Global and Regional Perspectives on Particulate Matter and Air Quality: Environmental and Health Impacts, Challenges, Policies, and Solutions

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Air Quality".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 October 2025 | Viewed by 1144

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
Interests: air quality; coarse particulate matter; fine particulate matter; environmental impact; health effects; modeling; predictive scenarios

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Guest Editor
Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande 96203-900, Brazil
Interests: air pollution; health impact; environmental health; environmental toxicology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 09913-030, Brazil
Interests: atmospheric pollution; environmental health; health impact; economic valuation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Particulate matter (PM) air pollution is one of the most critical environmental challenges of our time, significantly impacting human health, ecosystems, and the global economy. The Global Burden of Disease study group confirms that particulate matter is the leading contributor to the global disease burden, while the World Bank estimates the global health costs associated with PM exposure at USD 8.1 trillion. These findings highlight its profound socio-economic and public health implications while underscoring the urgent need to address PM pollution as a pivotal aspect of improving air quality worldwide.

The complex interplay between natural and anthropogenic sources—such as fossil fuel combustion, vehicular emissions, industrial and construction activities, agricultural and forest fires, sandstorms, volcanic eruptions, and others—complicates the challenge of achieving cleaner air. Additionally, variations in PM concentrations and composition across geographic regions, driven by local emission profiles and meteorological conditions, demand tailored mitigation strategies informed by scientific evidence. These challenges are especially urgent in low- and middle-income countries, where populations experience disproportionate exposure and adverse health impacts due to weaker regulatory frameworks.

This multifaceted global problem intersects with the priorities of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those related to health, climate action, and sustainable urbanization, and its significance is further heightened by future scenarios that predict escalating risks under business-as-usual trajectories. These projections highlight the urgency of integrated approaches that combine predictive modeling, policy interventions, and public engagement.

In this context, this Special Issue seeks to advance the understanding of PM air pollution by bringing together research on global and regional studies that investigate its sources, health impacts, environmental implications, economic evaluations, future scenarios, and potential solutions. Contributions in various formats, such as original research, reviews, brief reports, case studies, and commentaries, are invited to provide a diverse perspective on this global environmental challenge.

Dr. Ronan Adler Tavella
Prof. Dr. Flavio Rodrigues
Dr. Simone Georges El Khouri Miraglia
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • fine particulate matter (PM2.5)
  • coarse particulate matter (PM10)
  • air pollution
  • air quality
  • health impacts
  • environmental impacts
  • mitigation strategies
  • predictive modeling
  • low- and middle-income countries
  • policy interventions

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 3848 KiB  
Article
Variability and Trends of PM2.5 Across Different Climatic Zones in Saudi Arabia: A Spatiotemporal Analysis
by Said Munir, Muhammad H. Siddiqui, Turki M. A. Habeebullah, Arjan O. Zamreeq, Norah E. Al-Zahrani, Alaa A. Khalil, M. Nazrul Islam, Abdalla A. Baligh, Muhammad Ismail and Saud Z. Al-Boqami
Atmosphere 2025, 16(4), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16040463 - 16 Apr 2025
Viewed by 436
Abstract
Atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5) pose significant health risks by penetrating deep into the lungs and causing respiratory and cardiovascular issues. In Saudi Arabia, high PM2.5 levels are driven by its geographic location and extreme climate. Therefore, analysis of PM2.5 [...] Read more.
Atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5) pose significant health risks by penetrating deep into the lungs and causing respiratory and cardiovascular issues. In Saudi Arabia, high PM2.5 levels are driven by its geographic location and extreme climate. Therefore, analysis of PM2.5 spatiotemporal variability is crucial for understanding its causes, impacts, and effective management. This study analyzed MERRA-2 reanalysis PM2.5 data for 23 years (2001–2023). MERRA-2 data were validated with in situ observations in terms of several statistical metrics, including RMSE, FAC2, MAE, and Correlation Coefficient. The results revealed a significant spatial variation in PM2.5 levels, with higher concentrations observed in the eastern and southeastern regions and lower concentrations observed in the western and northwestern regions, a trend confirmed by ground-level observations. Employing the robust Theil–Sen technique, temporal trends in PM2.5 concentrations indicated an overall decreasing trend over the study period. At most sites, PM2.5 levels increased until 2010 and then started decreasing, probably due to government interventions for reducing emissions, combating desertification, and enhancing tree plantations. Non-linear modeling provided a more accurate representation of complex trends compared to simple linear models. The findings underscore the need for continued national and regional efforts to mitigate PM2.5 pollution by addressing its emission sources. Full article
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13 pages, 485 KiB  
Article
Long-Term Trends in PM10, PM2.5, and Trace Elements in Ambient Air: Environmental and Health Risks from 2020 to 2024
by Heba M. Adly and Saleh A. K. Saleh
Atmosphere 2025, 16(4), 415; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16040415 - 3 Apr 2025
Viewed by 510
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the long-term trends in PM10, PM2.5, and hazardous trace elements in Makkah from 2020 to 2024, evaluating seasonal variations, health risks, and potential mitigation strategies. The results indicated that the PM10 concentrations ranged [...] Read more.
This study aimed to assess the long-term trends in PM10, PM2.5, and hazardous trace elements in Makkah from 2020 to 2024, evaluating seasonal variations, health risks, and potential mitigation strategies. The results indicated that the PM10 concentrations ranged from a minimum of 127.7 ± 14.2 µg/m3 (2020) to a maximum of 138.3 ± 15.7 µg/m3 (2024), while PM2.5 levels varied between 100.7 ± 18.7 µg/m3 and 109.8 ± 21.3 µg/m3. A seasonal analysis showed the highest PM10 and PM2.5 levels during winter (147.8 ± 16.4 µg/m3 and 119.5 ± 21.7 µg/m3 in 2024, respectively), coinciding with lower wind speeds and reduced dispersion. Among the nine trace elements analyzed, Cr VI exhibited the highest increase from 0.008 ± 0.001 µg/m3 (2020) to 0.012 ± 0.001 µg/m3 (2024), while Cd and Ni also rose significantly. The excess cancer risk (ECR) associated with these pollutants exceeded the recommended threshold, with a strong correlation between PM10 and ECR (r = 0.85–0.93, p < 0.01). These findings highlight the need for enhanced air quality monitoring and sustainable urban planning. Future research should focus on identifying the dominant pollution sources and assessing the long-term health impacts to support evidence-based air quality management in Makkah. Full article
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