in the integrated management of air pollution and climate risks, but this will depend on replacing fragmented approaches with a coordinated framework capable of linking exposure, mechanism, burden, inequality, and action. Full article

MXenes have attracted considerable attention as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of their metallic conductivity, hydrophilic surfaces, tunable surface terminations, and layered structures. However, pristine MXenes are limited by nanosheet restacking, oxidation instability, heterogeneous surface chemistry, low initial Coulombic efficiency, and insufficient electrode-level ion accessibility. These issues indicate that MXenes should be regarded not simply as standalone active materials but as multifunctional building blocks for composite electrode design. This review discusses recent progress in MXene-based composite anodes for SIBs, focusing on MXene/carbon composites, MXene/metal compound composites, polymer-assisted composites, and three-dimensional structured MXene composites for improving structural stability, interfacial chemistry, and sodium-storage kinetics. We emphasize that composite engineering can reshape sodium storage from diffusion-limited intercalation toward hybrid mechanisms involving interfacial adsorption, pseudocapacitive storage, heterointerface-driven redox reactions, ion desolvation regulation, and solid-electrolyte interphase stabilization. Key practical challenges, including oxidation control, initial Coulombic efficiency, high-mass-loading electrode design, gravimetric–volumetric performance trade-offs, scalable synthesis, and full-cell validation, are also discussed. Finally, we propose future design principles based on integrated materials chemistry, interfacial science, multiscale architecture engineering, and realistic cell-level evaluation for advancing MXene composites toward practical SIB anodes. Full article

Indole alkaloids are major bioactive compounds in Strobilanthes cusia. Although methyl jasmonate treatment can promote the accumulation of indole alkaloids in S. cusia, the transcriptional regulation remains unclear. In this study, the jasmonic acid responsive bHLH transcription factor ScMYC2 was cloned and characterized. It encodes a protein containing 477 amino acids, which features typical bHLH-MYC_N and HLH domains. ScMYC2 localized in the nucleus, showed tissue specific expression consistent with indole alkaloid accumulation, and was significantly induced by methyl jasmonate. Furthermore, the coding sequence of ScMYC2 was cloned into an expression vector and overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation technology. Alkaloid metabolic analysis was performed on three homozygous A. thaliana lines (ScMYC2-OE1, OE2, OE3) stably transformed using UPLC-MS/MS. The results indicated that, compared with wild-type, 14 differential metabolites were detected in the A. thaliana lines overexpressing ScMYC2. Among them, the content of indole increased to 2.83-fold that of the wild-type, while the indole glycoside component indole-3-cyano-6-O-glucoside increased to 2.35-fold. Yeast two-hybrid screening identified 35 ScMYC2-interacting proteins, including UDP-glycosyltransferase, TOPLESS-related proteins, and E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. BiFC assays further confirmed the in vivo interaction between ScMYC2 and ScUGT1. These findings suggest that ScMYC2 is associated with methyl jasmonate-responsive regulation of indole alkaloid biosynthesis and provides genetic resources for the cultivation of S. cusia with high medicinal value. Full article